Inflammation serves as a crucial feedback mechanism in response to external stimuli, with severe inflammatory reactions leading to significant damage in the body. Evidence indicates that Lactobacillus plantarum can suppress inflammatory responses, effectively maintaining intestinal balance and stability, and are widely used in pig farming. Prebiotics, when compared to live bacteria, demonstrate a more pronounced probiotic function. In this study, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was utilized as a stimulus for an inflammation model. Through in vitro cell experiments and in vivo pig trials, it was observed that oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum prebiotics effectively inhibited inflammation. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect was improved with higher doses of prebiotics, without any observed intestinal damage. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Peyer's patches (PPs) revealed alterations in various immune cell populations, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells. Overall, the results showed an increase in T cell proportion during inflammation and a decrease upon resolution. B cells and DCs were suppressed during both inflammation and recovery periods. NK cells were unaffected by inflammation but their proportion decreased during the recovery phase. This study, for the first time, highlights that while Lactobacillus plantarum prebiotics alleviate clinical symptoms of inflammation, immune responses involving B cells and DCs are also suppressed, in addition to T cell immune responses. This finding not only enhances our understanding of the mechanisms of action of Lactobacillus plantarum prebiotics but also provides fundamental data for future therapeutic interventions and immunological applications.

This study aimed to elucidate the structural characteristics of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum ZHR8 and investigate their protective mechanisms against intestinal inflammation. A purified EPS fraction, designated EPS4, was identified as an acidic polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 846.867 kDa. It is primarily composed of gluconic acid, glucose, and galactose, with a backbone consisting of t-Glc(p) and 6-Glc(p) linkages. In vitro, treatment with EPS4 (200 μg/mL) significantly attenuated inflammation induced by TNF-α (50 ng/mL) in IPEC-J2 porcine intestinal epithelial cells. This effect was achieved through the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-18) and the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Additionally, EPS4 enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1. In an in vivo mouse model, oral administration of EPS4 (particularly at 400 mg/kg body weight) significantly attenuated intestinal inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (intraperitoneal injection, 3.5 mg/kg body weight). This was evidenced by reduced colonic mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18, increased IL-10 expression, and improved mRNA expression of claudin-1 and occludin. These findings demonstrate that ZHR8 EPS4 alleviates intestinal inflammatory damage through the targeted modulation of specific pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the restoration of tight junction protein expression. This study provides a mechanistic basis for the potential application of EPS4 as a functional feed additive to mitigate weaning stress in livestock.

The proliferation and migration of porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells are crucial processes during the early stages of embryo implantation in sows. The effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and chlorogenic acid (CGA), a plant-derived compound, on pTr cells are currently unclear. In this study, pTr cells were treated with DON at different times (24, 48, and 72 h) and different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 μg/mL) to construct a pathological model of DON-induced pTr cells by detecting the expression levels of genes related to cell proliferation, migration, and oxidative stress, as well as the cell viability and the cell migration ability. Subsequently, CGA intervention experiments revealed that CGA could promote the proliferation, migration, and antioxidant ability of pTr cells and alleviate the damage induced by DON in pTr cells. Finally, RNA-seq technology combined with experiments illustrated that CGA might alleviate the damage of DON-induced pTr cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study explored the toxicological effect of DON and the alleviation effect of CGA on DON at the pTr cells level, which provided new insights and an experimental basis for using CGA to alleviate the reproductive toxicity induced by DON.

Mixed surfactants improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates by enhancing cellulase stability against heat, pH, shear, and air-liquid interface stress. Under conditions of multiple factorial stresses (50 degrees C, pH 4.8, 180 rpm, and 15.5 cm2 air-liquid interface), cellulase with ternary surfactants (Tween 60/Triton X-114/ CTAB, the molar ratio 14:5.5:1) retained 84 % of its activity after 48 h of incubation, representing 1.15 and 1.29 folds that of the cellulase activity with the single Tween 60 and with no surfactants, respectively. This is attributed to the fact that ternary surfactants possess better rheology modulation and air-liquid interface competitiveness. In addition, the computational approach demonstrated that the ternary surfactants were capable of forming stronger hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond interactions with cellulase enzymes, thus maintaining its secondary structure and preventing the detrimental alpha-helix to beta-sheet transformation known to compromise cellulase activity. This synergy offers valuable insights into surfactant-cellulase interactions and supports efficient enzymatic hydrolysis in biorefineries.

Piglet diarrhea caused by weaning stress will increase the mortality rate and seriously affect swine industry production efficiency. Probiotic supplementation has been reported to effectively alleviate weaning diarrhea by inhibiting the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we isolated a strain of Bacillus velezensis and conducted a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore its effects on weaned piglets. The piglets were fed for a 28-day period, and the results showed that dietary supplementation of B. velezensis 411 significantly alleviated weaning diarrhea (p = 0.019) and improved the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets throughout the experimental period (p = 0.004). The intestinal antioxidant capacity of piglets was also significantly enhanced. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that B. velezensis 411 contains a protein-encoding circular chromosome, which is involved in biological processes such as sporulation and antibiotic secretion. Supplementation with B. velezensis 411 significantly increased the abundance of Akkermansia in intestine samples and significantly decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, in piglets (p < 0.05). The transcriptomic results suggest that B. velezensis 411 supplementation may alter the composition of intestinal microorganisms through regulating the expression of MPEG1. Collectively, dietary B. velezensis can relieve diarrhea in piglets and improve their production performance by influencing the antioxidant capacity of the intestines and the balance of the intestinal flora. This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of Bacillus velezensis in mitigating weaning-associated issues in piglets.

Addressing weaning stress in modern swine production requires dietary interventions that improve gut health and reduce antibiotic use. It is crucial for sustainable animal husbandry, public health and environmental protection. The mannan-rich fraction (MRF), a prebiotic, is known to modulate the intestinal microbiota. However, its effects on regulating intestinal flora and the potential mechanisms for alleviating diarrhea and weaning stress in piglets remain incompletely defined. Herein, we investigated the effects of dietary MRF supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota composition, and inflammatory responses in Duroc x Large x White weaned piglets. MRF reduced the incidence of diarrhea to the same extent as antibiotics (p < 0.01). Compared with control group, MRF-fed piglets exhibited increased ileal villus height (p < 0.01), higher abundance of Prevotella and Roseburia, and lower Campylobacter abundance (p < 0.01). MRF also elevated hindgut short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, especially butyrate (p < 0.01). Mechanistically, molecular docking and transcriptomic analyses indicated that MRF can interact with Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), thereby destabilizing the TLR5-NF-kappa B p65 complex. This interactions attenuated the phosphorylation of NF-kappa B p65 (p < 0.01) and down-regulated transcription of IL-1 beta in the colon (p < 0.05). Collectively, our results demonstrate that MRF reshapes the gut microbiota, enhances barrier function, and potentially suppresses TLR5/NF-kappa B-mediated inflammation, offering a strategy to reduce antibiotic use in promoting piglet intestinal health.

The yeast expression system, Pichia pastoris, is one of the most robust and versatile expression systems in biotechnology and molecular biology, generally considered as a safe host for heterologous protein expression, especially for producing cellulases and xylanases at the industrial level. Despite the high recombinant protein expression rate, the potential of the P. pastoris expression system has still not been fully explored. Cultivation of P. pastoris under optimized conditions greatly relies on the strain and is associated with certain problems such as promoter strength, sensitivity to methanol, and oxygen demand. To address these issues, different genetic engineering strategies have been employed. Advancements in promoter engineering, optimization of gene dosage and codon usage, recombinant plasmid engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 system, and directed evolution strategies have proven beneficial to the yield of cellulase expression levels. This study will systemically review recent progress in various genetic engineering strategies to enhance cellulase and xylanase expression in the P. pastoris expression system. The utilization of alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (pAOX1), methanol-free system, and recombinant plasmid engineering for improved production of these enzymes are highlighted. Additionally, we discuss the recent advancements in the P. pastoris expression system toolbox for improved cellulase and xylanase production, thus providing a deep insight into how P. pastoris is becoming the indispensable platform for heterologous protein production. (c) 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

This study assessed the effects of β-mannanase (BM) supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, cecal microbial communities, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in broiler chickens fed diets with different metabolizable energy (ME) levels. A total of 1,296 male 1-d-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly distributed in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (3 ME levels × 0 or 200 g/ton BM), with 6 replicates per treatment combination. The 3 ME levels were 3,000 (ME1), 2,930 (ME2), and 2,860 (ME3) kcal/kg, respectively, during the 0 to 3 wk-old stages and 3,150 (ME1), 3,080 (ME2), and 3,010 (ME3) kcal/kg, respectively, during the 3 to 6 wk-old stages. Reducing ME levels increased broiler feed intake (P = 0.036) and decreased average daily gain (ADG, P = 0.002) during the entire period. While BM supplementation increased ADG (P = 0.002) and improved the feed conversion ratio (P = 0.001) during the 0 to 3 wk-old stages, with no effect during the 3 to 6 wk-old stages. Overall, reducing ME levels increased pancreatic lipase (P = 0.045) and amylase (P = 0.013) activity and duodenal amylase activity (P = 0.047). Notably, BM supplementation significantly increased pancreatic lipase activity (P = 0.015) and increased lipase (P = 0.029) and amylase (P = 0.025) activities in the jejunal chyme. Although diet or enzyme supplementation did not affect microbial diversity, significant differences in microbial communities were observed. At the genus level, decreasing ME levels significantly affected the average abundances of Tyzzerella (P = 0.028), Candidatus_Bacilloplasma (P = 0.001), Vibrio (P = 0.005), and Anaerotruncus (P = 0.026) among groups, whereas BM supplementation reduced the average abundances of Escherichia-Shigella (P = 0.048) and increased the average abundances of Barnesiella (P = 0.047), Ruminococcus (P = 0.020), Alistipes (P = 0.050), and Lachnospiraceae_unclassified (P = 0.009). SCFA concentrations strongly depended on bacterial community composition, and BM supplementation increased acetic acid (P = 0.004), propionic acid (P = 0.016), and total SCFA concentrations. In conclusion, BM supplementation improved the performance of younger broilers, and both enzyme supplementation and reduced ME levels positively affected digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora.

This study focused on the efficient production of fermentable sugars from high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic substrate, using homemade cellulase preparation (from China company) combined with surfactants, plant-derived proteins, and accessory enzymes. Results show that various non-ionic and ionic surfactants worked together very effectively, resulting in the 48-h glucose yield of enzymatic hydrolysis increasing by 21.4 %, compared with a single surfactant. The surfactant mixture was particularly competitive at a lower enzyme loading and higher solid content of the enzymatic hydrolysis. Many plant-derived proteins were found to be useful in enzymatic hydrolysis. With the optimized mixture of surfactants, plant-derived protein, and accessory enzymes, the homemade cellulase preparation produced 170 g/L of fermentable sugars (similar to 90 % of the yield) from the enzymatic hydrolysis (2 mg/g dried substrate, 20 % (w/v), 72 h), which was promisingly economic and close to the starchy sugar. The homemade cellulase preparation by formulation with various surfactants and plant-derived proteins supplied a feasible solution for the development of a cost-effective enzymatic hydrolysis process.

This study investigated an innovative strategy of incorporating surfactants into alkaline-catalyzed glycerol pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to improve lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) conversion efficiency. Results revealed that adding 40 mg/g PEG 4000 to the pretreatment at 195 degrees C obtained the highest glucose yield (84.6%). This yield was comparable to that achieved without surfactants at a higher temperature (240 degrees C), indicating a reduction of 18.8% in the required heat input. Subsequently, Triton X-100 addition during enzymatic hydrolysis of PEG 4000-assisted pretreated substrate increased glucose yields to 92.1% at 6 FPU/g enzyme loading. High-solid fed-batch semi-simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation using this dual surfactant strategy gave 56.4 g/L ethanol and a positive net energy gain of 1.4 MJ/kg. Significantly, dual assistance with surfactants rendered 56.3% enzyme cost savings compared to controls without surfactants. Therefore, the proposed surfactant dual -assisted promising approach opens the gateway to economically viable enzymemediated LCB biorefinery.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of new compound antioxidants on growth performance,meat quality and antioxidant function of cyan-shank partridge chickens. A total of 2 880 healthy 1-day old cyan-shank partridge chickens with similar weight were randomly divided into 6 groups:control group（basal diet）,vitamin E group（basal diet+ 100 mg/kg vitamin E）,ethoxyquin（EQ）group（basal diet+250 mg/kg EQ）,X1 group（basal diet+ 150 mg/kg new compound antioxidant）,X2 group（basal diet+300 mg/kg new compound antioxidant）,X3 group（basal diet + 450 mg/kg new compound antioxidant）,there were 8 replicates in each group,60 replicates in each group. The test period was 54 days. The results showed as follows:1)compared with the control group,the feed/gain（F/G）of cyan-shank partridge chickens aged 1 to 54 days in X1,X2,X3 groups significantly decreased（P＜0.05）;compared with EQ group and control group,the average daily gain（ADG）of cyan-shank partridge chickens aged 22 to 54 days and 1 to 54days in X3 group was significantly increased（P ＜0.05）. 2)Compared with the control group,the muscle brightness in X1,X2 and X3 groups decreased significantly（P＜0.05）;compared with EQ group and control group,the muscle shear force in X2 group and X3 group decreased significantly（P＜0.05）,and the muscle cooking loss in X2 group decreased significantly（P＜0.05）;compared with vitamin E group,EQ group and control group,the redness of muscle in X3 group was significantly increased（P＜0.05）. 3)Compared with the control group,the catalase（CAT）activity in serum of cyan-shank partridge chickens at 21 and 54 days of age in X1 group significantly increased（P＜0.05）,the glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）activity in serum of cyan-shank partridge chickens at 54 days of age in X2 group significantly increased（P＜0.05）,and the contents of malondialdehyde（MDA）in kidney,heart and serum of cyan-shank partridge chickens at 21 and 54days of age significantly decreased（P＜0.05）;compared with vitamin E group,EQ group and control group,the activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD）in the kidney of cyan-shank partridge chickens at 21 and 54 days of age in X2 and X3 groups significantly increased（P＜0.05）,the activity of GSH-Px in the kidney and pectoral muscle of cyan-shank partridge chickens at 21 and 54 days of age in X3 group significantly increased（P＜0.05）,and the content of MDA in the pectoral muscle of cyan-shank partridge chickens at 21 and 54 days of age significantly decreased（P ＜ 0. 05）. It can be seen that the growth performance of cyan-shank partridge chickens can be significantly improved by adding new compound antioxidants to the feed,and 300 or450 mg/kg of new compound antioxidants can significantly improve the meat quality and antioxidant function of cyan-shank partridge chickens.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2023,35（3）:1596-1609]

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different administration routes of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on intestinal mucosal morphological, immunological, and microbial barrier functions in goslings. First, we compared intestinal villi morphology of goslings under intraperitoneal or oral LPS treatment through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Then, we determined the signatures of the microbiome in the ileum mucosa of goslings subjected to oral LPS treatment at 0, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg BW by 16S sequencing, and analyzed the changes in intestinal barrier functions and permeability, levels of LPS in the ileum mucosa, plasma, and liver tissue, and the induced inflammatory response of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). As a result, intraperitoneal LPS injection resulted in a thicker intestinal wall in the ileum within a short time, whereas villus height was less affected; in contrast, oral LPS treatment exerted a stronger influence on villus height but not on intestinal wall thickness. We also found that oral LPS treatment affected the structure of the intestinal microbiome, reflected by changes in the clustering of intestinal microbiota. The average abundance of Muribaculaceae showed an increasing trend with increasing LPS levels, and that of the genus Bacteroides decreased, compared with the control group. In addition, oral LPS treatment with 8 mg/kg BW affected the intestinal epithelial morphology, damage the mucosal immune barrier, downregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, increased circulating D-lactate levels, and stimulated the secretion of various inflammatory mediators and activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB pathway. This study presented the injuries of intestinal mucosal barrier function induced by LPS challenges in goslings and provided a scientific model for searching the novel strategies to attenuate the immunological stress and gut injury caused by LPS.

试验旨在探究陈化粮中添加新型复合抗氧化剂对肉鸭生长性能和抗氧化功能的影响.选取1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭400只,随机分为两组,每组4个重复,每个重复50只肉鸭.对照组饲喂由陈化粮组成的基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加500 mg/kg的新型复合抗氧化剂的饲粮,试验期40 d.结果表明:①在基础饲粮中添加新型复合抗氧化剂可以显著提高1～40日龄试验鸭只的平均日增重(ADG)(P<0.05),并显著降低1～40日龄及15～40日龄试验鸭的料重比(F/G)(P<0.05),但对1～14日龄试验鸭只的ADG、平均日采食量(ADFI)和F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05);②与对照组相比,试验组可显著提高血清、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05),显著提高肾脏GSH-Px活性及心脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)和SOD活性(P<0.05),同时降低试验鸭只肾脏、心脏及胸肌丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05).由此可见,在陈化粮组成的基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg新型复合抗氧化剂可以在一定程度上改善肉鸭生长性能并提高其抗氧化性能.

Infections induced by intracellular pathogens are difficult to eradicate due to poor penetration of antimicrobials into cell membranes. It is of great importance to develop a new generation of antibacterial agents with dual functions of efficient cell penetration and bacterial inhibition. In this study, the association between hydrophobicity and cell-penetrating peptide delivery efficiency was investigated by fragment interception and hydrophobicity modification of natural porcine antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and the combination of cationic cell-penetrating peptide (R6) with antimicrobial peptide fragments modified with hydrophobic residues. The chimeric peptides P3I7 and P3L7, obtained through biofunctional screening, exhibited potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, P3I7 and P3L7 can effectively penetrate cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens mainly through endocytosis. The membrane destruction mechanism makes the peptides fast sterilizers and less prone to developing drug resistance. Finally, their good biocompatibility and antibacterial infection effects were verified in mice and piglets. To conclude, the chimeric peptides P3I7 and P3L7 show great potential as affordable and effective antimicrobial agents and may serve as ideal candidates for the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The low permeability of antibacterial drugs makes infections induced by intracellular bacteria extremely difficult to treat. To address this issue, we designed chimeric peptides with dual cell-penetrating and antibacterial functions. The active peptides P3I7 and P3L7, acquired through functional screening have strong broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and powerful bactericidal effects against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. The membrane permeation mechanism of P3I7 and P3L7 against bacteria endows fast bactericidal activity with low drug resistance. The biosafety and antibacterial activity of P3I7 and P3L7 were also validated by in vivo trials. This study provides an ideal drug candidate against intracellular bacterial infections.

本试验旨在研究酿酒酵母培养物(YC)对内毒素(LPS)诱导的原代鹅肠上皮细胞炎性损伤的缓解作用.试验利用混合酶消化法成功获得原代鹅肠上皮细胞,通过1 μmol/LLPS处理建立肠上皮细胞炎性损伤模型;并分别选取浓度为100、300和500 mg/L的YC溶液预处理细胞,分析YC对LPS诱发的炎性损伤的缓解作用.试验采用CCK-8法测定细胞活性,实时荧光定量PCR检测炎性因子及核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路基因表达,荧光探针法分析细胞活性氧(ROS)浓度,并通过测定抗氧化酶活性评价细胞氧化应激状态.结果表明:1 μmol/L LPS可诱导肠上皮细胞白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)基因相对表达量显著上调(P＜0.05),同时显著或极显著上调Toll样受体2A(TLR2A)(P＜0.01)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)(P＜0.01)、髓样分化因子 88(MyD88)(P＜0.05)、NF-κB(P＜0.01)等NF-κB信号通路基因相对表达量;而使用300和500 mg/L浓度的YC预处理可抑制LPS诱导的炎症反应,减少ROS生成.同时,300 mg/L的YC预处理还可显著缓解LPS引起的细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降(P＜0.05),降低细胞丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量(P＜0.05).由此可见,YC可调节鹅肠上皮免疫平衡,缓解炎性损伤,还可通过提高肠上皮细胞对氧自由基的清除能力及抗氧化能力,保护肠上皮细胞的正常功能.

试验研究不同剂量抗氧化剂对猪浓缩料氧化稳定性的影响,比较单体抗氧化剂与复合抗氧化剂对浓缩料的保护效果.试验以25％猪浓缩料为研究对象,根据抗氧化剂的种类和剂量分13个组,分为对照组(不添加抗氧化剂)、单体抗氧化剂组(M-1、M-2、M-3、M-4、M-5、M-6)和复合抗氧化剂组(C-1、C-2、C-3、C-4、C-5、C-6),每组3个重复.样品置于37℃、60％湿度的恒温恒湿培养箱,每隔14 d进行取样,测定酸价(AV)、过氧化值(POV)和丙二醛(MDA)含量.试验期90 d.结果显示,第4～10周,对照组、C-1组、M-1组浓缩料的POV值均显著高于其他组(P<0.05);第2、10、12周,M-5组、M-6浓缩料组的POV值均显著低于其他组(P<0.05).第6～12周,C-1组、C-2组和M-1组浓缩料的MDA含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05);第10～12周,C-3组、C-4组、M-2组浓缩料的MDA含量显著高于C-5组、C-6组及M-3～M-6组浓缩料的MDA含量(P<0.05).研究表明,抗氧化剂的添加量越高,对浓缩料中油脂的保护效果越好.等浓度的60％单体抗氧化剂EQ对浓缩料中油脂的保护效果优于复合抗氧化剂;油脂含量为8％的猪浓缩料添加600 mg/kg的60％单体抗氧化剂EQ可以起到良好的保护效果.

The present study was to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) and its 3,5-dimethylether derivative pterostilbene (PT) against liver injury and immunological stress of weaned piglets upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Seventy-two weaned piglets were divided into the following groups: control group, LPS-challenged group, and LPS-challenged groups pretreated with either RSV or PT for 14 d (n = 6 pens, three pigs per pen). At the end of the feeding trial, piglets were intraperitoneally injected with either LPS or an equivalent amount of sterile saline. After 6 h of sterile saline or LPS injection, plasma and liver samples were collected. LPS stimulation caused massive apoptosis, activated inflammatory responses, and incited severe oxidative stress in the piglet livers while also promoting the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 (P < 0.001) and the protein expression of Nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3; P = 0.001) and cleaved caspase 1 (P < 0.001). PT was more effective than RSV in alleviating LPS-induced hepatic damage by decreasing the apoptotic rate of liver cells (P = 0.045), inhibiting the transcriptional expression of interleukin 1 beta (P < 0.001) and interleukin 6 (P = 0.008), and reducing myeloperoxidase activity (P = 0.010). The LPS-induced increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation accumulation was also reversed by PT (P = 0.024). Importantly, inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in a hepatocellular model largely blocked the ability of PT to prevent tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced increases in NF-κB p65 protein phosphorylation (P = 0.043) and its nuclear translocation (P = 0.029). In summary, PT is a promising agent that may alleviate liver injury and immunological stress of weaned piglets via the PP2A/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

为研究日粮添加不同水平虎杖苷对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率与血液指标的影响,选取300头21日龄断奶的健康仔猪,随机分配至5个处理组,每组10头仔猪,6个重复.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组Ⅰ～Ⅳ分别饲喂含有50、100、250、500 mg/kg虎杖苷的试验日粮.试验期共14 d,结束时采集血液样本,用于生化指标的测定.结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,各试验组21～35日龄平均日增质量、平均日采食量或料质量比均无显著差异(P＞0.05),但试验组Ⅲ、试验组Ⅳ断奶后2周内的腹泻率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).(2)与对照组比较,试验组Ⅲ血浆D-木糖含量显著升高(P＜0.05).(3)试验组Ⅲ血液白细胞数量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);且试验组Ⅲ、试验组Ⅳ血浆白细胞介素 1β含量较对照组显著降低(p＜0.05).研究结果表明,日粮添加虎杖苷可有效降低断奶仔猪腹泻率,改善肠道吸收能力,缓解机体炎性反应,且日粮添加量为250 mg/kg时效果最佳.

The current study evaluated the effects of dietary protein and fiber levels on growth performance, gout occurrence, intestinal microbial communities, and immunoregulation in the gut-kidney axis of goslings. A completely randomized 2 × 3 factorial design was adopted with 2 CP levels (180 [18CP] and 220 [22CP] g/kg) and 3 crude fiber (CF) levels (30 [low CF], 50 [mid CF], and 70 [high CF] g/kg). The high CP or low CF diets predisposed the goslings to gout. The high protein diets worsened renal function; serum concentrations of UA and Cr as well as XOD activity in 9-day-old goslings fed 22% CP diets were significantly increased. Although CF levels from 3 to 7% did not directly affect kidney health, increasing CF levels might accelerate the increase of probiotics in the cecum of goslings and withhold maleficent bacteria, alleviating the gut dysbiosis caused by high protein diets. An analysis of the cecal microbiota via 16Sr RNA sequencing revealed that the abundance of Enterococcus in the 22CP group was higher than that in the 18CP group but decreased with increasing CF levels on d 9. The abundance of Lactobacillus increased with increasing CF levels. Additionally, higher serum LPS and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and upregulated mRNA expression levels in the cecal, tonsil, and kidney tissues indicated that high-protein diets could activate the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB pathway and induce both intestinal and renal inflammation in young goslings. Serum LPS concentrations on d 9 were found to decrease with increasing CF, although altering dietary CF levels did not directly affect the serum immune indices of goslings. In conclusion, the high CP diet exerted a negative effect on gout occurrence, microbial communities, and immunoregulation in the gut-kidney axis of goslings, while appropriately increased dietary fiber levels helped maintain intestinal balance and reduced serum LPS concentration. We propose a diet of 18% CP paired with a 5% CF as the optimal combination for gosling feed.

试验旨在研究日粮中添加发酵饲料(Fermented feed,FF)对肉鸡生长性能、肌肉理化特性及风味的影响.选取体重相近、健康无病的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡36000羽,随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复1500羽.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加2.5％发酵饲料(2.5％FF组)、5.0％发酵饲料(5.0％FF组),试验期42 d.结果显示:与对照组相比,2.5％FF组肉鸡日采食量及日增重显著提高,料肉比无显著变化;2.5％FF组胸肌蒸煮损失较对照组显著降低;5.0％FF组胸肌b*值、蒸煮损失和剪切力均显著下降;2.5％FF组胸肌中甘氨酸含量显著提高,缬氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量显著降低;5.0％FF组胸肌中甘氨酸和肌苷酸含量显著提高,缬氨酸含量显著下降;2.5％FF组显著提高42日龄肉鸡胸肌中肉豆蔻酸、银杏酸和二十碳三烯酸的含量;5.0％FF组二十碳三烯酸含量显著提高,十七烷酸含量显著降低;2.5％FF组及5.0％FF组的挥发性风味物质(癸醛、十一醛、E-2-辛烯醛等)含量显著高于对照组.综上所述,试验条件下,添加2.5％FF可提高肉鸡生长性能;而添加5.0％FF对改善鸡肉理化特性及风味效果更佳.