矢尖蚧是危害柑橘生产的重要害虫之一,搞好测报可以指导适时防治.笔者在重庆市北碚区柑橘园对矢尖蚧进行多年系统监测,结果表明,矢尖蚧在该地一年发生3代,世代重叠,第1代发生较为整齐,便于统一防治.因此,以2012年-2018年该虫发生前3个月的气象资料和矢尖蚧发生的田间历史数据为依据,应用DPS软件,分别采用简单法和多因子互作法进行逐步回归,建立了春季矢尖蚧第1代发生期的预测回归方程.两个方程总体回归达显著水平或极显著水平,两种方法建立的回归方程证明:第1代发生高峰期与发生前3个月的温度、湿度、雨日和降雨量等气象资料均有关系.将2019年数据用来进行检验,结果表明两个回归方程结论均为“比较准确”,均能比较准确地预测出该地矢尖蚧的发生高峰期.

为明确22％吡虫啉·噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂对柑橘黑刺粉虱的防治效果,开展了2年的药效试验.结果表明,22％吡虫啉·噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂2000～3000倍液对柑橘黑刺粉虱2～3龄若虫都有较好的防治效果,对柑橘叶片和果实安全,可以在生产上推广应用.

噻虫啉是一种具内吸性及急性触杀和胃毒作用的新烟碱类杀虫剂.为明确噻虫啉采用喷雾方法防治柑桔星天牛幼虫的效果,2017-2019年每年7月在重庆北碚柑桔星天牛发生较为严重的果园,选择树干已经受害的植株(有新鲜木屑和虫粪排出),用钝刀将树干周围虫粪、木屑和老树皮刮除后,对准虫孔及周围、树冠喷雾,对两家企业生产的40％噻虫啉悬浮剂(以敌敌畏乳油800倍液为对照药剂)开展了田间药效试验.结果 表明,40％噻虫啉悬浮剂在4 000～3 000倍液范围内,药后5～15 d对柑桔星天牛幼虫均有较好的防治效果(73.18％～92.61％),极显著优于敌敌畏乳油800倍液,可以在生产上推广应用.

为明确褐色橘蚜Toxoptera citricida RR-2型表皮蛋白基因的数量、表达特性及其在发育中的潜在功能,运用转录组数据和生物信息学软件对其进行鉴定和分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定其在褐色橘蚜不同发育阶段、有翅/无翅成蚜及不同组织中的表达量,并利用RNAi方法探索其在褐色橘蚜生长发育过程中的潜在功能.结果 显示,共筛选鉴定出45个CPR (cuticular proteinwith R&R Consensus)家族基因,其中33个有完整的开放阅读框,具RR-2型CPR家族特有的签名序列及与几丁质结合必需的酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸残基,推测这些序列编码的RR-2型CPR具有几丁质结合活性.系统发育分析表明大部分褐色橘蚜RR-2型CPR同源性较高.TcCPR10、TcCPR14、TcCPR28和TcCPR68基因在褐色橘蚜若虫蜕皮后表达量较高;TcCPR7、TcCPR10、TcCPR28和TcCPR57基因主要在褐色橘蚜胸腹部表达,在相同组织中TcCPR10和TcCPR68基因在有翅蚜中的表达量显著低于在无翅蚜中的表达量.TcCPR7和TcCPR68基因可被有效沉默,其表达量分别下调26.62％和66.34％,但仅TcCPR68基因的沉默可导致褐色橘蚜大量死亡,存活率仅为36.45％,极显著低于对照组.表明褐色橘蚜RR-2型CPR家族基因的表达具有较强的时空特异性,可能在不同虫态、不同组织中发挥着不同功能;TcCPR68基因可能在褐色橘蚜发育过程中起重要作用.

分别采用浸渍法和大田药效试验方法,在室内测定了鱼藤酮、阿维菌素、鱼藤酮与阿维菌素5个配比及烟碱对菜青虫3龄幼虫的毒力,并就筛选出的毒力较高配比进行了田间药效试验.室内毒力测定表明,5个配比中,6.77％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素)的联合毒力高于鱼藤酮和其他配方,其共毒系数为268.52,LC50值比其他配方低,其次为3.85％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素),共毒系数为121.71.6.77％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素)与3.85％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素)的共毒系数均超过120,表明这两个配方对菜青虫幼虫有显著增效作用.6.93％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素)对菜青虫幼虫表现为相加作用,6.4％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素)和6.87％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素)对菜青虫幼虫表现为拮抗作用.田间药效试验结果表明,6.77％(鱼藤酮+阿维菌素)133.54～267.08 g/hm2对菜青虫均具有较好的防治效果,药后1 d和3 d防治效果均大于95％,且在试验过程中未发现对甘蓝植株产生药害.

选取9％阿维菌素·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂2000倍、3000倍、4000倍液对柑橘锈壁虱进行田间药效试验,结果表明,9％阿维菌素·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂2000～4000倍液对柑橘锈壁虱防治效果较好,药后1～28 d防效在98％以上,速效性好,持效期长.与对照药剂1.8％阿维菌素乳油3000倍、200 g/L丁硫克百威乳油2000倍和15％唑虫酰胺悬浮剂4000倍比较,药后1 d、7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d,各处理与3个对照药剂的防效相当.试验剂量范围内未发现药剂对柑橘产生药害,也未发现对天敌有不利影响,可以在生产上应用.

开展几种杀虫剂防治柑橘矢尖蚧的田间药效试验,结果表明,22.4％螺虫乙酯悬浮剂3 500～4 500倍液、20％噻虫嗪·螺虫乙酯悬浮剂A剂3 300倍液和B剂3 300倍液以及25％环氧虫啶可湿性粉剂4 000～2 000倍液对柑橘矢尖蚧的防治效果较好,防效在93.5％～98％之间,可以在生产上轮换使用,以提高防治效果.

选取5种常见药剂对柑橘木虱进行田间药效试验,结果表明下列药剂对柑橘木虱的杀虫效果和保梢效果较好:9％阿维·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂2 500倍液、12％虫螨腈·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂3 000倍液,其次是26％螺虫乙酯·联苯菊酯悬浮剂4 000倍液和36％螺虫乙酯·噻嗪酮悬浮剂2 000倍液,联苯菊酯可以作为轮换药剂使用.

To explore the acaricidal activity and biological characteristics of Acremonium implicatum CQBBW8,the lethal rate of CQBBW8 strain to Panonychus citri (McGregor) was detected by using contact toxicity method,and the effects of different factors,such as culture medium,carbon source,nitrogen source,temperature,pH,and UV on the hyphal growth,sporulation and spore germination of A.implicatum were tested by using single factor test.The results indicated that the corrected mortality rate of CQBBW8 strain to P.citri was 54.42％;the LC50 was 1.2× 106 spores/mL and the LT50 was 5.175 9 d.The optimum growth and sporulation culture medium were PDA and SEA.Mannite and peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen sources for hyphal growth,and soluble starch and ammonium chloride were the best carbon and nitrogen sources for sporulation,respectively.The most suitable culture temperature for hyphal growth was 25℃,and the most suitable temperature for sporulation and spore germination was 30℃.The optimum pH for hyphal growth and sporulation was 6.0,and the optimum pH for spore germination was 7.0.Although UV had no significant effect on fungal growth rate,it had a marked effect on sporulation;the longer the ultraviolet irradiation time,the higher the rate of spore germination.In summary,CQBBW8 strain had a strong toxicity to P.citri,without a high nutritional demand,and its environmental adaptability was strong,with a potential for development of the fungus preparation for killing mites.

选取常见药剂对柑橘溃疡病进行田间药效试验,结果表明下列药剂对柑橘溃疡病的杀虫效果和保梢效果较好:30%松脂酸铜乳油800倍液和1000倍液、20%松脂酸铜水乳剂500倍液和800倍液,其次是30%碱式硫酸铜SC 500~300倍液、47%春雷霉素·王铜WP 470倍液.

连续2年采用不同药剂对柑橘潜叶蛾进行田间药效试验,结果表明下列药剂对潜叶蛾的杀虫效果和保梢效果均较好:10%噻虫胺悬浮剂5000倍、10%虫螨腈悬浮剂1500倍、1.8%阿维菌素乳油2000倍、20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂12000倍、5%阿维菌素乳油5555倍;其次有10%噻虫胺悬浮剂6000倍、10%虫螨腈悬浮剂2000倍、20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂14000倍和16000倍、5%阿维菌素乳油7400倍和11111倍.

Objectives] To determine the olfactory response ofNeoseiulus barkeri to volatiles released by citrus leaves that had been damaged by eitherPanonychus citri or piercing-sucking insects.[Methods] Common volatile compounds of citrus leave were qualitatively analyzed using GC-MS-liquid mass spectrometry. The relative retention index of each compound was determined and a library of the common citrus volatiles obtained constructed. In addition, volatiles from citrus leaves damaged byP. citri and sucking insects were collected and identified. Orientation responses ofN. barkeri to volatiles were studied using a Y-tube olfactometer.[Results] Both the kinds, and the quantities, of volatiles from damaged leaves were notably different to those of the control. Furthermore, the volatiles from leaves damaged byP. citri were significantly different to those obtained from leaves damaged by sucking insects. Both kinds of damage induced citrus leaves to releaseα-pineine,α-phellandrene and p-cymene. Insect damage dramatically increased the quantities of some volatiles, includingcis-π-ocimene, myrcene, limonene and terpineol, but reduced that of others, including 2-ethyl-alcohol and Undecane.N. barkeri was obviously attracted to caproaldehyde, nonanal, octyl acetate, heptaldehyde and myrcene at the concentrations tested (P>0.05). It was less attracted when n-octanol and 1-nonanol concentrations decreased.[Conclusion]N. barkeri have different behavioral responses to volatile components from citrus leaves damaged byP. citri compared to those damaged by piercing-sucking insects. Chemical cues induced bythe feeding activity ofP. citriand piercing-sucking insects play an important role in host selection and location byN. barkeri.

研究了生物源保鲜剂枯草芽孢杆菌对锦橙采后主要病菌的毒性及对锦橙果实的贮藏保鲜效果.结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对青霉菌和绿霉病的毒性较大,EC4值分别为7.4970μg/mL和8.8832μg/mL.保鲜结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂2000倍液对青霉病、绿霉病、炭疽病等总病害均有较好的防治效果,比对照药剂250g/L咪鲜胺乳油667倍液效果好.在15～45d时,枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂各处理对锦橙的失重率没有影响;贮藏到60d后,对失重率有一定的影响,枯草芽孢杆菌2000倍液对果实品质的影响和清水对照比较没有差异性,并且对外观色泽和口感没有负面影响.总的来说:枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂2000倍液对锦橙储藏保鲜效果较好.

Four sprayers were used to respectively spray citrus trees controlling insect pests .The results showed that MATABI knapsack sprayer , knapsack sprayer Gongnong-16 and Taishan-18 motorized mistblower was better than FT 21-2 push stretcher motorized sprayer in controlling citrus whitefly .To control citrus red mite , MATABI and Taishan-18 the best control effect, the persistence of 30 days, followed by Gongnong-16, the persistence of 20 days, the control effect FT21-2 general , the persistence of only 15 days .Deposition rate is MATABI and Taishan-18 type sprayer highest , significantly higher than Gongnong-16 , while Gongnong-16 is significantly higher than FT 21-2 hand push .Ground turnover rate is opposite trend , hand sprayer liquid loss , followed by Gongnong-16 .Dosage plant and unit volume of the canopy layer dosage is the lowest type of Taishan-18 , followed MATABI , is again Gongnong-16 , FT21-2 with liquid hand push the maximum amount .So Taishan-18 type suitable for use in large-scale water orchard , MATABI fit in a small , mountain orchard use , and push the stretcher-type FT21-2 is only suitable for use in water sufficient large , high canopy orchards .

为评价黄板对柑橘粉虱成虫诱集效果,研究了不同黄板大小、悬挂高度、方向对柑橘粉虱成虫诱集量的影响,在此基础上进一步分析了黄板不同密度对柑橘粉虱的控制效果.结果表明,黄板悬挂不同高度对柑橘粉虱成虫诱集量有不同程度的影响,诱集量最大的为与冠层水平的黄板,为115.7头/(板·d),高于或低于冠层的黄板粉虱诱集量均有所下降,黄板在冠层下50 cm粉虱诱集量最小,为76.0头/(板·d),显著低于与冠层水平黄板的诱集量.黄板大小对粉虱诱集量也有影响,40 cm×25 cm,35 cm×25 cm,30 cm×25 cm和25 cm×20 cm黄板诱集量分别为92.4,83.5,77.8和56.6头/(板·d),40 cm×25 cm黄板诱集量显著高于25 cm×20 cm黄板,但25 cm×20 cm黄板单位面积诱集量最高.黄板不同悬挂方向对柑橘粉虱成虫诱集量没有明显影响.黄板对柑橘粉虱控制作用明显,第8d和14d,每2株树挂1块黄板的果园防治效果分别达到了84.20％,81.64％,每1株树挂1块黄板的果园防治效果分别达到了87.02％,93.17％,由此可见,黄板诱杀可有效控制柑橘粉虱的危害.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important disease in citrus production.Resistance of fifty-two citrus germplasm to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were evaluated with disease index,average diameter of the disease spot and cluster analysis.Results showed that the resistance of these citrus germplasm could be classified into 4grades:highly resistant,resistant,medium resistant and susceptible.There was no any germplasm observed to be immune and highly susceptible.Eight varieties Huyou,valencia,flame grapefruit,Bingtang orange,Lujingang orange,hamlin orange,Xinhui orange and late lane navel orange are highly resistant.

In this study, the toxicity of four food preservatives on major postharvest pathogens of citrus and their efficacy in preserving the quality of Glorious orange were investigated. The results showed that prochloraz EC at 250 g/L had the strongest toxic effects on both Penicillium italicum Wehmer and Penicillium digitatum Saccardo with median effective concentration(EC50) of 0.429 3 and 0.532 9g/mL, respectively. Thiabendazole SC at 450 g/L exhibited the most potent toxic effect on Colletotrichum gloeosporiorides Penz with an EC50 of 14.238 3g/mL. After being treated with each preservative, the levels of soluble solids, total sugars, organic acids and vitamin C and other physiological indicators in Glorious orange were all higher than those of the control group without any preservative treatment. Furthermore our results demonstrated that prochloraz EC was the most effective of the preservatives tested and its efficacy in preserving postharvest quality of Glorious orange after 30 days of storage surpassed 90% and 85% for fruits stored for 45 and 60 days, followed by 1×1011 live endospores/g Bacillus subtilis wettable powder, with an efficacy of more than 85% for fruits stored for 30 and 45 days and of more than 80% after 60 days of storage. Thiabendazole SC(450 g/L) was the least effective and its efficacy was only 60%. This study has indicated that 250 g/L prochloraz EC could be the best preservative.

In this study, the toxicity of mixtures of two food preservatives, imazalil and prochloraz, to major postharvest pathogens of ‘Jincheng' orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck. cv. Jincheng) and their efficacy in preserving the quality of ‘Jincheng' orange was investigated. The results showed that 333.3 g/L preservative mixture at an imazalil/prochloraz mass ratio of 1:2 had the highest toxicity to Penicillium italicum Wehmer, Penicillium digitatum Saccardo and Colletotrichum gloeosporiorides Penz with median effective concentrations(EC50) of 0.473 6, 0.241 9 and 10.121 7 μg/m L, respectively. The antibacterial activities of 500 g/L imazalil and 250 g/L prochloraz were weaker when used separately. The cotoxicity coefficients of the mixture for Penicillium italicum Wehmer, Penicillium digitatum Saccardo and Colletotrichum gloeosporiorides Penz were 273.485 4, 293.900 9 and 207.017 2, respectively, which were all higher than 170, showing significant synergism. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that this preservative mixture was as effective as 500 g/L imazalil in preserving ‘Jincheng' orange after 30 days of storage, both showing a preservation efficiency of 96.15%. The preservation efficiency of the mixed preservatives was over 90% after 45 days and over 85% after 60 days, which was better than that of 250 g/L prochloraz alone and 500 g/L imazalil alone. This study has indicated that imazalil plus prochloraz EC at 333.3 g/L could be the best preservative mixture.

利用菌丝生长速率法,测定了33种杀菌剂对柑桔砂皮病菌Dia porthe citri的毒力.结果表明,40％双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐WP毒力最强,EC50为0.011 2 μg/mL;40％氟硅唑EC、50％多菌灵WP、50％咪鲜胺锰盐WP、25％吡唑醚菌酯EC、75％肟菌·戊唑醇WG、60％唑醚·代森联WG、20％苯醚甲环唑DP、25％咪鲜胺EC和43％戊唑醇SC的ECs0均在1.0 μg/mL以下;20％甲基硫菌灵SC、25％丙环唑EC、50％多·锰锌WP、50％腐霉利WP、40％腈菌唑WP和22％抑霉唑EW的EQ0在1.0～6.0 μg/mL之间;其余药剂的EG0在10.0 μg/mL以上.推荐田间防控柑桔砂皮病菌的杀菌剂以氟硅唑和多菌灵为主,果实贮藏期以双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐为主.