我国海域辽阔,海岸线长,是全球海洋生物资源十分丰富的国家,已知并记录的海洋生物超过2万种.海洋为我们提供鱼虾蟹等水产品优质蛋白的同时,也存在一些对水产品"不友好"的海洋生物,比如海鞘.

上海梅奥宠物医院接诊1例右侧面部肿胀、口腔出血的秋田犬病例,经临床检查、血常规及血液生化检测、影像学检查,初步诊断患病犬疑似患口腔肿瘤;对患病犬实施肿瘤切除手术并结合术后护理,预后良好;切除的肿瘤经组织病理学分析鉴定为口腔纤维肉瘤.

上海梅奥宠物医院接诊1例田园猫呼吸困难病例,经临床检查、实验室检查、核磁共振成像技术(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)检查、组织病理学分析,确诊该猫患鼻腺癌.对患病猫实施减瘤手术及化学治疗,患病猫的生活质量得到改善,病情发展得到延缓.

为挖掘南极真菌的资源应用潜力,对一株南极真菌进行了分子鉴定、次级代谢产物分离及结构鉴定.经ITS rDNA序列分析并构建系统发育进化树,鉴定该菌株为曲霉属真菌,命名为Aspergillus niger NJ49.综合运用Sephadex LH-20和G25凝胶柱层析、半制备高效液相色谱等方法对南极磷虾共附生微生物曲霉属真菌A.niger NJ49的发酵物进行分离和纯化,并利用核磁、质谱等现代波谱学方法进行结构鉴定.从南极曲霉A.niger NJ49中分离鉴定出12个化合物,分别鉴定为Trp-Val-Val(1)、Phe-Val-Val(2)、cyclo-(His,Leu)(3)、cyclo-(Pro,Arg)(4)、(3S,12aS)-3-(Isopropyl)-2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydro-pyrazino[1',2':1,6]-pyrido[3,4-b]-indole-1,4-dione(5)、cyclo-(Pro,Phe)(6)、cyclo-(Val,Phe)(7)、cyclo-(Pro,Tyr)(8)、cyclo-(Pro,Val)(9)、Phe-Val(10)、sclerin(11)、对羟基苯乙胺(12),其中化合物3、化合物9和化合物11为首次从南极曲霉属真菌中获得.研究结果可加深对南极海洋微生物资源的了解,丰富南极曲霉属真菌次级代谢产物库.

为探究南海北部表层海水微生物的多样性及部分真菌代谢产物的活性,采取平板涂布稀释的方法对南海北部8个站位表层海水样品进行分离,基于16S rRNA和ITS序列测定对纯培养的微生物进行初步鉴定,共分离到162株细菌和43株真菌.其中162株细菌分属于4个门,5个纲,15个目,21个科,35个属的61个种,变形菌门和放线菌门为优势门;43株真菌分属于子囊菌门和担子菌门的5个纲,7个目,7个科,7个属的14个种,曲霉属为优势属.从分离得到的真菌中选取16株真菌进行培养,对其粗提物进行组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制活性、抗肿瘤活性和抑菌活性筛选,结果表明:在100μg·mL-1浓度下具有组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制活性,抑制率在44％ ～54％之间;在60μg·mL-1浓度下对人宫颈癌细胞的抑制率在2％ ～37％之间;在200μg·mL-1浓度下对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas Vickers)两株指示菌未显示抑菌效果.研究结果表明,南海局部地区表层海水可培养微生物多样性高;对部分真菌的活性测试结果为后续筛选天然产物来源的海洋药物提供了一定的参考.

We assessed the expressions of MHCI, LYZC, keratin8, MPO, DUSP1, IκBα, Rab21, and Rac2 between two species of carps (Erqisi river crucian carp and allogynogenetic crucian carp) after Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection. The relative expressions of MHCI, LYZC, and keratin8 in the virus-challenged groups were significantly higher than control groups. Moreover, the expression of IκBα in the virus-challenged groups was significantly lower than in the control groups. Compared with the virus-challenged ERO group, the expression of IκBα in the virus-challenged ZHO group decreased. The expression of Rab21 in the virus-challenged groups gradually increased and was significantly higher than in the control groups, and then its expression began to decrease after 24 h. At 72 h, the expression of IκBα in both virus-challenged groups was significantly lower than in the control groups. In addition, the expression of Rab21 in the virus-challenged ZHO group was significantly higher than the virus-challenged ERO group at all time points except for 72 h. Before 24 h, the expression of Rac2 remained unchanged in these four groups, and its expression in the virus-challenged ZHO group was significantly higher than in the other three groups. Nevertheless, its expression began to decrease after 24 h but was still slightly higher than the control group at 72 h. MPO showed a similar expression pattern as Rac2. The expression of DUSP1 in the four groups was the same at 0 h. However, its expression in the virus-challenged ZHO group was significantly higher than in the other three groups at other time points.

To learn the marine phycotoxins(MPTs)contamination status in mariculture areas in the East China Sea(ECS),from May 2020 to October 2021,80 net-concentrated phytoplankton samples were collected from 12 stations in three typical areas with high incidence of red tides,namely,Gouqi Island,Sandu'ao-Lianjiang,and Zhangzhou-Dongshan Island in ECS,and MPTs of the samples were detected.Six types of toxins were detected in 24 samples from 9 stations.Lipophilic marine toxins(LMTs)were more common and diverse in these areas.Pectenotoxin 2(PTX2)was the main lipophilic marine toxin(LMT)in the concentrated phytoplankton samples and the occurrence showed seasonal differences from north to south.According to the potential risks of pectenotoxin(PTXs)to seafood safety,it is suggested to execute regular monitoring on PTXs in ECS and a mandatory standard should be formulated based on the comprehensive analysis of in-situ monitoring and lab research.Meanwhile,contamination risks of cyclic imine toxins in the north and domoic acid(DA)in the south of ECS should also be paid with attention to.Only 2 paralytic shellfish toxins(PSTs),N-sulfocarbamoyl toxin C2(C2),and decarbamoyl gonyatoxin 3(dcGTX3),were found from spring samples in the north of ECS.As the biggest mussel culture county of China,Gouqi Island showed higher toxin diversity and the toxin detection rate was higher than the other two areas.In Gouqi Island area,PSTs were a serious potential threat in spring,and LMTs instead of PSTs became the main risk in summer-autumn seasons.To ensure the safety of seafood and marine environmental health,it is recommended to conduct long-term targeted tracking and monitoring of MPTs in this and similar mariculture areas.

冰岛是全球最先进、最具竞争力的渔业国家之一,重视、仰赖海洋生态系统和可持续性捕捞.渔业是冰岛经济的支柱产业,水产品是冰岛最重要的出口产品.对冰岛捕捞渔业、养殖渔业、水产品进出口情况以及冰岛渔业管理进行了概述,分析了冰岛对中国的渔业出口情况;介绍了冰岛渔业未来面临的挑战与渔业管理部门的发展对策;展望了中国和冰岛未来在渔业方面的合作交流前景.中冰两国应加强北极科学研究合作,积极应对气候变化对渔业资源的影响,加强经贸往来,推动互惠合作;中国应学习冰岛渔业发展先进经验,推动渔业科技与产业发展.

种质资源是大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)养殖生产和遗传改良必不可少的物质基础,及时掌握大黄鱼种质资源研究、开发及利用现状的研究热点和研究方向,对大黄鱼产业发展具有重要意义.以大黄鱼产业发展现状为基础,以中国知网(CNKI)数据总库作为文献来源,采用文献计量分析的研究方法,围绕大黄鱼种质资源、人工繁育、养殖及育种主题,建立检索式.截至2021年12月31日,经过人工方法筛选,共得到555篇期刊文献为研究对象.从研究论文发表数量、期刊分布情况和研究机构分布情况进行分析,并利用NoteExpress软件对主题关键词绘制了词频云图,进行词频分析.结果显示,大黄鱼种质资源研究、开发及利用方面的热点主要在3个方面,即大黄鱼分类地位、地理分布及其种群划分的研究;大黄鱼种质资源鉴定评价研究;大黄鱼种质创新方面的研究.最后,从种质资源保护和鉴定评价、重要经济性状遗传解析、基因组资源发掘、新品种培育和良种示范推广等方面对未来大黄鱼种质资源的开发利用研究提出了建议.

大西洋鲑良种对于挪威发展高效和可持续的大西洋鲑养殖业至关重要.从大西洋鲑良种选育目标的发展变化和大西洋鲑良种选育技术策略的发展变化两方面,对挪威大西洋鲑良种选育工作历史进程进行了回顾,总结了挪威在培育大西洋鲑养殖良种方面的先进经验,提出我国可以借鉴挪威经验,加强对水产良种工作的重视,加强科技投入;建立完善水产原良种体系,培育一批现代化的水产良种企业;加强对水产种业工作的管理监督.研究结果对于促进我国水产养殖业发展,保障我国水产养殖种业安全具有积极意义.

挪威是世界渔业大国,也是世界渔业科技强国,通过剖析挪威渔业发展现状,分析了近年来挪威捕捞渔业、水产养殖业、水产品进出口贸易等发展情况,分析了新冠肺炎疫情对挪威渔业的影响和挪威的应对措施,介绍了挪威的渔业发展规划,并分别从资源管理方式、水产养殖模式、水产品质量安全和水产品贸易方面提出了中国可以借鉴的内容.了解挪威渔业的发展现状、发展路径和发展方向对于促进中挪渔业合作,推动我国渔业转方式、调结构,实现渔业生态化可持续发展具有重要意义.

Ascidians (tunicates) are widely recognized as one of the most prolific producers of bioactivenatural products in the marine environment. This present study reviewed the chemical diversityof marine ascidians from the Aplidium genus and their pharmacological applications since Jan 2005.The resources of this genus from China Seas, including the changes of their names in the family Polydinidaewere also summarized in this paper. In addition, a concise outlook on their chemical andpharmaceutical investigation is made to support further development.

南极因其独特的自然环境成为潜在、重要的微生物资源库,是产生新型生物活性物质和先导化合物菌株的潜在种源地,南极微生物正在成为创新药物研究新的重要资源.虽然近年来对南极微生物次级代谢产物的研究逐渐增加,但与温带和热带微生物研究相比仍处于初级阶段.对从南极普里兹湾海洋沉积物中获得的两株枝孢霉属真菌Cladosporium sp.NJF4和NJF6进行次级代谢产物分离及结构鉴定,获得20个化合物.化合物结构类型包括甾醇(1)、倍半萜类(7—8)、生物碱类(9—14)、二酮哌嗪(2—5、15—17)、芳香酸(6、18—19)等,其中倍半萜类(7—8)为首次从枝孢霉属真菌中分离得到,以上研究将为丰富南极微生物次级代谢产物库奠定一定的研究基础.

通过对2017年第34次“雪龙号”南极考察采集的南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba)共复生微生物进行分离,并对有价值菌株的次级代谢产物进行了研究.采用在3种选择性培养基中添加不同抗生素的稀释平板涂布法,从南极大磷虾中分离出一株有价值的真菌进行扩大培养,运用TLC、柱色谱(正相硅胶、C18硅胶、MCI、Sephadex LH-20凝胶)和半制备型HPLC等色谱方法对其代谢产物进行高效快速地分离纯化,结合现代波谱学手段(ESI HR MS、1H-NMR),鉴定次级代谢产物结构.首先经过形态学、18S rDNA-ITS序列分析,鉴定分离到一株真菌为曲霉Aspergillus sp.NJF7;从曲霉NJF7中分离到13个代谢产物,分别鉴定为环(脯氨酸-酪氨酸)(1)、环(色氨酸-酪氨酸)(2)、环(脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸)(3)、环(缬氨酸-脯氨酸)(4)、环(缬氨酸-色氨酸)(5)、环(异亮氨酸-色氨酸)(6)、环(谷氨酰胺-色氨酸)(7)、对羟基肉桂酸甲酯(8)、尿嘧啶(9)、对羟基苯乙胺(10)、苯乙胺(11)、N-甲基酪胺(12)、大麦芽碱(13),其中化合物7为新的天然产物.

The marine phytoplankton Prorocentrum lima is one of the toxic and harmful microalgae which can cause red tides. In chemical investigation on cultured strain P. lima PL11, seven compounds were isolated and identified by spectroscopic data, including three typical shellfish toxins okadaic acid (OA, 1), OA methyl ester (2), and prorocentrolide (3), three terpenoids (4–6), and one polyketide (7). Compounds 5 and 6 should be derived from carotenoid fucoxanthin. Compounds 4–7 were isolated from this genus of microalgae for the first time.

为揭示产腹泻性贝类毒素(diarrheic shellfish poisoning,DSP)典型赤潮甲藻-利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)PL11的共附生菌群多样性信息,通过Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析了PL11的共附生菌群种类及相对丰度,并且对其可培养共附生菌株进行了选择性分离及其16S rRNA基因序列扩增与系统发育的分析.利玛原甲藻PL11高通量测序结果显示:样品共附生细菌包括5门,14纲,26目,38科及54属.其中优势门(>5％)为3个,包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria,75.5％)、拟杆菌门(Bacteriodetes,11.5％)以及浮霉菌门(Planctomycetex,8.5％);优势纲(>5％)为4个,包括α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,51.7％)、δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria,31.8％)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria,9.9％)以及OM190纲(8.9％);优势属(>5％)为6个,侏囊菌科下未知属(norank Nannocystaceae,21.8％)、Pyruvatibacte属(11.6％)、Phaeodactylibacter属(9.4％)、生丝单胞菌科下未知属(norank Hyphomonadaceae,8.5％)、OM190纲下未知属(8.1％)以及Roseovarius属(7.9％).从利玛原甲藻PL11培养物中分离获得可培养微生物菌株9株,分属于8个属,包括Ochrobactrum sp.(2株)及Microbacterium sp.、Algoriphagus sp.、Ponticoccus sp.、Hoeflea sp.、Labrenzia sp.、Sphingopyxis sp.、Erythrobacter sp.各1株.其中PL11-1为Ponticoccus属潜在新种.

南极磷虾油具有抗炎功效,但功效成分类型和作用靶点并不明确.本研究精制获得磷虾油抗炎有效部位磷虾轻油乙酯,通过HPLC分析明确其中EPA+DHA乙酯含量>60％,体外抗炎活性结果显示磷虾轻油乙酯具有较强活性,且呈剂量相关,其抗炎作用主要表现为抑制炎症因子NO、IL-6;磷虾极性脂磷脂平均含量达到65％,但抗炎活性微弱.

目的:研究北细辛苗在生长过程中主要化学成分的变化规律.方法:分别采集生长1周和2周的北细辛苗以及生长3个月的北细辛植株,均分成地上(茎、叶)与地下部分(根),采用HPLC-TOF-MS对其次生代谢产物进行定性鉴别,以细辛脂素作为指标成分进行定量鉴别.结果:从北细辛地下部分共鉴定6个已知化合物,分别为α-细辛醚(1),N-isobutyl-2,4,8,1 0-dodecatetraenamide (2),9-methoxyaristolactamⅣ(3),细辛脂素(4),caulesnarinside(6)和chalcononaringenin 2',4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7),峰面积数值表明其含量随着生长时间的增长逐渐增加;从北细辛地上部分共鉴定出4个已知化合物,分别为N-isobutyl-2,4,8,10-dodecatetraenamide(2),caulesauroneside(5),caulesnarinside(6)或chalcononaringenin 2',4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7)和peonidin 3-caffeoylgentiobioside(8).仅在生长3个月的北细辛地下部分鉴定出了细辛脂素,其质量分数155.4 pμg·g-1.结论:北细辛地上与地下部分次生代谢产物种类与含量存在较大差异;在北细辛苗的不同生长阶段,相同部位的次生代谢产物的种类和含量也存在较大差异,其主要成分的含量基本呈现随生长时间增加而增加的趋势.

鳗鱼是鳗鲡属鱼类的统称,是一种高档水产品,营养丰富,是东亚和东南亚重要的水产养殖对象.中国是鳗鱼养殖第一大国.鳗鱼生活史复杂,迄今为止其人工繁育技术仍是世界性难题,养殖苗种全部依赖野生苗种的捕捞.20世纪中后期以来,鳗鱼自然种群受到了严重的影响,野生苗种资源急剧衰退.随着欧洲鳗鲡被列入CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)附录II,日本鳗鲡和美国鳗鲡被IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)列为濒危(EN),国际上对鳗鱼资源保护的呼声日趋高涨.中国鳗鱼产业可持续发展存在隐忧,通过综述中国鳗业发展历程、产业发展现状、中国鳗鱼资源的开发利用情况与管理保护现状,分析鳗鱼产业发展和鳗鱼资源管理过程中存在的问题,提出维持中国鳗业可持续发展的对策建议.

丹麦是世界渔业强国,了解丹麦渔业的发展状况和先进经验对于中国发展现代渔业具有重要的借鉴意义.通过从丹麦捕捞渔业、养殖渔业、休闲渔业、水产品进出口与消费、渔业管理等5个方面梳理了丹麦渔业的发展状况,分析了丹麦渔业发展的经验,提出了应提升中国渔港港口服务能力,发展休闲渔业产业,提高国际公约履约能力等方面的建议.