陇东旱塬区种植冬油菜和冬小麦后,土地闲置期可复种马铃薯,但蛴螬、金针虫等地下害虫对马铃薯为害严重,科学合理防治蛴螬、金针虫对保证马铃薯产量非常重要.为筛选出陇东旱塬区复种马铃薯田防治蛴螬、金针虫危害的低毒高效的适宜药剂,以马铃薯品种陇薯 7 号为指示品种,蛴螬、金针虫为防治对象,选用 3 种高效低毒杀虫剂对各药剂的拌种或喷沟处理进行田间防效试验,调查各处理蛴螬、金针虫虫口基数,出苗期的出苗率、受害率、安全性和成熟期的受害率、安全性.结果表明,35%噻虫嗪种衣剂、60%帮巧时种衣剂防效均达 85%以上,且拌种处理和喷沟处理无显著差异.60%帮巧时悬浮种衣剂拌种和喷沟防效均好,分别为88.44%、90.36%;折合产量高,分别为 16 407.41、17 066.14 kg/hm2,较空白对照分别增产 16.71%、21.40%,较常规药剂对照分别增产 12.07%、16.57%;保产效果好,分别为 95.39%、96.20%.见于此,60%帮巧时悬浮种衣剂可作为陇东旱塬区复种马铃薯田蛴螬、金针虫防治的候选杀虫剂;并建议用 48.00 mL的药量稀释 10 倍液后拌种薯100 kg,将 525.00 mL的药量稀释 250 倍液,按 225 L/hm2 喷沟.

针对雾培马铃薯种薯贮藏期易腐烂的问题,采用不同复配比例绿色药剂中生菌素、纳他霉素(1∶1、1∶5、5∶1,g∶kg)复配进行拌种处理,并评价其应用效果.结果表明,拌种处理比粉剂拌种更适合雾培种薯贮藏处理,拌种剂处理剂量应该不低于1g药剂拌种10 kg种薯,其种薯失重量显著减少,烂薯率明显降低,对种薯播种出苗安全,具有应用价值.

通过盆栽试验评价了氨基寡糖素与嘧菌酯和蛇床子素联用对马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)黑痣病和晚疫病的防效,并对表现突出的施药配方进行了田间防效评价.结果表明,氨基寡糖素对马铃薯黑痣病和晚疫病表现出一定的防效,但是在200 μg/mL的浓度范围内防效表现较差,盆栽防效均低于40%,氨基寡糖素浓度为200 μg/mL时田间对晚疫病防效为20.01%.此外,氨基寡糖素使用后延迟接菌时间有助于提高防效.试验结果还表明,氨基寡糖素与嘧菌酯或蛇床子素混用均能够提升对黑痣病和晚疫病的盆栽防效,其中,氨基寡糖素与嘧菌酯2∶1和4∶1(浓度比)混用对晚疫病的防效具有明显的增效作用,防效分别为68.49%和78.08%;氨基寡糖素与嘧菌酯或蛇床子素间隔使用也能够提升对黑痣病和晚疫病的盆栽防效,其中,氨基寡糖素与嘧菌酯2∶1和4∶1间隔使用对晚疫病的防效分别为73.68%和85.53%,防效显著优于混用防效.田间防效结果表明,氨基寡糖素与嘧菌酯混用和间隔使用防效与嘧菌酯推荐剂量防效相当,分别为78.44%、82.37%和82.19%.从经济和人力成本考虑,氨基寡糖素与嘧菌酯混用可能是一种更有效的防治措施.

为解决复种马铃薯田间次生油菜、次生小麦及杂草对马铃薯的危害,筛选高效安全的除草剂及施药模式.除草剂在播种后第 3 天喷施,茎叶除草剂在马铃薯植株 8～10 cm后喷施,采用随机区组设计进行田间药效试验.除草剂施用 70%嗪草酮WP 30 g/667 m2+10.8%精喹禾灵EC 30 mL/667 m2+33%二甲戊灵EC 35 mL/667 m2,施药后25d 对次生油菜等阔叶杂草的防效达 84.61%,对次生小麦等禾本科杂草的防效达69.69%;茎叶除草剂施用 3%砜嘧磺隆WP 33 g/667 m2+12%烯草酮EC 30 mL/667 m2 效果最佳,施药后 15d对次生油菜等阔叶杂草的防效达 84.36%,对次生小麦等禾本科杂草的防效达 86.86%;2 种处理在规范使用剂量下对马铃薯安全.复种马铃薯土壤封闭除草剂推荐选用 70%嗪草酮WP+10.8%精喹禾灵EC+33%二甲戊灵EC,在马铃薯播种后3～5d于地表面喷施;茎叶除草剂推荐选用3%砜嘧磺隆WP+12%烯草酮EC,在马铃薯苗后 8～10 cm、杂草 3～4 叶期喷施.

为研究覆膜方式与种植密度互作对马铃薯光合特性和产量的影响,以马铃薯陇薯7号原种为试材,设置3种垄面覆盖方式(A1:全覆膜;A2:半覆膜;A3:不覆膜)与3种种植密度水平(B1:60000株·hm-2;B2:67500株·hm2;B3:75000株·hm-2)互作栽培,以不覆膜为对照.结果表明,与对照相比,两种覆膜方式均能提高马铃薯株高、茎粗、净光合速率和产量.其中,A2B2处理净光合速率、气孔导度均最高,分别为23.64μmol·m-2·s-1和0.69 mol·m-2·s-1,A3B3蒸腾速率最高,为7.36 mmol·m-2·s-1,较CK提高2.51％,较最低的A2B1提高20.85％.A2B2处理较对照出苗时间提前8 d,收获期提前11 d;A2B2处理单株薯质量(4.69 kg)、单薯质量(0.75 kg)、大薯率(84.67％)、产量(50136 kg·hm-2)均高于对照(分别为1.96 kg、0.47 kg、54.51％、36886 kg·hm-2).综上所述,A2B2处理(半覆膜+67500株·hm-2),可促进马铃薯早熟,增强光合作用,提高产量,获得较高的经济效益.

[目的] 探究不同生长调节剂拌种对马铃薯种薯生长发育、光合特性及产量的影响,筛选适合生产小型种薯的生长调节剂.[方法] 以马铃薯红美原种为供试材料,采用随机区组设计,利用不同含量的5％氨基寡糖素、甲壳寡糖素、寡聚酸碘、6-BA,复配6种生长调节剂(D1～D6),清水为对照(CK),研究生长调节剂拌种对马铃薯植株生长、光合及产量的影响.[结果] D2(10 mL·L?15％氨基寡糖素+2.5 mg·L?16-BA+7.5 mL·L?1寡聚酸碘)、D5(5 mL·L?1甲壳寡糖素+2.5 mg·L?16-BA+7.5 mL·L?1寡聚酸碘)处理出苗期较其他处理提前2 d,盛花期也较CK处理提前5 d和4 d.D3(10 mL·L?15％氨基寡糖素+2.5 mg·L?16-BA)和D4(5 mL·L?1甲壳寡糖素+7.5 mL·L?1寡聚酸碘)株高较CK分别提高12 cm和9 cm.D2处理茎粗最大,主茎数最少,茎粗生长速率最大,较CK高79.16％.D3处理茎粗最小,主茎数最多;D2处理马铃薯叶片净光合速率最大,显著高于对照,较对照增加53.86％.D2处理胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度与D5处理无差异,显著高于其他处理.D2处理显著提高了≤50 g块茎比率,而D5处理显著提高了>50 g块茎比率.D2处理单株结薯数最高,产量35335.94 kg·hm?2;D5处理单株薯重最高,产量30572.42 kg·hm?2.[结论] D2处理拌种处理能够提高马铃薯茎粗、叶绿素含量、光合速率和单株薯重,进而提高马铃薯小薯率和产量,适用于马铃薯机械化种植中原种生产;D5处理可提高单株薯重、大薯数量及产量,提高马铃薯商品薯产量.

从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、试管薯规格、繁育的种薯级别、基本要求、繁育原原种等方面制定了马铃薯试管薯无土基质繁育原原种技术规程.

分析了加快实施"陇薯入藏"行动计划必要性,针对西藏地区马铃薯产业发展现状及生产中存在的突出问题,阐明了"陇薯入藏"行动计划的发展思路与总体目标,提出"陇薯入藏"行动计划的发展建议.

从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、栽培设施、繁育技术、基质重复利用等方面规范了马铃薯原原种椰糠基质繁育技术.

[目的]通过田间药效试验明确98％棉隆对马铃薯原原种疮痂病的防治效果,为棉隆在马铃薯生产上的应用提供科学依据.[方法]通过2年的田间试验,分别对土壤和二次用蛭石进行处理,测定了棉隆在马铃薯原原种生产中对疮痂病的防治效果.[结果]98％棉隆对马铃薯疮痂病具有较好的防治效果,45 g/m2的棉隆可用于土壤或二次用蛭石处理,其防效可达80％以上.[结论]98％棉隆可以作为马铃薯原原种生产土壤或基质消毒剂使用,可有效防除马铃薯疮痂病,推荐使用剂量为45 g/m2.

采用播前拌种处理,试验分析了微生物菌肥对马铃薯疮痂病的田间防效.结果表明,以20亿/g哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌为主的微生物菌肥对马铃薯疮痂病具有较好的防效,其防效可达到70％以上,可在马铃薯疮痂病防治中应用.

分析了甘肃马铃薯生产现状及进一步扩大种植面积存在的困难及问题,讨论了建立陇东旱塬夏播(复种)马铃薯生产基地的必要性和可行性,并提出了建立陇东旱塬夏播(复种)马铃薯生产基地的发展建议:优化品种结构,示范推广优质专用新品种;进一步优化夏播马铃薯丰产栽培技术,规范脱毒种薯繁育体系;组建马铃薯产业联合体,助推马铃薯产业转型升级;完善政策支持机制,保障马铃薯产业发展.

马铃薯病毒病是导致马铃薯退化的主要原因之一,寻找能够有效降低病毒病对马铃薯生产的影响一直是马铃薯研究和生产者的追求.通过研究马铃薯中早熟品种'LK99'和晚熟品种'陇薯3号'对马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)和马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)的生理反应,进一步明确和比较了中早熟品种'LK99'和晚熟品种'陇薯3号'在PVY或PLRV胁迫下的一些生理变化.以未感病和分别感染了PVY、PLRV的马铃薯中早熟品种'LK99'和晚熟品种'陇薯3号'为研究对象,在马铃薯苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期采用紫外分光光度计测定了所取叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量,并进行了分析比较;同时,在块茎膨大期测定株高、茎粗、地上鲜重,成熟后测产.试验结果表明,病毒侵染马铃薯植株后,植株生长受抑制,块茎产量降低、有关保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性增强、丙二醛含量升高、总叶绿素含量减少.植株感染了PVY或PLRV后块茎产量、有关保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、丙二醛含量、总叶绿素含量的相对变化量表明'陇薯3号'的受损程度较'LK99'严重.以块茎产量作为评价标准,则PVY对马铃薯的危害程度较PLRV更为严重.马铃薯植株对PLRV的应激性反应比对PVY强烈,表现为酶活相对增强幅度大、丙二醛含量相对增量高、总叶绿素含量相对减量高.

为建立一种快速准确检测马铃薯卷叶病毒(potato leafroll virus,PLRV)的方法,本研究以PLRVCP(coat protein,CP)基因ORF3保守序列为靶标,建立了PLRV反转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测体系,并对建立的RT-LAMP检测体系的特异性、灵敏度、实际应用效果进行评估.结果 表明,建立的PLRV RT-LAMP检测方法,在62℃恒温下扩增50 min,扩增产物中加入双链嵌合荧光染色(SYBR Green Ⅰ),阳性样品颜色变为绿色,阴性样品颜色仍为褐色,可直接目测判断待检测样品是否感染PLRV.该方法只特异性检测PLRV,不与马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯S病毒(PVS)、马铃薯A病毒(PVA)和马铃薯M病毒(PVM)等其他5种马铃薯主要病毒发生交叉反应.此外,建立的PLRV RT-LAMP检测方法的灵敏度较反转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法高100倍.田间样品检测验证,该方法与标准RT-PCR方法符合率达100％.本研究建立的以SYBR Green Ⅰ为颜色指示的PLRV可视化检测RT-LAMP方法,特异、灵敏、便捷,成本低,可满足科研、基层单位对该病毒快速诊断和检测的需要.

为方便马铃薯生产和研究者参考,梳理了2014—2018年我国在马铃薯病虫草害防治药剂登记的类型、 剂型、 防治对象、 有效成分、 作用机制等.

马铃薯卷叶病毒Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)是目前严重影响马铃薯产量与品质的主要病毒之一,给马铃薯产业造成巨大损失.本研究采用环介导等温核酸扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术建立PLRV的RT-LAMP检测方法.采取单因素变化试验,对RT-LAMP反应体系中多个因素包括引物组合、温度条件及Mg2+、betaine、Bst 3.0 DNA聚合酶、dNTPs、LUNG、SYBR GreenⅠ和引物组合的浓度进行一系列试验和优化.采用RT-PCR检测方法进行平行比对试验,对优化后的RT-LAMP反应体系进行了验证.结果 表明,最佳引物组合为P3,最适反应温度62℃,25 μL反应体系中,Mg2+、betaine、Bst 3.0 DNA聚合酶和LUNG的最佳终浓度分别为4mmol/L、0 mmol/L、0.64 U/μL和0.08 U/μL,dNTPs的最佳用量为1μL(dATP、dGTP、dCTP各0.4 mmol/L,dUTP1.2 mmol/L),SYBR Green Ⅰ(20×)的最佳用量1μL,primer mix的最佳用量2.5 μL(PLRV-FIP/BIP、PLRV-F3/B3和PLRV-LF/LB的浓度分别为0.8、0.2μmol/L和0.6μmol/L),RNA模板1μL(2 ng/μL),加DEPC-H20至25 μL,反应时间50 min.优化后的RT-LAMP检测结果与RT-PCR一致,且可视化判读结果.因此,建立的PLRVRT-LAMP检测方法为进一步开发RT-LAMP检测试剂盒及其实际应用奠定了基础.

为明确马铃薯试管薯大田直播栽培技术的可行性及生物产量与块茎淀粉的积累,采用随机区组设计研究在不同地区不同播种深度对试管薯植株生长发育、生物产量及块茎淀粉等因素的影响.试验以0.22～0.27 g的‘陇薯3号’试管薯为材料,以4、5、6、7cm4个水平的播种深度在甘肃省高寒阴湿区与干旱区进行大田直播试验,结果表明:(1)马铃薯试管薯大田直播出苗率在92.2％以上,高寒阴湿区要适当浅播(播深5 cm),干旱地区适当深播(播深7 cm).(2)播种深度对株高无显著影响,在相同播深下高寒阴湿区株高显著高于干旱区株高,茎粗在不同播种深度之间以6 cm播深茎粗显著高于其他播深;(3)单株结薯个数在不同种植区及播深下无显著变化,试管薯块茎产量积累量在高寒阴湿区随播深增加呈现下降的趋势,干旱地区随播深增加呈增长趋势,且高寒阴湿区块茎产量积累量高于干旱区;(4)在同一生育期高寒阴湿区块茎淀粉积累量随着播深增加呈现显著减少的趋势,而干旱区块茎淀粉积累量随着播深增加呈现显著增加的趋势.在块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期、成熟期高寒阴湿区块茎淀粉积累量高于干旱区.

以甘肃苦水玫瑰外植体为试验材料,研究了苦水玫瑰组培苗的诱导、 增殖、 继代、 生根与移栽技术体系.结果表明,甘肃苦水玫瑰组培苗的诱导与增殖培养基以WPM+6-BA1.5 mg/L最佳,增殖倍数可达3.56;继代4次后,丛生芽增殖倍数达到5.43倍.瓶内生根培养基以WPM+IBA 0.1 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L为佳,生根率可达82.68％.试管苗采用苗床栽培,用腐殖质、 田园土和蛭石作基质,在50％遮阴率条件下植株生长量最佳,成活率最高,为91.00％.

In this study,mini-tuber potatoes with a weight of less than 2 g were selected as test materials to explore plastic film mulching models that are applicable for the Elite Seed Potato production of mini-tuber potato in the cold and humid areas.Three treatments were set,including ridge sowing with white plastic film mulching (RSWPF),ridge sowing with black plastic film mulching (RSBPF),and conventional flat sowing without mulching (CFS).The effects of soil temperature and dynamic characteristics of water on growth,development and yield of potato under different treatments were investigated.The results showed that at the pre-growth stage of potato,RSBPF treatment effectively enhanced soil heat conditions within plough layer depths of 0 ～ 25cm.From April 20 to August 3 (namely from sowing stage to last flowering stage),soil temperatures under RSBPF treatment were 2.33℃ ～4.64℃ higher than those under CFS treatment,respectively,and soil accumulated temperature under RSBPF treatment was 327.88℃ greater than that under CFS treatment.As for daily temperature changes,at 8:00 and 18:00 when low temperatures occurred,RSBPF and RSWPF treatments exerted almost identical heat preservation effects;at 14:00 when high temperatures occurred,temperature under RSBPF treatment was 1.26℃ lower than that under RSWPF treatment,which indicated relatively mild warming and cooling effects and significant temperature stabilizing effects under RSBPF treatment.As for the vertical temperature changes in the plough layer depths of 0 ～25cm,RSBPF treatment held the same temperature stabilizing effects.Compared with CFS treatment,RSBPF treatment exhibited the effects of water storage and moisture conservation during dry seasons and the effects of water logging prevention during wet seasons,which is extremely beneficial for the optimization of soil water conditions under plough layers.In addition,under RSBPF treatment,from seeding stage to maturation stage,all growth stages occurred 10 ～15d earlier than those under CFS treatment,demonstrating that RSBPF treatment exerted significant effects in promoting nutritional growth at pre-growth stage.Tuber weight per plant was obviously higher under RSBPF treatment than those under RSWPF and CFS treatments,and the difference between these values were significant (P ＜ 0.05).Yield difference was also significant among different treatments (P ＜ 0.05),and under RSBPF treatment,yield was the maximum,which amounted to 46 612.35 kg· hm-2,representing an increase of 16.56％ compared with that under CFS treatment.Therefore,RSBPF treatment (ridge sowing with black plastic film mulching) constitutes an effective cultivation measure for the Elite Seed Potato production of mini-tuber potato with a weight of less than 2 g in the testing areas.This research can provide a theoretical basis for the highly efficient elite seed cultivation of micro-tuber potato with a weight of less than 2 g in the cold and humid areas of northwestern China.

In order to simultaneously foster anti￣four￣virus potato varieties(PVX, PVS, PVY and PLRV), four different viral coat protein (CP) gene PVX￣CP (670 bp), PVS￣CP(800 bp), PVY￣CP(700 bp) and PLRV￣CP(600 bp) were obtained via RT￣PCR and sequenced to confirm respectively. And the comparison of the sequences that we obtained and the already reported sequences from NCBI database showed that all four viral CP genessequences were more than 90%homologous;then around 300 bp size conservative gene fragments PVX￣rh, PVS￣rh, PVY￣rh, PLRV￣rh were selected from their respective viral CP genesand four specific bands which were consistent with the fragment size were obtained via PCR amplification. The fusion sequence XSYV￣rh which is around 1 200 bp long was created with PVX￣rh, PVS￣rh, PVY￣rh and PLRV￣rh gene fragments via Overlap￣PCR technique. With the help of DNA recombination technique, we integrated XSYV￣rh sequence into pGM￣T vector and created cloning vector pGM￣T￣XSYV￣rh. The cloning vector pGM￣T￣XSYV￣rh and the plant expression vector pART27 were treated with incision enzyme SpeⅠand SacⅠ;then under the effect of T4 DNA ligase, XSYV￣rh sequence was integrated with pART27 expression vector; at last pART27￣XSYV￣rh plant expression vector was successfully constructed. The pART27￣XSYV￣rh plant expression vector was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404, and subsequently introduced into tobacco ( T12) assisted by the agrobacterium￣mediated transformation. PCR results showed that there were 40 transgenic plants with targeted gene integrated into their genomes.