IntroductionMental health problems among the rural older adults pose a major challenge in contemporary China, where adult children have a crucial role in addressing this issue. However, the mental health experiences of rural older adults remain comparatively underexplored in existing research, particularly in contrast with their urban counterparts.MethodsData were collected through face-to-face surveys with 975 adults aged 60 and over from two rural counties with distinct socioeconomic contexts: Kunshan in Jiangsu Province (an economically developed population inflow area, N = 431) and Yudu in Jiangxi Province (a typical central China population outflow area, N = 544). This design enabled examination of intergenerational support dynamics across different migration contexts.ResultsIntergenerational support, especially economic (β = 0.1819, p < 0.1) and emotional support (β = 0.6427, p < 0.01), significantly enhances the mental health of rural older adults, both directly and by influencing perceived intergenerational intimacy. Yet, adherence to the traditional value of “raising children for old-age support” weakens this positive effect by instrumentalizing parent–child relationships. Moreover, the effects of intergenerational support on mental health vary across regions and between genders.DiscussionThe need for policies that not only account for regional and gender differences but also challenge traditional values of child-based old-age support to better promote the mental wellbeing of rural older adults in China.

Chinese rural areas have entered a stage of moderate population aging ahead of urban regions, where mismatches between the supply and demand of older population care services are particularly pronounced. Establishing a socialized older population care service system has therefore become a critical response to the challenges posed by rural aging. This study develops a theoretical framework to explain the demand generation mechanism for rural socialized older population care services, identifying key influencing factors under both policy-driven and individual choice scenarios. Using data from the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2005 to 2018, we employ a hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) model to examine the effects of age, period, and cohort on service demand. The results show that period effects are characterized by fluctuating upward trends in demand for both basic and expanded care services, primarily driven by changes in policy environments and economic conditions. Cohort effects significantly shape demand for expanded care services, but not for basic care services, with notable heterogeneity across regions and gender groups. Overall, rural demand for socialized older population care services is jointly influenced by age, period, and cohort dynamics. These findings suggest that optimizing the supply of older population care services in rural areas requires better alignment with differentiated demand characteristics to improve service relevance and effectiveness.

Based on a sample of 412 apple farmer households across Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong provinces in China, this study estimates production efficiency and its determinants for apple growers. The stochastic frontier analysis model estimates technical efficiency while the Tobit model identifies influencing factors. Results show that the average production efficiency of smallholder apple farmers is relatively low at 0.45, indicating significant room for improvement. Production efficiency exhibits an inverted “U” relationship with farm scale, and excessive pesticide inputs have a significant negative impact on efficiency. Computer use to search for information among farmers was found to significantly improve apple production efficiency, indicating the potential benefits of ICT adoption. However, membership in cooperatives had no significant effect on efficiency. Overall, these findings suggest approaches to enhance the productivity of China’s apple growers through improved resource allocation, optimized farm scale, and the promotion of information technology.

Investigating the coupling mechanism of the agricultural "Water-Land-Economy" composite system(CS) and proposing optimization measures are crucial for advancing agricultural sustainable development in China. This study draws upon data spanning 2000 to 2020 from all 31 provinces of China. It examines the development trends, spatiotemporal characteristics, and driving mechanisms of coordinated development using various analytical techniques. The findings reveal that: (1) Regarding coordination level, the CS coordination level is on the rise, accompanied by distinct dynamic evolution patterns among regions and provinces. (2) Regarding spatial effects, the coupling coordination displays a clustered distribution pattern, with the eastern region acting as the core cluster, and a diminishing radiation capacity from east to western with decreasing geographical proximity. (3) Regarding driving mechanisms, the spatial differentiation in coupling coordination is attributed to the collective influence of various factors, with irrigation coverage and land-water coordination degree emerging as primary drivers. Building upon these insights, recommendations spanning policy adjustment, technological support, regional governance, and economic guarantee are proposed to foster the harmonized development of agricultural resources, environment, and economy, thus realizing the objective of sustainable agricultural progression.

The scientific evaluation of ecological total factor productivity of cultivated land use (ETFPCLU) is fundamental for advancing sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources and safeguarding national food security and ecological stability. Using the epsilon-based measure and the global Malmquist–Luenberger (EBM–GML) index, this study quantifies and decomposes ETFPCLU across China. Spatial–temporal variations and convergence patterns are systematically investigated via an analytical toolkit comprising the spatial mismatch index, Dagum’s Gini coefficient decomposition, and convergence models. The results indicate that Chinese ETFPCLU increased by an average of 2.1% per year from 2001 to 2022, primarily attributed to technical change (TC), with limited contributions from efficiency change (EC). The spatial mismatch between ETFPCLU and TC, as well as EC, is predominantly characterized by low to medium mismatch types, exhibiting a high degree of spatial distribution similarity; inter-regional differences are the main contributors to regional disparities. Furthermore, except for the central region, significant σ-convergence exists in ETFPCLU across the country and in other regions, alongside absolute β-convergence and conditional β-convergence in the four major regions. The analysis concludes that to enhance ETFPCLU, it is essential to strengthen technological innovation, synergistically improve technological efficiency, formulate ecological protection policies tailored to local conditions, and foster collaboration among regions for cultivated land protection.

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and innovation efficiency of national agricultural science and technology parks (NASTPs) and identify the main influencing factors on the parks' innovation and development. The goal is to optimize the allocation of science and technology innovation resources in these parks, promote national agricultural science and technology innovation, and enhance the quality of agricultural development. To achieve this, the paper employs spatial analysis methods and a three-stage DEA-Tobit model to conduct both macro and micro-level analyses. The research findings are as follows: (1) Distribution characteristics: NASTPs tend to exhibit a uniform distribution at the national scale, but at the provincial level, their distribution appears clustered and uneven. Specifically, three high-density areas and two sub-high-density areas have emerged on the eastern side of the Hu line, displaying a decreasing trend from east to west. (2) Innovation efficiency: By excluding the influence of environmental factors and random interference, the lack of scale efficiency (SE) emerges as the primary reason for the generally low innovation efficiency of NASTPs. (3) Environmental factors: Science and technology training exhibits a negative correlation with innovation efficiency in NASTPs. Leading enterprises, income level, innovation support, and demonstration and promotion show positive correlations with IE in NASTPs. To promote national agricultural science and technology innovation and enhance the quality of agricultural development, it is recommended, based on a central-level development perspective, to focus on the layout of the northeast and northwest regions. At the local level, expanding the scale of key enterprise inputs and increasing the demonstration and promotion of scientific and technological achievements are recommended. Additionally, at the NASTPs level, guiding the construction of a national agricultural high-tech industry demonstration zone is advised.

Agricultural industries are the foundation of the modernization of agricultural and rural areas in China. National Modern Agricultural Industrial Parks (NMAIPs) provides a considerable nationwide platform for agricultural industries. We take 200 NMAIPs in China as objects. Through spatial analysis, the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, and the SBM-DEA model, we analyzed the development characteristics and regional differences of NMAIPs from the muti-level perspective of national planning, provincial coordination, and county implementation to propose policy recommendations aimed at sustainable and high-quality development. The results are as follows: (1) Regarding geospatial characteristics, NMAIPs are unevenly distributed, with a decreasing gradient from east to west. The direction is east (northward) to west (southward), consistent with the direction of the Hu line. The distribution density shows that the east is dense and the west is sparse. (2) For industrial concentration, the leading industries in NMAIPs tend to be homogenous. The HHI indicates that the homogenization of leading industries is widely represented in each province. The low oligopolistic areas are in the central and eastern regions of China, while the highly oligopolistic locations are in the western and northeastern provinces. (3) In inputs–outputs efficiency, the comprehensive technical efficiency is high but not optimal, while the distribution of values is high in the south and low in the north. Ten provinces are non-effective. According to inputs and outputs, the ineffective contribution of population of townships covered, occupied area and the capital from the collective economy are development barriers, and the high output value of NMAIPs cannot fully drive the employment and income of farmers. Further improvements are needed in terms of both pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency, and adjustments to scale operations should be in response to different returns to scale. Our research results provide policy recommendations for NMAIPs, including the establishment of a multi-level management mechanism, balancing regional development, diversifying and coordinating regional leading industries, and improving the efficiency of utilization factors.

China's National Agricultural Science and Technology Parks (NASTPs) play a key role in improving the nation's agro-industrial structure and regional economic development; notably, NASTPs can demonstrate innovations in modern agricultural science and technology and, relatedly, incubate emerging modern agri-industries. However, after more than 20 years of development, scholars have not yet to confirm whether NASTPs contribute to local economies. This study sought to explore the impact of NASTPs on county economic development, to identify the mechanisms behind this impact, and to verify these effects using a multi-period double difference method based on panel data from 1743 counties in China collected between 2000 and 2019. The study found that the NASTPs significantly improved county economic development. The policy effects were mainly evident in western regions and counties with higher levels of financial resources. No spatial spillover effects were observed. The NASTPs drove county economic growth through three main channels: agglomeration, institutional environment, and innovation effects. These findings provide insights useful for designing policies related to the high-quality construction of agricultural sci-tech parks, the high-quality growth of county economies, and a reduction in regional economic development gaps.

[目的]摸清耕地"非粮化"类型的时序数量转移和空间动态分布特征,为实现耕地"非粮化"分类管控提供科学方法和依据.[方法]文章以西北旱区农业生产典型县陕西大荔为研究区域,基于2000年、2010年和2020年3期的遥感解译数据,运用土地利用转移矩阵和标准差椭圆的方法,探究大荔县耕地"非粮化"的时序数量转移及空间动态分布特征.[结果](1)数量变化上,20年间大荔县耕地"非粮化"类型呈多元化增加趋势,且近10年"非粮化"率急剧上升;(2)转移类型上,20年间粮食作物是耕地"非粮化"面积增加的最大转出者,其中2000-2010年主要转向杂果树类,增量较小;2010-2020年主要转向杂果树类、设施农业和水产养殖,增量巨大;(3)空间动态上,20年间大荔县耕地"非粮化"的空间集聚性特征加强,其中粮食作物和撂荒地向南部地势较低区域集聚;杂果树类、苗圃花卉和设施农业向北部海拔较高区域扩张;而水产养殖向东部河流集聚.[结论]根据西北旱区不同耕地"非粮化"类型的时空演变特征,为政府分类管控"非粮化"现象、优化区域布局和生产结构提供参考依据.

尽管近年来中国农业科技创新投入持续增加,科技成果数量、质量不断提升,但农业科技成果转化率低下仍旧是"三农"领域亟需进一步解决的难题.本文基于新制度经济学相关理论,对中国农业科技成果转化的演变历程、主要模式、存在问题及主要原因进行总结剖析.结果表明:中国农业科技成果转化大致经历了探索发展阶段、过渡发展阶段、加速发展阶段和高质推进阶段,但仍未充分解决农业科技与经济"两张皮"难题.而农业科技成果供需错位、科技成果转化机制不健全、转化服务平台缺乏、科研项目支持方式不合理是导致中国农业科技成果转化率低的重要原因.因此,本文从顶层设计、政策引领、思想意识、平台载体4 个维度构建"四位一体"的农业科技成果转化优化提升路径,以期为畅通农业科技成果转化"最后一公里",进而加快实现农业大国向农业强国的跨越提供可行参考.

[目的]基于乡村振兴战略有关要求以及新阶段"三农"发展现状、特征构建农民现代化综合评价指标体系,对2019年江西省103县(区)的农民现代化发展水平进行测度和评价.[方法]文章综合运用层次分析法和熵值法从职业素质、生活水平、生活环境、健康水平、市民化水平五方面选取了 15个指标构建农民现代化综合评价指标体系,找出影响江西省农民现代化发展的主要因素,并对2019年江西省103县(区)的农民现代化水平进行测度.[结果](1)江西省农民现代化发展水平主要受职业素质、人均可支配收入、市民化水平等的影响;(2)江西省农民现代化发展水平总体评价值为0.565 5,空间分布上呈现出"西部高东部低,北部高南部低"的趋势;(3)从一级指标发展水平空间分布来看,农民职业素质发展水平、生活水平、生活环境发展水平、市民化发展水平均呈现出显著的多维性和异质性.其中,职业素质发展水平呈现出"西部高东部低,南部高北部低"的特征,生活水平、生活环境发展水平、市民化发展水平均呈现出"西部高东部低,北部高南部低"的特征.[结论]江西省农民现代化发展进程还有待推进,未来应该在加大农民职业教育培训力度、扩大农民增收渠道、加快促进农民就地市民化、加强区域间农民现代化发展交流合作等方面加强政策引导与支持,进一步提高农民现代化发展水平.

本文通过文献研究、理论分析和政策梳理等方法,系统地梳理和回顾了 1949年以来中国的农业农村现代化发展演进特征,分析其发展面临的现实问题与主要挑战,提出有序协调和高质高效推进中国式农业农村现代化发展的政策建议.研究发现,新中国成立以来,我国农业农村现代化发展经历"起步发展—探索改革—效率提升—协调推进—提质增效"五个演进阶段,各阶段呈现出深刻的、明显的、强烈的时代烙印和阶段特征,在农业综合竞争力、产业融合韧性、产品供需矛盾、农业经营瓶颈、资源环境约束、城乡收入差距、农民增收动力等方面依然面临各种问题和风险挑战.最后,围绕推进中国式农业农村现代化建设新征程提出政策建议.

农民对生态系统服务的认知和支付意愿是农村生态文明建设的关键.基于CVM方法和Logit模型,从微观视角分析农民对生态系统服务的支付意愿及其影响因素.结果表明:大荔县 16个村的农民对生态系统服务的认知度较低,但表现出了极大的兴趣,愿意为生态系统服务支付一定金额;性别、家庭年收入和对生态系统服务概念的了解程度是影响农民支付意愿的主要因素,"质疑支付的资金能否达到预期目的"及"认为这是政府的责任"选择次数也较多,不容忽视;农民最偏爱的生态系统服务类型是食物生产,其次是气候调节和土壤形成与保护.因此,为了提升农民支付意愿,要深化农村教育改革,提高农民素质;完善劳动力转移机制,增加农民收入;强化政府扶持,增强协同与信任;推进制度改革,增加农民认同感;政策制定采纳民意,满足农民偏好.

农业提质增效是东北地区生态产品价值实现的有效途径.通过梳理东北地区农业发展优势以及存在的问题,从提升农业综合生产能力、推动农业转型升级、促进农业价值实现三大方面探索农业提质增效发展路径,以期为东北地区生态产品产业发展政策的制定及生态产品价值实现政策保障的深入研究提供支撑.

Rapid socio-economic changes in China, such as land conversion and urbanization, are creating new scopes for the application of precision agriculture (PA).An experiment to assess the economic benefits of two precision agriculture methods was applied for one year – precision seeding and precision seeding with land leveling. Whilst the results for this were positive, of itself it did not provide evidence of longer terms gains. The costs of land leveling are accrued in a single year but the benefits could carry over into subsequent years. Thus, in this case if the PA method provides carry over benefits to future years, the economic assessment would incorrectly assign all the costs to a single year of benefits i.e.the benefit-cost ratio would be underestimated. To gauge whether there was carry over benefits in future years we looked at NDVI and GUI as proxies for future year benefits. For the single year experiment, our results showed that: (1) Winter wheat yield was increased 23.2% through the integration of precision seeding and laser leveling technologies.(2) Both the single technology and the integrated technologies significant reduced the concentration of soil ammonium nitrogen at the depths of 60 cm; (3) The benefit/cost ratio's of the treatments exceeded that of the baseline by approximately 10% which translated to an increase of several hundred US$ per hectare. The NDVI analysis showed that the effect of laser land leveling could last to the next two years. When considering the multi-year impact of land leveling, the benefit/cost ratio of PSLL will increase to 23.5% and 22.9% with and without laser land leveling subsidies. Making clear the economic benefits of using PA technologies will likely promote application of the technologies in the region.

以江西省102个县(区)为基本研究单元,围绕要素配置、公共服务、收入均衡3个方面构建城乡融合指标评价体系,采用调查问卷获取指标数据,运用层次分析法和探索性空间数据分析法(ESDA),研究江西省各县(区)城乡融合发展水平及其空间格局特征.从评价的总体水平来看:江西省各县(区)整体的城乡融合发展水平较低,呈现出北高南低的格局;在空间分布上具有较强的正相关性,高-高区和低-低区在空间上集聚明显,显著高-高区主要集中在南昌市中心城区附近,显著低-低区主要分布在赣州市、吉安市和九江市.从评价结果的效果来看:构建的指标体系和方法能够较为全面和准确地反映江西省城乡融合发展综合水平及存在的主要短板和优势,相关结果可以为城乡融合发展突破短板、难点和瓶颈提供依据.

【Objective】The study was conducted to promote the high-quality development of agriculture at county level in the Yellow River basin, deepen the understanding of agricultural inputs and outputs, and improve the increasingly tight constraints on agricultural resources and the deterioration of agricultural ecological environment, and to propose optimized development ideas and countermeasures.【Method】The land use changes of Dali County, Shannxi Province were analyzed by the land use transfer matrix, then the emergy analysis (EMA) method was used and an index system was constructed, several indexes based on the emergy flow were defined and calculated, the operational characteristics of agroecosystems in 2014 and 2019 and the sustainability of development were characterized and measured, the emergy values of inputs and outputs in agro-ecosystems were quantitatively analyzed and evaluated output emergy, then the key factors that constrain the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems were identified.【Result】Compared with the base period of 2014, the emergy self-sufficiency rate of the agro-ecosystem in 2019 (year of land use planning) decreased from 18% to 13%, and the net emergy output rate decreased from 2.10 to 1.27, the sustainability index decreased from 0.90 to 0.35, the emergy value investment rate increased from 4.51 to 6.71, the environmental load rate increased from 2.33 to 3.61, the emergy value density from 1.93×1012 sej/m2 to 2.69×1012 sej/m2, and the emergy consumption per capita from 1.03×1016 sej/person to 1.41×1016 sej/person. In 2019, compared with 2014, the area of forest land, artificial land and water bodies decreased by 5.75%, 0.60% and 60.06% respectively, and the area of grassland, cultivated land and wetland increased by 19.80%, 1.44% and 21.15%, respectively.【Conclusion】Land use change is not the main factor influencing the change of agricultural output emergy, the overall development level of agriculture in Dali County is also increasing while the costs of agricultural production are also increasing, and the process of agricultural modernization is relatively rapid, which is a consumer-oriented economic system. The investment in non-renewable industrial auxiliary energy values represented by pesticides, diesel and chemical fertilizers has increased significantly, increasing the pressure on the agricultural ecological environment.

[目的]乡村价值理论的发展是落实乡村振兴战略的理论基础,梳理现有乡村价值研究与评估方法,了解已有研究成果,总结我国乡村价值研究与评估方法的现状与不足,以期对后续研究及乡村振兴战略的实施与乡村规划提供帮助.[方法]文章采用文献分析法和比较归纳法,从乡村价值的定义与内涵、乡村价值评估方式、乡村价值评价指标的选取与生产、生活、生态、社会价值等具体的核算方式等方面对乡村价值研究进行汇总分析.[结果](1)乡村价值曾经是较为单一的生产与生活价值,而随着研究的进展,乡村价值的类别逐渐多样化,但乡村价值的划分还在持续讨论,乡村价值的定义尚未得到学界公认.(2)乡村价值的与功能之间的关系与乡村各功能之间的相互影响研究尚未深入进行,乡村价值理论研究有待系统性的展开.(3)乡村价值的评估方式尚处于探索阶段,评估方法受外部性影响较强,评估方法研究有待进一步拓展.[结论]乡村价值起步较晚,研究内容丰富,但缺乏系统性,暂时未能形成完善的乡村价值理论.乡村价值评估方法略显单一,以主观评价法为主,客观地评估与核算方法研究稍显欠缺.

文章根据生态产品分类从四个维度提出乡村生态产品价值实现的基础定位,剖析了生态产品价值实现过程中存在的公地悲剧现象、制度及生态产品价值核算空白、生态补偿力度不足、金融杠杆作用缺乏、优质物质产品不足、生态产品认知和利他观念缺失等困境,从外在条件与内生动力两个角度提出了乡村生态产品价值实现的发展路径.在体制机制完善和外部条件创造上要厘清权属,发挥政府作用,推动村域生态产品价值核算,完善纵向和横向生态补偿制度,发挥金融手段能动作用.同时要通过分类建设激发内生动力:物质类产品促建提质,增强竞争力;调节类产品加强宣传,提高参与度;文化类产品保留底蕴,避免同质化.

Agricultural policies should be aimed at enhancing production per unit area and help to reduce the cultivated area. To that end, it is critical to conserve soil fertility, promote ecological agriculture, employ climate change adaptation technology, significantly enhance irrigated agriculture, and decrease agricultural production risks. Sustainable agricultural production requires optimized land usage, increased energy efficiency, reduced use of fossil fuels, and minimized environmental consequences. Energy has been used in agriculture in a dramatically increased manner, and the agri-food chain now accounts for 30% of the total global energy use. Energy analysis quantifies the amount of energy used in agricultural production, so it may be used to optimize energy consumption and boost energy efficiency, further propelling the sustainable development of agriculture. Recently, the Mongolian government has expressed concerns about how to realize food sustainability and self-sufficiency in wheat production and agriculture, while also maintaining environmental sustainability. However, there is a substantial study gap between agriculture and energy analysis in Mongolia. This study investigated energy consumption and the effects of energy inputs and energy types on the agricultural production of Mongolia from 2005 to 2018. The output was calculated based on the annual wheat equivalent for the 14 major provinces as a whole. The output level is given as a function of human labor, machinery, electricity, diesel fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation water, and seed energy, and the yield and different energy inputs are determined using the ordinary least squares of the Cobb–Douglas function. Total energy input grew from 2359.50 MJ ha−1 in 2005 to 3047.61 MJ ha−1 in 2018, while total output energy increased from 2312.08 MJ ha−1 to 4562.56 MJ ha−1. During this period, the energy use efficiency (input–output ratio), energy productivity, and net energy of wheat production were studied. The fertilizer inputs were statistically significant. The contribution of nitrogen, diesel, and irrigation water towards the production level was 3.52, 3.09, and 2.33, respectively. As a result, the data indicated that non-renewable, direct, and indirect energy sources all had a positive impact on the output level. Furthermore, non-renewable energy in Mongolian agriculture has been used in a significantly increased manner.