Since 1998, the Chinese Government has implemented a plethora of forestry policies aimed at promoting ecological restoration, forest ecological construction, and forestry economic development. However, there is a dearth of studies that quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these policies and assess their performance from the perspective of policy text. To address this gap, this study examined 1419 forestry policy documents issued at the national level in China from 1998 to 2020. The study developed quantitative assessment criteria for the effectiveness of forestry policies across four dimensions: policy strength, policy measures, policy feedback, and policy objectives. It also empirically analyzed the impact and contribution of these policies on forest ecological construction and the development of the forestry economy. The results indicate that: (1) Between 1998 and 2020, China's forestry policy has notably fostered an increase in forest resources and improved forest quality, thereby significantly advancing the forestry economy. This underscores the premise that safeguarding forest resources is conducive to both the expansion and fortification of the forestry economy and that protection does not impede development. (2) Influenced by natural conditions, level of economic development, degree of policy implementation and other factors, China's forestry policy effects have significant regional heterogeneity. (3) In terms of forestry policy effectiveness, policy strength exerts the most significant influence on forest ecological construction and economic development, succeeded by policy feedback, measures, and objectives, respectively. This research underscores the crucial role of the Chinese government in fostering the concurrent advancement of forest resource conservation and forestry economic development. Furthermore, this study broadens the quantitative assessment methodologies within the realm of forestry policy studies.

[Objective]Key state-owned forest regions are the ballast for China to achieve its carbon neutrality goal,to study the dynamic changes of carbon sinks enhancement and enhancement strategies of key state-owned forest regions.[Method]Using the forest biomass expansion factor method,the forest carbon stock and carbon density of the Longjiang Forest Group and its 23 forestry bureaus and 7 directly affiliated forest farms were estimated based on forest management inventory data and archives and relevant literature at two points in 2002 and 2020,and the potential of carbon sequestration was estimated by the biomass-age model and maximum carbon density,so as to the dynamics of forest carbon sinks and its improvement strategy were analyzed.[Result]From 2002 to 2020,(1)Carbon stocks enhancement in key state-owned forest regions,the carbon stock of forest vegetation in Longjiang Forest Group increased from 189.23 TgC to 333.43 TgC,an increase of 71.22%;(2)Carbon sequestration in forest vegetation is mainly in the type of tree forests,and the proportion of carbon stock in tree forests has increased,the proportion of carbon stock in arborvitae forests increased from 91.97%to 99.77%of Longjiang Forest Group,Zhanhe Forestry Bureau had the highest carbon stock,Suiyang Forestry Bureau had the largest increase in carbon stock,Fenglin Forestry Bureau had the highest carbon density,and Muling Forestry Bureau had the largest increase in carbon density;(3)Longjiang Forest Group is dominated by mixed forests,and the largest proportion of carbon stocks is broadleaf mixed forests,and the largest proportion of tree species in pure forests are Quercus and Larix forests;(4)The vast majority of tree species have a net increase in carbon stocks,and the carbon density of each species shows a significant increasing trend,and the carbon densities of different species in 2020 range from 36.94 to 70.61 MgC/hm2,Quercus forests were the highest carbon-density forest type,and Larix forests were the highest carbon-density incremental forest type;(5)From the viewpoint of each forest age group,the middle-aged forests have the largest proportion of carbon stocks,carbon density and forest age are positively proportional to each other;(6)Through the prediction analysis,the carbon stocks of Longjiang Forest Group will reach 396.33 TgC in 2030 and 519.16 TgC in 2060;the carbon density of tree forests will increase from 59.64 MgC/hm2 in 2020 to 73.11 MgC/hm2 in 2030 and 95.76 MgC/hm2 in 2060,respectively,and the incremental increase will show a weakening trend.[Conclusion]To further increase forest carbon sequestration,forest ecosystem protection,restoration,and sustainable management should be strengthened,due to the limited potential of afforestation to expand carbon,the focus should be on carrying out precise forest quality enhancement management to improve quality and sink enhancement,and exploring synergistic enhancement pathways for transferring carbon sinks of forest ecosystems to carbon pools of woody forest products through the utilization of carbon resources.

利用文献分析与频度分析法,以天保工程政策目标为导向,结合指标重要值构建了省级天然林资源保护工程社会效益评价指标体系.该评价指标体系涵盖了人口与就业、社会保障、优化产业结构、富余职工安置、改善生活质量与社会安定6个方面共12个指标.采用熵值法对各指标进行权重赋值,利用综合指数法计算长江上游区域、黄河上中游区域以及东北、内蒙古等各省份重点国有林区的社会效益综合值,最后根据1998-2018年的森林资源清查所得到的森林覆盖率,通过加权平均计算区域水平的社会效益综合指数.结果表明:对天保工程社会效益影响较大的指标分别是改善生活质量、优化产业结构、人口与就业.三大区域的社会效益均呈逐年上涨的趋势.

文中使用Python语言爬取了新浪微博和推特有关天然林保护工程的资讯,对资讯进行人工语义解读,将资讯所体现的情感态度分为正、中、负3 类,根据资讯的语义及情感态度了解民众对天然林保护工程的社会意识,以分析我国天然林保护工程所产生的社会影响.结果表明:1)国内外社交媒体平台资讯的正向态度均占比较高,新浪微博的正向态度高达 96.13%,推特正向态度为80.52%;2)新浪微博和推特的正向态度内容多为对我国天然林保护工程表示认可与支持,认为我国的天然林保护工程改善了生态环境,保护了野生动物,并为世界各国天然林保护做出了榜样;3)新浪微博负向态度多指出了当地天然林保护工程在资金落实、改革不到位等方面的问题,推特负向态度多是提出我国天然林保护工程加剧了世界其他天然林资源的消耗.总体而言,国内外公众对我国天然林保护工程认可度较高,虽有公众在国内外社交媒体平台提出质疑,但仍有可行的解决方法.本研究旨在通过媒体资讯探求天然林保护工程的社会影响,以期为林业信息舆情监测及林业资源保护相关政策的制定提供技术方法与决策参考.

The carbon sequestration potential of forest ecosystems is expected to play a crucial role in mitigating global warming, depending on how climate change will affect tree growth under various local environmental condi-tions. Here, we investigated the climatic limiting factors for forest tree growth and future carbon sequestration potential for eight economically important forest tree species in Zhongtiao Mountains of Shanxi Province in China. Specifically, we test if moisture limitations compromise annual radial increments (ARI) and a carbon sequestration index (IC), based on tree-rings and wood density. A bootstrapped response function analysis of historical detrended ARIs, reveals statistically significant moisture limitations in two or more summer months for half of the species investigated. Using a custom heat:moisture index based on these seasonal growth limitations, we predict IC under multi-model CMIP6 climate change projections for the region. Under moderate future climate scenarios for the period 2041-2070, the carbon sequestration potential for most species is likely to increase significantly. This is because under current climate only some species experience moisture limitations, and a projected increase in seasonal precipitation mitigates these growth limitations. We conclude that model pro-jections are favorable for carbon sequestration and future commercial forestry potential in the Zhongtiao Mountain forestry region.

The Saihanba Forest Farm, a leading planted forest farm, is one of the essential ecosystem service providers for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China. Its efforts in afforestation and landscape restoration have been recognized with the award of the Champions of the Earth from the United Nations. However, the Saihanba Forest Farm is facing the challenges of less income resulting from less commercial cutting since it has to prioritize providing ecosystem services such as water conservation, wind prevention, sand fixation, and so on, instead of timber. It is crucial to understand providers’ attitudes toward ecosystem service provision and willingness to accept payment, as it might affect the quantity and quality of ecosystem service provision in the future. In this study, the contingent valuation method was applied to measure the willingness to accept payment for the economic losses incurred due to providing ecosystem services by cutting less wood. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the staff of the Saihanba Forest Farm. A double-hurdle regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of the willingness to accept payment, with the validation via a Tobit model. The results showed that the Saihanba Forest Farm was willing to accept a payment of CNY 9800.84 (USD 1407.24) per hectare per year for providing ecosystem services to enhance social welfare. The factors, including basic sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward conservation activities, and awareness on the concept of payment for ecosystem services, significantly influenced their willingness to accept payment.

ABSTRACT Species selection and composition in afforestation affect forest characteristics, which, in turn, affect the quality and quantity of ecosystem services a forest provides to society. Trade-offs and synergies among the various forest goods and services are key issues in multipurpose forest management. In this study, we propose a stand-level integrated analysis framework applying the dynamic forest simulator PICUS v1.5 and techno-economic analysis to assess the effects of a range of species-composition-oriented silvicultural options on timber value and carbon sequestration in subtropical China. The aim is to inform stakeholders on the costs and benefits of the stand-level options. Taking Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis hystrix to represent dominant native conifers and broadleaves, respectively, in subtropical China, five typical silvicultural options were studied: P. massoniana monoculture with normal and high density (stems ha−1); C. hystrix pure stands; and even-aged and uneven-aged mixtures of both species. Results indicate that the uneven-aged mixture performed better in carbon sequestration than the other four options. The even-aged mixture showed better combined benefits of timber production and carbon sequestration and additional advantages in balancing long- and short-term benefits over 50 years. Furthermore, the even-aged mixture had the strongest adaptability to market fluctuations. The uneven-aged mixture performed best economically among the five options in scenarios of future higher timber prices. The results will inform stakeholders about the performance of stand-level silvicultural options with respect to revenues and environmental benefits to society.

[目的]准确识别我国不同时期林业有害生物各类灾害的强度差异、变化趋势及灾情综合等级的年际变化,是制定有效的林业有害生物灾害应对策略及实施差异化财政补贴政策的前提,对防范林业灾害风险、提高森林资源风险管控水平以及增强林业碳汇供给能力都具有重要意义.[方法]利用1998—2018年我国林业生物灾害统计资料,采用数值分析方法分析林业生物灾害的总体发生概况;根据1998—2018年我国林业病害、虫害和鼠害灾害发生率变异值阐述各类灾害发生强度的年际变化;进一步采取灰色关联度法确定林业病害、虫害和鼠害在林业有害生物灾害中的关联度以及对森林资源的影响权重,从而确定1998—2018年我国林业有害生物灾情综合指数,最后对上述时期我国林业有害生物灾情综合等级进行划分.[结果]1)1998—2018年,我国林业有害生物灾害主要以虫害为主,虫害发生面积最大,其次是病害和鼠害;但鼠害发生面积的增长率要高于病害和虫害,2018年林业鼠害、病害和虫害发生面积较1998年分别增长了156.36、83.09和57.72个百分点.2)不同年份林业各类生物灾害发生强度存在差异性.2007年是研究期内林业虫害和鼠害发生强度最高的年份,而林业病害发生强度最高的年份则在2018年.3)根据1998—2018年林业有害生物灾情综合指数,可以将1998—2018年我国林业生物灾害划分为3个阶段,第一阶段为1998—2005年,这一时期林业有害生物灾情综合等级最低,林业有害生物对森林资源危害最小;第二阶段为2006—2008年,该阶段林业有害生物对森林资源造成的危害最严重,灾情综合等级最高,其中又以2007年最为严重;第三阶段为2009—2018年,该阶段灾情综合等级有所下降,但总体受灾程度仍较为严重.[结论]1998—2018年我国林业有害生物灾害发生总面积不断增加,轻度灾害占主体但其面积呈逐年增长趋势,中、重度灾害发生面积和发生率均波动下降.林业虫害每年发生面积较为严重,鼠害发生面积呈快速增加态势,当前林业病害达到研究期最高强度.此外,林业有害生物灾情综合等级虽有所下降,但仍处在较高水平,且有害生物灾害面积逐年增加,防控形势仍较为严峻.采取差异化的林业生物灾害应对措施,重点遏制住林业鼠害快速增长的趋势,降低林业虫害的发生率并加大对重度病害的防治力度等手段或可以有效维护我国的生态安全、促进生态文明建设.

发展林业生物质能源对改善中国能源消费结构、应对气候变化以及实现"3060"双碳目标具有重要意义.文中梳理美国林业生物质能源政策演进过程;总结出美国林业生物质能源政策的主要特点,即始终以实现国家能源独立为核心目标,法律法规、财税支持、政府采购是主要手段,阶段目标与支持措施适时调整;提出促进我国林业生物质能源发展的建议:制定系统性的法律法规、明确发展路径,给予原料生产者补贴、完善向企业提供资金支持和税收优惠并强化科技创新力度等相关配套措施,适时调整阶段性的发展目标、重点解决好原料供应不足以及利用效率低下等问题.

本文利用文献分析与频度分析法,以天保工程政策目标为导向,结合指标重要值构建了省级天然林资源保护工程社会效益评价指标体系.该评价指标体系涵盖了人口与就业、社会保障、优化产业结构、富余职工安置、改善生活质量与社会安定等6个方面共12个指标.采用熵权法以山西省为例对指标进行权重赋值,利用综合指数法评价山西省2000-2018年天保工程实施的社会效益.结果表明,天保工程对山西省产业结构优化,人民生活质量提高,减少贫困和提高社会稳定性方面影响较大;利用频度分析与重要值法这种量化指标筛选过程所得到的指标体系既全面又简单实用,可操作性强.

以我国天然林保护工程为背景,在绿色转型发展内涵分析的基础上,结合工程实施特点,围绕环境保护、资源利用、经济竞争力3个目标层,构建林业绿色转型发展评估体系;使用熵权法对黑龙江、山西、云南、海南四省的林业绿色转型发展水平进行评估.研究发现:1)不同天保区表现显著的指标有所区别,绿色创新在林业绿色发展中表现突出.2)天保工程推动的绿色转型发展有明显调整期,且会受极端 自然条件变化影响.3)天保工程环境保护效益明显,但与其他目标层相比,更易受大范围极端气候变化影响.4)天保工程对资源利用的影响比较明显,四省资源利用评估值尽管有所波动,但总体呈上升趋势.5)天保工程对经济竞争力的影响呈现先抑后扬变化.

开发利用林业生物质能源是改善我国能源结构、保障国家能源安全、应对气候变化、实现碳中和、改进林业发展模式、调整农村产业结构的有效途径.文中对比分析了中国和美国林业生物质资源及产业发展状况,并从林业生物质能源产业相关法律法规、发展规划类政策以及经济激励类政策3个方面对中美林业生物质能源产业政策进行对比分析.借鉴美国林业生物质能源产业发展的成功经验,结合我国实际,提出加快我国林业生物质能源产业发展的建议.

开发和利用林业生物质能源已经成为优化我国能源结构和应对全球气候变化的重要举措之一.在全面总结了我国林业生物质能源产业资源现状的基础之上,系统梳理了我国林业生物质能源政策演进及其特点,如,我国林业生物质能源产业的发展始终坚持"不与粮争地、不与人争粮"的基本原则,以不同阶段国家发展需求对政策目标进行适时调整等.针对当前我国林业生物质能源发展过程中存在的相关法律法规条例缺乏针对性,政府示范资金获取门槛高,产品市场融资渠道单一等问题,提出了优化林业生物质能源法律法规、弥补保险政策空缺、加大对林业生物质能源产业的财政支持的政策建议.

The establishment of nature reserves is an important measure to protect the wild population of Chinese alligators. Due to the overlap of nature reserves and human living areas, there is a certain conflict between economic development and ecological protection. How to formulate a feasible eco-compensation scheme and accurately analyze the influencing factors of eco-compensation willingness is of great significance to alleviate the contradiction between local residents and Chinese alligators. In this study, the contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to measure and analyze the residents’ willingness to accept (WTA) at National Chinese Alligator Nature Reserve (NCANR) located in Anhui province, China. Furthermore, decision tree modeling and logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of residents’ WTA in NCANR, which provides a new insight to the influencing factors of eco-compensation. The results indicate that: (1) 93% of the residents living in NCANR have a WTA compensation, and the amount of WTA is CNY 25,542 (USD 3659.36) per household per year; and (2) individual characteristics, ecological protection cognition and external impact affect the WTA, and external impact on local residents is the most important factor affecting WTA. Therefore, it is necessary to make differential compensation to ensure the fairness of eco-compensation. In addition, the propaganda of eco-compensation should be strengthened, and the boundary of NCANR needs to be further clarified. The sources of funds for eco-compensation are supposed to be broadened, and poverty alleviation can be combined with eco-compensation policies.

在应对气候变化与实现碳中和目标以及社会发展对森林生态系统要求更加多样化的时代背景下,混交林的重要性在世界各国已达成共识.通常认为,相对于纯林,混交林能够增加生物多样性、提高生产力、增加碳储量,具有更高的生态韧性(抵抗力与恢复力).但混交林是否必然优于纯林,且混交林与生物多样性、生产力、碳汇、生态韧性以及混交效应的关系一直是国内外学者探讨与研究的问题.混交林绝不是简单的树种组合与排列,其结构与生态过程相对复杂.文中通过文献梳理,总结分析混交林与生物多样性、生产力、碳储量、生态韧性以及混交林经营管理5个方面的国内外研究成果,发现关于混交林与生态功能和生产力的关系研究结果多样,总的结论是,若要得到混交林的积极效应,不能单纯增加树种多样性,更重要的是要考虑树种特性、生态互补、林分结构以及立地和环境的影响.我国混交林研究主要是通过造林实验对比分析生长效果,选择较优混交造林技术.文中最后提出我国混交林研究发展建议,旨在促进对混交林的科学和全面认识.

文中从联邦与州2个层级介绍美国与林地权属相关的主管机构及职责以及不同权属变更的形式、对象、条件及资金管理.研究发现,联邦主管机构主要为内政部的土地管理局、国家公园管理局、鱼类与野生动物保护局,农业部的林务局以及国防和能源部,各州主管机构主要有其自然资源部的自然资源委员会或林业委员会等;林地权属变更的形式主要是出售和交换,变更对象要求任何林地不得出售、交换或捐赠给非美国公民或不受任何州或联邦法律约束的公司;联邦与不同的州关于权属变更的规定详细程度存在差异,而内容却存在一定相似性;联邦与部分州政府建立相关基金或账户,以储存出售或交换土地所获收入并用于购买土地等.

文中以中华人民共和国成立以来中央层面发布的2495份林业政策文件为研究对象,通过构建政策力度和政策工具二维分析框架,对中国林业政策的演进进行量化分析.结果 表明,涉林法律和行政法规的发布数量持续稳定,部门规章的发布数量大幅上升;由中共中央、国务院发布的政策力度较大的指导性文件数量稳步提升,由各部委发布的通知类文件数量大幅上升;政策工具类型以规制型为主,但使用频率呈下降趋势,而经济激励型、信息公开型和社会参与型工具使用频率呈上升趋势.

在全面回顾贵州荔波县全域旅游发展概况的基础上,明确"两山论"背景下荔波县全域旅游资源开发路径和经济发展模式,以期为资源禀赋优越的经济欠发达地区实现乡村振兴提供发展思路借鉴.基于改进的昂普(E-RMP)分析方法研建逻辑分析框架,从生态资源、市场与产品特性维度梳理荔波县旅游发展的资源基础、游客特征和产品潜力等,进而分析荔波县全域旅游资源开发路径和发展模式.研究表明:荔波县坚持"生态绿县"的发展原则,通过对生态资源的有效保护,守住"绿水青山",使得城镇绿化水平不断提高,人居环境质量不断提升,生态效益逐步显现;进一步通过合理利用生态资源、发展生态旅游产业并逐步壮大绿色富民产业,建成"旅游大县",促进人们收入与生活水平稳步提升,逐步实现"绿水青山"向"金山银山"转变;为继续推动"旅游强县"建设并做大"金山银山",荔波县全域旅游应践行精品旅游质量提升战略、促进"旅游+"产业融合并注重空间拓展.

森林旅游与农户收入的关系一直备受政府关注.大多数研究发现,森林旅游能增加农户的就业机会,拓宽农户增收渠道,从而增加农户收入.然而,也有研究表明,发展森林旅游容易引起当地通货膨胀,给社区农户带来更大经济压力.同时,因森林旅游产生的经济效益不公平分配问题,会严重影响当地社会的稳定性,不利于可持续发展.现有文献为进一步研究森林旅游与农户收入的关系提供了指导,但存在样本选择偏差导致内生性问题,以及忽略农户收入的不同构成等.因此,未来的研究应该从以下2个方面进行:1)研究森林旅游对农户的经营性收入、工资性收入、财产性收入和转移性收入的影响;2)选择合适的研究模型及增加样本数量,以避免样本选择偏差导致的内生性问题,使结果更加准确和可靠.

天然林资源是国家重要的战略资源与生态资源,在维护国土生态安全、应对气候变化、保护生物多样性等方面发挥着不可替代的重要作用.作为覆盖范围最广、投资规模最大的天然林资源保护工程(简称天保工程)自2000年正式启动以来,对长江上游、黄河上中游地区以及东北、内蒙古、新疆、海南等重点国有林区的森林资源保护修复、区域生态环境改善及经济社会可持续发展等多方面都产生了巨大、深远影响.天保工程二期于2020年结束,全面定量评估天保工程的生态、经济和社会综合效益和国内外的巨大影响,可为全面推进我国天然林资源保护修复提供科技支撑,为后续政策修订提供决策依据.本文基于空间信息技术、样地调查、生态站观测、比较分析等手段,构建了适用于天保工程的综合评价指标体系与评估方法,涵盖森林资源、生态效益、社会经济效益、生态修复措施和政策设计5个方面,对全面贯彻落实国家生态文明战略和《天然林保护修复制度方案》具有重要的现实意义和深远历史意义,为开展全国性的重大生态工程评估提供借鉴和参考.