Buckwheat is a kind of nutritious minor grain crop. The nutritional value of traditional noodles can be improved to meet the diversified nutritional needs of consumers by adding buckwheat to wheat. This study was performed to examine the effect of water,buckwheat flour,gluten,salt and konjac gum addition on the cooking and textural properties of buckwheat noodles by single factor test. Orthogonal test was performed to determine the optimal technology of buckwheat noodles by selecting buckwheat flour,gluten,salt and konjac gum addition as follows: buckwheat flour 16%,gluten 4%,salt 0.9%,konjac gum 0.2%. In addition,the properties of buckwheat noodles prepared with the optimal technology were compared with those of the wheat noodles. The results showed that the chewiness,shear force,tensile strength and tensile distance of buckwheat noodles were higher than those of the wheat noodles. The starch hydrolysis rates of buckwheat noodles and wheat noodles were78.55% and 85.44%,respectively. The content of resistant starch in buckwheat noodles was 6.18% higher than that in wheat noodles,while the glycemic index（GI）of buckwheat noodles was 3.32 lower than that of wheat noodles.

本文以品种为"徐香"的猕猴桃为原料制备猕猴桃果酱,分析不同防腐技术对猕猴桃果酱品质影响.结果表明热灭菌或添加防腐剂山梨酸钾都可显著抑制在室温贮藏(20〜25℃)条件下猕猴桃果酱中微生物的生长,在 9 周的贮藏时间内,热灭菌组和山梨酸钾组的猕猴桃果酱均无菌落总数和大肠菌群检出.在 9周贮藏时间内 3 种防腐技术处理组猕猴桃果酱中可溶性糖和总酸含量无显著变化,维持在12.01%〜13.18%和7.81〜8.58 g/kg范围内.但当贮藏时间由 1 周延长至 9 周时,CK组、肉桂酸钾组、热灭菌组和山梨酸钾组果酱中抗坏血酸含量分别由 58.00、53.40、50.80、和 61.9 mg/100 g下降至 38.46、37.92、37.10 和 42.50 mg/100 g.相同的贮藏时间内,上述四组猕猴桃果酱的粘度分别由 4.68×104、4.73×104、4.45×104 和 4.42×104 下降至 1.96×104、2.43×104、2.52×104 和 2.53×104,水分活度分别由 0.721、0.743、0.719 和 0.716 增加至 0.876、0.834、0.0.797、0.811.上述研究结果为选择适合猕猴桃果酱的防腐技术提供理论支持,对猕猴桃果酱的工业化生产和贮藏具有重要指导意义.

Buckwheat was micronized and mixed with wheat flour. The addition (0~20%) of micronized buckwheat powder on the solvent retention capacity (SRC), pasting, thermo-mechanical of mixed flour, cooking and texture properties of noodle were systematically studied. The results indicated that sucrose SRC, sodium carbonate SRC and lactic acid SRC significantly increased with the increasing of micronized buckwheat powder addition (P<0.05), which was 182.69%, 223.02%, 177.98% with 20% addition, respectively. The peak viscosity, valley viscosity, and final viscosity of mixed powder decreased firstly and then increased, and the lowest values were 242.00, 202.00 and 408.50 cP when the addition was 12%. The addition ranged from 0 to 20%, the water absorption rate of dough increased from 56.80% to 60.50%. However, the development and stability time decreased with addition of micronized buckwheat from 3.34 to 2.40 min, 5.87 to 4.61 min, respectively. Gelatinization property, thermal stability and setback value of the dough decreased with the increase of micronized buckwheat powder addition. The hardness, viscosity and resilience of noodles increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of micronized buckwheat powder addition.

该文通过响应面试验,以感官评分为标准,对紫薯生全粉挂面的配方工艺进行优化.确定紫薯生全粉挂面的最优配方工艺为紫薯生全粉添加量8.70％、水添加量31.40％、柠檬酸添加量0.57％、魔芋葡甘露聚糖添加量0.65％.此条件下制作的挂面感官评分的预测值为86.05,重复试验验证得到的感官评分值为85.17,模型拟合良好.品质结果分析表明,该紫薯生全粉挂面膳食纤维和花青素含量较普通挂面分别提升了25.60％和3.75倍,脂肪含量为(1.18±0.08)g/100 g、蛋白质含量为(10.06±0.01)g/100 g、可供能量为(1427.63±6.53)kJ/100 g,且色泽鲜亮、口感筋道、蒸煮性能良好.

This study was aimed to compare the effects of thermal treatment (70, 90 ℃) and non-thermal treatment (room temperature, ultrasound treatment, homogenization and high hydrostatic pressure) on the umami taste and antioxidant capability of water extracts of Morchella esculenta. The content of 5’-nucleotide (5’-CMP, 5’-UMP, 5’-XMP, 5’-GMP, 5’-IMP and 5’-AMP) and free amino acid (17 kinds) in these extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and amino acid analyzer respectively, and their corresponding value of Equivalent Umami Concentration (EUC) were calculated. Antioxidant properties of each water extract of Morchella esculenta were comprehensively evaluated by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. Except for the treatment of RT (room temperature), other treatment on finely pulverized Morchella esculenta powder (P2 or P3, 35.52 and 6.28 μm, respectively) increased the contents of total 5'-nucleotides while decreased the contents of umami amino acids and total free amino acids (FAA) in their corresponding water extract. Therefore, the EUC values of the Morchella esculenta extracts were changed from 106.58 g MSG/100 g~493.97 g MSG/100 g to 74.70 g MSG/100 g~364.35 g MSG/100 g. Compared with the room temperature treatment, other treatments improved the EUC value of the water extracts. However, thermal treatment decreased the antioxidant capacity of the extract, and non-thermal treatment of HHP displayed the highest EUC value and ideal antioxidant effect. Especially, the original Morchella esculenta powder without superfine grinding had the highest EUC value and the best antioxidant capacity after HHP treatment, which might be suitable for the further processing of Morchella esculenta.

To clarify the effects of extruded buckwheat on the dough properties and noodle quality of buckwheat-wheat flour, the solvent retention capacity (SRC), gelatinization, thermo-mechanical properties, cooking characteristics, texture characteristics were comprehensively studied. The results showed that sucrose, sodium carbonate and lactic acid SRC significantly increased with the addition of buckwheat flour (P<0.05). However, peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, breakdown value, final viscosity and setback value decreased significantly (P<0.05). The water absorption, weakening degree C1-C2 of dough increased significantly with the addition of extruded buckwheat. However, the gelatinization characteristic C3-C2 value, setback C5-C4 value, develoment and stability time decreased with the addition of extruded buckwheat. Cooking water absorption of noodle decreased with the addition of extruded buckwheat. However, the shear force, tensile strength, hardness and chewiness increased with the addition of extruded buckwheat.

对比分析了几种干燥工艺制备的板栗全粉理化特性和风味.结果表明:所得板栗全粉中含灰分0.28％～0.35％、淀粉45.11％～5.07％、蛋白4.74％～5.51％、脂肪1.61％～2.68％;通过冷冻干燥和Vc护色处理后低温干燥的板栗全粉L值分别为87.29和87.55,与其他干燥工艺之间存在显著性差异(p＜0.05);板栗全粉色差ΔE范围为0.06～1.89,在可接受范围内;通过高温干燥工艺制得的三个板栗全粉糊化度为86.06％～91.57％;自然干燥和低温热风干燥制备的板栗全粉糊化度较低,分别为34.04％和33.76％;真空冷冻干燥所得板栗全粉持水性和吸油能力最高,分别为3.56g/g和1.63g/g,且与其它样品之间存在显著性差异(p＜0.05);板栗全粉风味物质主要来源于氮氧化物、甲烷、硫化物和乙醇等成分.研究表明不同干燥工艺对板栗全粉物化特性和香味具有显著性影响.研究结果也将为板栗精深加工、产品开发和副产物综合利用提供了重要理论基础.

为了筛选水竹笋的最佳干燥方式,采用真空冷冻干燥、自然晾晒及热风干燥3种不同干燥方式对水竹笋进行干燥处理,探讨不同干燥方式对水竹笋营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响,并采用氨基酸比值系数法评价其营养价值.结果表明,不同干燥方式下水竹笋氨基酸比值系数分(Score of ratio coefficient of amino acid,SRC)在60％左右.真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥的第一限制氨基酸为亮氨酸,自然晾晒的第一限制氨基酸为异亮氨酸.真空冷冻干燥下水竹笋蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖和粗纤维含量显著高于其他2种干燥方式.真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥下水竹笋磷、钾、镁、铁、锰及铜含量差异均不显著,但均显著高于自然晾晒.真空冷冻干燥下水竹笋的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量高于其他2种干燥方式.综合比较,真空冷冻干燥是水竹笋较理想的干燥方式.

为解决制作紫薯生全粉面条时常出现的断条率高、易糊汤、适口性不佳、颜色黯淡等问题,该研究以改善色泽和质构品质为目标对紫薯生全粉面条的配方工艺进行优化,分析阐明了柠檬酸、植酸钠、曲酸、茶多酚、β-糊精等护色剂以及卡拉胶、谷朊粉、魔芋葡甘露聚糖等改良剂在不同添加量下对面条色度、质构以及感官评分的影响,借助mixolab2混合实验仪等设备对比分析不同紫薯生全粉添加量下混合粉的粉质特性和糊化特性.结果表明:紫薯生全粉可影响蛋白网络弱化、淀粉糊化以及淀粉酶水解淀粉的速度,添加量超过10％会减弱面团筋度和耐揉性.紫薯生全粉面条适宜选用护色剂和改良剂分别为0.6％柠檬酸和0.6％魔芋葡甘露聚糖,感官评分较各自参照组分别提升13.56％和11.92％.在此基础上,通过4因素3水平正交实验确定了最优配方工艺为紫薯生全粉添加量8％,水添加量32％,柠檬酸添加量0.6％,魔芋葡甘露聚糖添加量0.6％,感官评分为85.48.本研究为后续高品质紫薯生全粉面条的工业化生产奠定基础.

为明确麦麸粒度对面条品质的影响,该试验将麦麸通过粉碎制成不同粒度并添加于小麦粉中,通过面条的白度、蒸煮吸水率、蒸煮损失率、拉伸强度和剪切力系统评价麦麸添加对面条蒸煮特性和质构的影响.结果表明:随着麦麸粒度的减小,麦麸持水性逐渐降低;膨胀性先增加后减小,在160目达到最大值.面条白度和蒸煮损失率随着麦麸添加量的增加分别呈下降和上升趋势.添加100 目～200目麦麸面条蒸煮吸水率随添加量的变化趋势与添加20目～60目麦麸面条蒸煮吸水率趋势相反.面条剪切力随着200目麦麸添加量的增加呈先下降后上升趋势,而随20目～160目麦麸添加量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势.添加40目麦麸的面条,其拉伸强度随着麦麸添加量的增加而增加;而添加160目和200目麦麸的面条,其拉伸强度随着麦麸添加量的增加先减小后增加.

In this study, we investigated the non-volatile flavor compounds (5′-nucleotides, free amino acids, organic acids and soluble sugars) in Stropharia rugosoannulata soup under different processing treatments. S. rugosoannulata soups were first obtained from S. rugosoannulata powder of three different particle sizes under both thermal and non-thermal treatments. Then, the effects of processing methods on non-volatile compounds in these S. rugosoannulata soups were investigated. Specifically, the non-thermal treatment of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) resulted in high levels of equivalent umami concentration (EUC, 827.44–1411.79 mg/100 g DM); ultrasonic treatment (UT) and homogenization (HG) led to high concentrations of soluble sugars (15.58–30.48 mg/g DM); while hot treatment (HT) contributed to high contents of total organic acids (65.52–98.39 mg/g DM). Besides, moderate fine grinding of S. rugosoannulata powder (P2) facilitated the release FAAs (free amino acids) and soluble sugars in the soup. These results suggested that HHP-P2 is beneficial to the preservation of non-volatile compounds in S. rugosoannulata soup. Our findings may improve the utilization of S. rugosoannulata in the soup industry.

为了获取食品化利用品质高的小麦次粉,采用主成分分析与聚类分析方法对不同粉路小麦次粉进行分析和筛选.通过测定12个不同粉路小麦次粉和2个不同等级小麦粉的营养品质、色泽、面筋特性和糊化特性,应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,筛选出不同粉路小麦次粉品质评价的主要指标并进行分类.结果表明:不同粉路小麦次粉的品质特性中,脂肪、灰分、面筋指数、峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度、衰减值、回生值变异系数较大,均超过20％.利用主成分分析方法提取其中更具代表性的4个主成分因子,累计方差贡献率达到84.182％,依据综合评价函数进行分析计算排名,综合排名前三位的为DF1XF1下、DF1XF1上和精制面粉;聚类分析将不同粉路小麦次粉分为4类,次粉DF1XF1下和DF1XF1上与精制面粉归为一类,与主成分分析结果一致.12个不同粉路小麦次粉中,DF1XF1下和DFXF1上品质最好,7M下、8M上和2T下品质最差.基于主成分和聚类分析方法综合评价小麦次粉品质特性,可为其食品化高值利用提供参考.

为明确微波、辐照和高温湿热条件对麦麸化学成分及物化特性的影响,对处理前后麦麸中直链淀粉、支链淀粉、植酸、总戊聚糖等化学成分含量以及持水性、持油性、吸水膨胀性等物化特性指标变化进行测定.试验结果表明:上述3种处理方式均能使麦麸中直链淀粉、支链淀粉、植酸和总戊聚糖含量下降,直支比降低.微波和辐照处理对麦麸的物化特性影响不明显,但高温湿热处理15 min以后麦麸的吸水膨胀性由3.40 mL/g降至1.00 mL/g以下.将辐照技术应用于麦麸改性可在保证其营养成分和物化特性的前提下,有效降低植酸含量.当辐照剂量为10 kGy时,麦麸直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总戊聚糖含量的保存率均为90％以上,植酸含量降幅超过20％,持水性、持油性、吸水膨胀率等指标变化差异不明显.

以鄂10、鄂11、米拉3个品种马铃薯蛋白为原料,评价了马铃薯蛋白营养价值,探讨了热处理对蛋白消化特性的影响.结果表明,鄂10、鄂11、米拉3个品种马铃薯蛋白第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例分别为44.72％、42.65％和44.25％,与鸡蛋蛋白贴近度分别为0.865、0.858和0.884;未经处理的鄂10、鄂11、米拉蛋白的消化率分别为28.80％、42.95％和48.42％,胰蛋白酶抑制活性分别为537.81、527.28和471.41 mg/g,高压热处理马铃薯蛋白消化率显著高于常压热处理、微波和干热处理(P<0.05),随着常压热处理时间延长,马铃薯蛋白消化率呈上升趋势,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性呈下降趋势;常压热处理60 min后,鄂10、鄂11、米拉的蛋白消化率分别达72.47％、82.55％和83.75％,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性分别降至20.24、20.07和13.41 mg/g,相同处理时间下,米拉马铃薯蛋白的消化率高,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性低.

分别采用热水浸提、超声辅助和均质辅助提取不同粒径大球盖菇菇粉(7.06～181.25 μm)中的粗多糖,对比研究提取方法和菇粉粒径对大球盖菇粗多糖提取率、成分、分子质量、抗氧化性能等指标的影响.结果表明:在相同粒径下,热水浸提法获得大球盖菇粗多糖的提取率最高且粗多糖分子质量最小;大球盖菇粗多糖的抗氧化性能与其分子质量无直接相关性,超声提取适度粉碎的大球盖菇菇粉(90 μm左右),有利于多糖粗提物清除自由基能力的提升.不同处理方法不会破坏大球盖菇粗多糖的经典结构.

以高酯柑橘果胶(high methoxy citrus pectin,HMP)在溶液中形成的胶束为出发点,通过分析HMP胶束在水溶液和在乳酸钙溶液中形态和大小变化,研究乳酸钙对HMP乳化性质的影响.结果表明:乳酸钙显著改变HMP胶束在溶液中的形态和大小,在乳酸钙溶液中HMP胶束变大,HMP胶束和HMP分子通过钙离子的交联作用形成网状结构.乳化性分析表明乳酸钙可显著提升HMP的乳化指数,抑制乳析现象的发生.当乳酸钙浓度达到12.50 mmol/L时,在室温下贮藏28 d后乳液无乳析现象发生.乳滴粒度分布和乳滴形态分析显示,乳酸钙影响乳滴粒度分布和乳滴形态,在HMP中加入乳酸钙后,乳滴d(0.9)值略微减少,乳滴形态出现非规则球形.染色乳滴形态显示在HMP中加入乳酸钙后,乳滴表面有附着物.用HMP和乳酸钙制备的乳液类似于Pickering乳液.

为明确普通粉碎和超微粉碎对麦麸和麦麸膳食纤维物化特性影响,对处理后的麦麸和麦麸膳食纤维持水性、持油性、吸水膨胀性、黏度、阳离子交换能力及对油脂、胆固醇、胆酸钠和葡萄糖吸附能力进行了测定.结果表明:麦麸膳食纤维比麦麸具有更高的WHC和OHC,而超微粉碎处理可进一步提升麦麸膳食纤维WHC和OHC,分别为4.99 g/g和6.30 g/g;在胆酸钠浓度为3 mg/mL时,超微粉碎麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维胆酸钠吸附量最高,分别为40.58 mg/g和46.08 mg/g;在葡萄糖浓度为50～100 mmol/L范围内,超微粉碎后麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维葡萄糖吸附量亦明显上升.pH 7时,普通粉碎处理后麦麸胆固醇吸附能力低于麦麸膳食纤维,而超微粉碎处理后麦麸胆固醇吸附能力高于麦麸膳食纤维.普通粉碎的麦麸对不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸吸附量最高,分别达到1.56 g/g和1.13 g/g.研究表明麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维表通过处理后现出不同物化特性,这将为麦麸食品化利用及对食品体系物化特性影响提供理论依据.

为筛选出抗氧化活性较高的薯尖品种、为薯尖的开发利用提供理论依据,本研究比较了四种不同品种薯尖(福薯7-6、福薯18、宁菜、7001)的叶、茎尖、柄、茎4个部位的总酚、总黄酮含量.并且以DPPH·清除率、总还原力、·OH清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力为抗氧化活性衡量指标,分析了4个品种各个部位的抗氧化活性及其与酚类物质含量的相关性.实验表明:4种薯尖的总多酚含量介于4.42～98.15 mg GAE/g DW,总黄酮含量介于0.97～36.17mg RE/g DW,DPPH·清除率介于5.13～53.1 mg trolox/g,总还原力介于5.65～115.00 mg Vc/g,·OH清除能力介于0.04～0.06(Vc mg/g),超氧阴离子清除能力介于27.11％～54.50％;在4个部位间,叶、茎尖的酚类物质含量及相关抗氧化活性总体上显著高于其他部位;4种薯尖中只有福薯7-6和福薯18在叶部位的总黄酮含量无显著差异,且各个品种在茎尖和柄部位的·OH清除能力均无显著差异;总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性均呈正相关.总而言之,不同品种、不同部位薯尖的总酚、总黄酮含量,以及其抗氧化活性均存在一定差异.经过筛选认为7001品种薯尖的酚类物质含量及其抗氧化能力最高,可作为优质抗氧化剂的资源.

以马铃薯全粉和小麦粉为主要原料制作半干马铃薯热干面,通过单因素试验考察马铃薯全粉添加量、干燥温度、干燥湿度对半干马铃薯热干面蒸煮特性、感官评分的影响,在此基础上,以感官评分为指标,通过三因素三水平正交试验确定了半干马铃薯热干面最佳制作工艺为马铃薯全粉添加量20％、干燥温度30℃、干燥湿度70％,感官评分90.00.最优试验条件下制备的半干马铃薯热干面快速消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch,RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch,SDS)及抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)含量分别为2.02％,10.79％和87.19％,蛋白质体外消化率为66.75％,属高蛋白吸收,低能量转化的食物,营养价值良好.

This study was aimed to compare the effects of thermal treatment (70 ℃, 90 ℃) and non-thermal treatment (room temperature, ultrasound treatment, homogenization and high hydrostatic pressure) on the volatile flavor of water extracts of Stropharia rugosoannulata with different particle sizes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electronic nose were applied to compare these volatile components, and the results indicated that the original mushroom powder without superfine grinding displayed the strong volatile flavor, and the sequence of the corresponding processing technology was followed as : Ultrasound treatment>high hydrostatic pressure>room temperature>homogenization>70 ℃>90 ℃. There were 47 volatile components were identified in those water extracts of 18 S. rugosoannulata. Among them, hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol and hexanal were dominantly existed, and the sum of these three accounted for 75.02%~95.70% of the total volatile components. Under thermal treatment, the peak area of total volatiles in the water extracts of S. rugosoannulata ranged from 819.96×106 to 4727.72×106, while they were accounted for 4063.37×106~8772.13×106 in these non-thermal treated extracts, displayed more intense flavor. Both processing method and the particle size had a significant impact on the antioxidant capacity of the water extract of S. rugosoannulata (P<0.001). Thermal treatment combined with superfine pulverization reduced the free radical scavenging ability (DPPH, ABTS) of the water extract of S. rugosoannulata, but improved its iron ion reduction (FRAP) ability. This research might provide useful reference for the intensive processing of S. rugosoannulata in the seasoning market.