A histophysiological investigation of the experimental animals skin was performed on day 3 after exposure to holmium-doped fiber laser continuous-wave radiation at different power intensities. Using histologic and functional research methods, changes characteristic of the exudative stage of aseptic inflammation were revealed, the severity of which depended on the radiation dose.

The article describes the experience of using innovative pedagogical technologies in teaching morphological disciplines. Moreover, the experience of using innovative pedagogical technologies in teaching morphological disciplines was presented. The need for such modernization was found to be associated with the approval of the updated Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education and the requirements for the formation of a necessary set of competencies of a future doctor. As a result of mastering the specialty program, the student should have the following competencies: systemic and critical thinking (UC 1), development and realization of project activities (UC 2), self-organization and self-development (UC 6, 7), inclusive competence (UC 9), etc. The block of general professional competencies, including diagnostic and instrumental methods of examination (GPC 4), information literacy (GPC 10), and scientific and organizational activities (GPC 11), must be developed. The use of innovative pedagogical technologies expands the possibilities of preparing students for the updated forms of external audit of their residual knowledge, helps them develop clinical thinking, and more successfully prepares them for the upcoming professional activity.

The study purpose. Identification of structural and functional changes in pelvic lymph nodes in experimental metastatic prostate cancer. Materials and methods. The study included 30 male mice aged 3 months. All animals ( n = 30) were divided into 2 groups. The first group (the main one, n = 20) included mice that had a model of metastatic prostate cancer created by transplanting an Ehrlich tumor into the prostate parenchyma. These animals were further divided into two equal subgroups: 1a ( n = 10) – mice were withdrawn from the experiment on day 7; 1b ( n = 10) – mice were withdrawn from the experiment on day 18. The second group ( n = 10) included mice that were not manipulated, they made up the control group. After the end of the experiment, morphological analysis of the prostate gland and regional (pelvic) lymph nodes in mice of both groups was performed using light microscopy. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 8.0 software package. The differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. When compared to the control group the mice of groups 1a and 1b, the prostate parenchyma was almost completely replaced by atypical cells, which demonstrates the presence of neoplastic processes in the prostate gland. In group 1a mice, the number of pelvic lymph nodes was 1.9 times as large, and in group 1b animals, this indicator was 2.7 times higher compared to the second group ( p < 0.01). In animals of the first group, the proportion of mast cells in the pelvic lymph nodes increased by 121 % compared to the control group ( p < 0.01). At the same time, we revealed a direct relationship of mast cells with the number of tumor cells and immunoblasts in the medullar sinuses, which indicates the participation of tissue basophils in tumor metastasis. We also recorded a significant increase in the area of the medullar sinuses of regional lymph nodes in animals of groups 1a by 12.4 % ( p < 0.05) and 1b by 20.2 % ( p < 0.01) against the background of an increase in the number of mast cells in this zone compared to the control group, which indicates the possible participation of mast cells in lymphangiogenesis. Conclusion. Mast cells can potentially play a role in the development of malignant neoplasms of the prostate gland. The number of mast cells increases in pelvic lymph nodes in animals with a created model of metastatic prostate cancer. The obtained direct dependence of the increase in the number of mast cells and the increase in the number of tumor cells with immunoblasts suggests the participation of tissue basophils in the spread of metastases. It can be assumed that infiltration of lymph nodes by mast cells may correlate with a poor prognosis of prostate cancer, since these granulocytes contribute to tumor metastasis.

The study employs laser doppler flowmetry and laser fluorescence spectroscopy to reveal the changes in microcirculation and activity of coenzymes of oxidative metabolism in the finger skin under the influence of photobiostimulation by monochrome incoherent low-intensity electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 470 nm. Photobiostimulation with light waves in the blue range has contributed to an increase in hemomicrocirculation during and 15 min after the termination of exposure, while the indicator lymph outflow, on the contrary, decreased during the irradiation period and recovered after its termination. The dynamics of changes within the parameters of blood microcirculation, the lymph flow in microvessels and the indicators of oxidative metabolism showed that the skin microcirculation system is an important acceptor of the photobiostimulating effect of light in the blue range of the spectrum. Photobiostimulation triggers the mechanism of activation of hemomicrocirculation by reducing myogenic vasomotion, thereby increasing the conductivity of cardiogenic biorhythm in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed. With an increase in the level of hemomicrocirculation, photobiostimulation is directly associated with the activation of tissue oxidative metabolism.

This work presents a study of hemo- and limpho-microcirculation in mouse skin before and after exposure to laser radiation, as well as studying changes in microcirculation in the healing process of the wound using laser Doppler flowmetry. The continuous-wave (CW) radiation was induced using an all-fiber holmium (Ho) laser with a wavelength of $2.1\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ .

The minimally invasive concept of treatment in clinical medicine and, in particular, in dentistry is associated with the introduction of pulp-saving treatment technologies into clinical practice. The aim of the study was to identify the reaction of the structure of pulp tissues in traumatic pulpitis in the experiment using various means and techniques of direct pulp capping. The experiment was carried out on male minipigs aged 4–5 months with deciduous dentition. Milk molars were selected for trepanation. After teeth preparation under anesthesia, the crowns of the first and second milk premolars were trepanned on the vestibular surface in the cervical region with pulp probing until bleeding. After bleeding has been stopped, the trepanation hole was closed with various preparations. For direct pulp capping we used mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) — containing silicate material and glass ionomer cement (GIC). All samples of teeth with experimental pulpitis using MTA-containing materials (Rutdent), tricalcium silicate materials (Biodentin) and even GIC (Vitremer) did not reveal inflammatory changes in the pulp tissues when they were directly covered with various materials. Of all the experimental samples of pulpitis, inflammation was detected with a sample of the Rutdent material with fragment damage to the pulp. With traumatic pulpitis and the use of various materials for direct pulp capping, active reparative regeneration of pulp tissue was revealed. All studied materials contribute to the reparation of the pulp after damage and reduction of pulp inflammation.

We present the results on the expression of pro-and anti-inflammatory genes during the healing process of mice's muscle and skin tissues after exposure to continuous-wave laser radiation of an all-fiber holmium laser at a wavelength of 2.1 µm with different powers. A significantly high level of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in tissues persisted until the 21st day after exposure to a power of 1.5 W, in contrast to 1 W exposure where a significant maximum was noted only on the 3rd day.

Background: the migration of tumor cells into blood and lymphatic vessels is a key stage of the metastatic process in malignant neoplasms. Moreover, the presence of tumor cells in the lymph nodes is an indicator of cancer aggressiveness, and the histopathological characteristics of the lymph nodes are one of the important parameters for the treatment prognosis and patient survival Aim: to evaluate changes in the lymph nodes of mice during experimental carcinogenesis in the prostate gland. Material and Methods: the study was conducted on CBA inbred 3-month-old male mice (n=30). To create a model of malignant tumor growth in the prostate gland, a diluted cell strain of transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was inoculated into the prostate parenchyma. A model of prostate carcinogenesis was created in 18 days by transplanting Ehrlich ascites carcinoma into prostate tissue in mice (n=15; main group). The remaining 15 mice were in the control group. All manipulations with animals were carried out in compliance with the basic ethical principles. After the animals were removed from the experiment, a morphological analysis of the prostate and regional (pelvic) lymph nodes was performed. The area and cellular composition concerning the main structural and functional zones of the pelvic lymph nodes in both groups of animals were evaluated Results: this study showed that the cellular composition changed in the setting of prostate carcinogenesis in the pelvic lymph nodes. In the main group of animals, the number of immunoblasts significantly prevailed in the germinal center of secondary lymphoid nodules versus the control group (p<0,05). An increase in immunoblasts by almost 2 times in mice (experimental group) indicated the inhibition of humoral immunity in prostate carcinogenesis. Also, in the main group, the area of the cortical substance decreased by 14.5% and the area of the paracortex increased by 28.4% versus the control group (p<0,05). Conclusion: the first metastases of prostate cancer appear in regional lymph nodes. On the 18th day of prostate carcinogenesis, the structure of regional lymph nodes undergoes changes: paracortical hyperplasia, a decrease in the area of medullary cords and medullary substance, a decrease in cerebral sinuses KEYWORDS: prostate cancer, carcinogenesis, experiment, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, lymphangiogenesis, lymph node, regional metastases. FOR CITATION: Astashov V.V., Lomshakov A.A., Tsekhmistrenko T.A. et al. Morphology of regional lymph nodes in experimental prostate carcinogenesis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2022;6(4):171–176 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-4-171-176.

Visual-spatial perception in children and adolescents is largely determined by age-specific features of the structure and hemodynamics in the associative areas of the cerebral cortex. Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the quantitative ratios of vascular and glial components in the oculomotor area 8 of the prefrontal cortex and the 37aс subarea of the posterior associative cortex involved in visual-spatial analysis. Methods. We studied 27 left large hemispheres of the brains in male subjects aged 10 to 17 years, grouped in annual intervals. We studied specific volumes of intracortical blood vessels and gliocytes in the external pyramidal layer on paraffin-embedded cortical slices impregnated with silver nitrate according to Peters with Nissl dyeing using a stereometric method. Results. We found that microstructural changes in the adolescent neocortex resulted in a decrease in the relative content of intracortical microvessels and an increase in the specific volume of gliocytes. The structural changes occur heterochronously: in the oculomotor area 8 of the prefrontal cortex, at 11-12 years of age, and in the subarea 37aс, at 12-13 years of age. Conclusion. The data obtained testify to a significant morpho-functional restructuring of trophic support and metabolic processes in the associative areas of the neocortex controlling visual-spatial perception.

Aim: This article is devoted to the study of age-related changes in the body volume of pyramidal neurons (VP) of the human prefrontal (PFC) and posterior associative cortex (PAC) in children from birth to 7 years of age. Methods: The material consisted of left cerebral hemispheres obtained from 60 male individuals. We studied the areas 8, 45 and 10 in the PFC and area 37 in subareas 37ac, 37a, 37d in the PAC. For morphometry of pyramidal neurons in cortical sublayer III3, we used virtual images of serial frontal paraffin sections of cortex 10 thick stained by Nissl. We determined the mean value of VP (mean VP), the standard error of the mean, and the confidence interval for each age group. Results: The most significant changes in the mean VP in all studied cortical areas occurred during the first 6 months of life. The greatest increase in the VP was detected in the PFC from 3.5 to 7 years, and in the PAC from 1.5 to 3 years of age. There are close positive correlations between agerelated changes in the size of neurons in the PFC and in the PAC. Conclusion: In children, the development of pyramidal neurons of the external pyramidal plate in the PAC occurs earlier and at a more intensive pace compared to the PFC. We suggest that VP is an important quantitative indicator that allows us to assess the timing and rate of age-related structural changes in the cerebral cortex.

Aims: To compare the structure of the formula and morphological characteristics of the blood cells after an acute experiment in laboratory rats with oral administration of sodium selenite at a concentration of selenium (Se) 0.5, 1 and 2 maximum permissible concentration (MPC). Methods: Four groups of Wistar rats weighing 260–300 g (a control group and three experimental ones: Se group of 0.5 MPC, 1 MPC and 2 MPC) were given sodium selenite in the respective concentrations for 5 days (except for the control group). After the rats were removed from the experiment, blood was taken from the caudal artery and a biochemical blood test was performed and the data obtained were evaluated and compared with the norm. Results: Changes in the cell composition of rat blood were determined by the dose of selenium. There were no changes in the "Se 0.5 MPC" group compared to the control group. In the Se 1 MPC group, the main difference was a decrease in the number and morphological changes in red blood cells, as well as an increase in the number of eosinophils. Hypochromic anemia and lymphocytopenia were found in the Se 2 MPC group. Conclusion: During an acute experiment, when selenium is given to rats at a dosage equal to the maximum permissible concentration and more, changes in the blood formula are observed, reflecting the pathological processes related to selenium poisoning: anemia, eosinophilia, lymphocytopenia.

We present the results on the interaction of an all-fiber Holmium-doped laser CW radiation at a wavelength of 2100 nm with soft tissues and compare it with the other results obtained by the most used solid-state laser systems. Ex-vivo single spot experiments were carried out on the porcine longissimus muscles by varying the laser impact parameters in a wide range (average output power 0.3, 0.5 and 1.1 W; exposure time 5, 30 and 60 s). Evaluation of the laser radiation exposure was carried out by the size of coagulation and ablation zones on the morphological study. Exposure to a power of 0.3 W (1.5–18 J of applied energy) caused only reversible changes in the tissues. The highest applied energy of 66 J for 1.1 W and a 60-s exposure resulted in a maximum ablation depth of approximately 1.2 mm, with an ablation efficiency of 35%. We have shown that it is not necessary to use high powers of CW radiation, such as 5–10 W in the solid-state systems to provide the destructive effects. Similar results can be achieved at lower powers using the simple all-fiber Holmium laser based on the standard single-mode fiber, which could provide higher power densities and be more convenient to manufacture and use. The obtained results may be valuable as an additional experimental point in the field of existing results, which in the future will allow one to create a simple optimal laser system for medical purposes.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia – one of the most common diseases in older men. The treatment strategy for benign prostatic hyperplasia consists in its drug therapy, or active surgical tactics. The indication for planned surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia is the progression of symptoms of the lower urinary tract, which are not amenable to drug correction. Men with a large prostate volume of more than 80 m3, with severe symptoms of the lower urinary tract, with a history of acute urinary retention episodes, represent a difficult group of patients in terms of choosing the tactics of surgical treatment. This article discusses the most common operations that are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (especially of large sizes): open adenectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate gland, enucleation of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a holmium laser, embolization of an artery of the prostate gland. Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia requires an individual approach to the patient, taking into account his age, concomitant pathology and clinical symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural transformations of Wistar rats liver after oral administration of lead salts. Under the conditions of acute experiment during 5 days the Wistar rats were orally administered the lead acetate solution in the amount of 3 mg/kg. Histological studies were carried out at OSMU upon the completion of the experiment. Effect of toxic doses of lead causes symptoms of both steatosis and hydropic degeneration of the liver. It is assumed that the appearance of hepatic steatosis reflects the reaction of hepatocytes to hemic hypoxia caused by the action of lead, while the signs of hydropic degeneration expressed in varying degrees reflect its direct toxic effect.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural transformation in rats’ tongue tissue after oral administration of lead salts. Under the conditions of acute experiment during 5 days Wistar rats were orally administered the lead acetate solution in the amount of 24 mg per day. Histological studies were carried out at OSMU upon the completion of the experiment. Effect of toxic doses of lead results in symptoms of both hyperkeratosis and destruction of tongue tissue. It is assumed that the oxidative stress and tissue irritation, induced by lead intoxication, causes pathological changes in the shape, height and number of filiform papillae of the tongue. This results in hyperkeratosis, hydropic degradation of the epithelium and in the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate in the connective tissue.

Aim: To study and evaluate degree of morphological changes in intima of great saphenous vein (GSV) in patients of different age groups in health and in venous disease. Materials and methods: We investigated autopsy material of GSV in 60 deceased patients and postoperative material of GSV in 80 patients with venous disease. Four age groups were formed: young age, middle age, older and elderly age. Totally there were 280 GSV fragments. Histological, morphometric, electron microscopic and biochemical studies were performed. Results: Our results are mainly consistent with the reference data. However, we carried out a comparative study of intima structure in norm and with venous disease in patients of different age. At the same time due to agerelated decline in varicose veins morphological changes are progressing. There are areas of endothelium atrophy and signs of fibrotic replacement in young and middle age patients with venous disease, whereas in older and elderly patients desquamation of endothelium and sclerosis were observed. Conclusion: Progressive degeneration in older and elderly patients with varicose veins promotes morphological changes of GSV and progression of the disease on histological and ultrastructural level that worsens endothelial dysfunction.

Due to the increasing use of laser technologies in oncourology,we consider it relevant to publish a review of domesticand foreign articles for 2015-2021. The range of application ofvarious lasers in oncourology is very wide (holmium (Ho): YAG,thulium (Tm): YAG, etc.). In comparison with traditional surgicalinterventions, the greatest effectiveness of laser technologies incombination with endoscopy is clearly traced, the risks of intra –and postoperative complications are minimized, the period ofinpatient stay for patients changes.