[Objective]Grape is a perennial twining vine of the genus Vitis in the family Vitaceae.Crossbreeding is a conventional and main method of grape breeding.Crossbreeding can produce favor-able genetic benefits,and the offsprings can have the excellent characteristics of both parents.The devel-opment of modern molecular biology techniques has made it possible to use molecular markers closely related to specific traits for parent selection or pre-selection of hybrid offspring,thereby improving breeding efficiency.The study aimed to develop Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)markers for grapevine leaf and fruit traits,and provide technical support for marker-assisted breeding in grapevine.[Methods]Using Shine Muscat(Vitis vinifera × V labrusca)and Suffolk Red(V vinifera×V labrusca)and their 150 hybrid progeny as materials,we collected leaves and mature fruits,and performed whole genome resequencing of PE 150 using the Illumina platform,and analyzed the genome of Shine Muscat and Suffolk Red through population SNP detection,core SNP screening and KASP marker-assisted breeding.The trait association analysis was carried out by combining phenotypic data.The young leaves of Shine Muscat and Suffolk Red and their 150 hybrids were used to extract DNA from the young leaves on the shoots by conventional CTAB method,and the quality and concentration of DNA were detected.The crape leaf samples were collected from July to August in 2023-2024.The leaf length and leaf width were measured by vernier caliper,and the leaf area was calculated.The weight of single fruit was measured by electronic balance,and the transverse and longitudinal diameters of fruit were measured by vernier caliper.The hardness of the fruit was measured by CT-3 texture analyzer,and the central position of the fruit was placed directly below the probe.The contents of total phenols and flavonoids were determined by Cao Jiankang's method.The sugar composition and content in the fruit were determined according to the method of Komatsu et al.by liquid chromatography.Whole-genome resequencing data were processed through quality control,reference genome alignment,variant detec-tion to identify SNP and develop core KASP makers.[Results]The group genome resequencing of Shine Muscat and Suffolk Red and their 150 hybrid offsprings was performed by sequencing platform,and a total of 819 Gb high-quality bases were obtained.Among them,the high-quality bases obtained by Shine Muscat were 10.25 Gb,the high-quality bases obtained by Suffolk Red were 10.02 Gb,and the total number of high-quality bases obtained by 150 hybrids was 799 Gb.The comparison rates for the parents and hybrid offspring were 97.79％,96.79％,and 97.25％,respectively.A total of 432 926 SNPs were identified.Through principal component analysis,the maximum principal component was 10.39％.It can be seen that no principal component can clearly distinguish the hybrid offspring.The SNPS were filtered,and 74 core SNPs were attained.The missing rates of core SNPs ranged from 0.01 to 0.055;most of the minimal allele frequency(mAF)ranged from 0.15 to 0.19;most of polymorphism information content(PIC)ranged from 0.260 to 0.295;and the SNP heterozygosity rate ranged from 0.275 to 0.300.The 19 KASP makers from 43 samples were develop.The heterozygosity rate of 0.295-0.300 was 73.7％,the missing rate of 0.048-0.055 was 52.6％,the genetic diversity indices ranged from 0.250 to 0.287 and PIC ranged from 0.260 to 0.295.The KEGG enrichment analysis for KASP makers revealed that flavone and flavonol biosynthesi was the most significant pathway.The others were fruc-tose and mannose metabolism,pentose and glucuronic acid conversion,and plant-pathogen interaction.These pathways could provide reference for the study of fructose,glucose content and total phenol,fla-vonoid content and other related traits.The phenotypic and physiological indexes of the 11 traits related to the leaves and fruits of the parents and hybrids were analyzed by SPSS software.The results showed that the parents had differences in leaf area,fruit vertical diameter,grain weight,hardness,fructose,glu-cose and other traits.The variation range of its hybrid offspring was large,and the trait separation was obvious.The coefficient of variation of the leaf area was the largest,followed by the total phenol and grain weight,and the lowest was fructose.Through the Shapiro-Wilk test of the traits of the hybrid off-spring,the leaf length and width,fruit grain weight,fructose and glucose all showed normal distribu-tion.The correlation analysis between 43 phenotypic traits and KASP genotypes identified 14 makers associated with the leaf and fruit characteristics.[Conclusion]Through whole-genome resequencing of Shine Muscat,Suffolk Red and their 150 hybrid progenies,a total of 432 926 SNP loci were detected.After filtering based on depth,completeness and genetic parameters,74 core SNP loci were obtained,and 19 KASP markers were successfully developed.Combined with association analysis of the leaf and fruit traits,14 functional markers were screened out,among them 4 were related to the leaf morphology,2 were associated with the fruit size,4 were involved in the fructose/glucose metabolism,and 3 were re-lated to the total phenol/flavonoid synthesis.The KEGG analysis showed that the genes where these markers were located were significantly enriched in the flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis pathways(P＜0.01),and this would provide molecular targets for the study of the fruit color and quality regula-tion.The KASP markers developed in this study could be used for early trait selection in grape breed-ing.The 14 KASP markers developed in this study could be used for molecular selection of the grape leaf and fruit traits,and the associated pathways such as flavonoid synthesis would provide a theoretical reference for quality breeding.

Electric fields are increasingly recognized for their role as 'smart reagents' that can trigger or accelerate chemical reactions. Expanding upon this concept, our research introduces an innovative method that exploits electric fields induced by ultrasound on piezoelectric nanoparticles to facilitate the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition in nonaqueous environments. The intense electric field generated around the BaTiO3 nanoparticles, as supported by density functional theory calculations, provides the suitable conditions necessary to trigger the cycloaddition of the alkyne-functionalized nanoparticles and the azide present in the solution. To quantitatively assess the occurrence of the click cycloaddition reaction at the nanoparticle surface interface, we tacked the azide with either an electroactive ferrocene moiety or with gold nanoparticles, which act as surface Raman enhancers. These experiments not only provide experimental validation of our approach, but also highlights the potential of piezoelectrostatic catalysts in enhancing the scalability of electrostatic catalysis.

Ultrasound-assisted dye removal using transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanostructures is frequently attributed to piezocatalysis; however, the actual mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the role of physical adsorption in the rapid decolorization of methyl orange (MO) using few-layered MoS2 and MoSe2 nanoflowers (NFs) under ultrasonic treatment. Remarkably, complete decolorization was observed within 10 s. Through systematic desorption experiments in ethanol, combined with UV-Vis spectroscopy and Raman analysis, we demonstrate that this rapid removal is dominated by strong electrostatic adsorption rather than catalytic degradation. Quantitative analysis revealed recovery rates of 98.8 % for MoS2 and 88.8 % for MoSe2, confirming the molecular integrity of MO post-desorption. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations highlight the contribution of interfacial charge transfer to the adsorption process. Our findings underscore that sono-adsorption, rather than piezocatalysis alone, plays a predominant role in dye removal using TMDs and call for a more rigorous mechanistic distinction in future ultrasound-driven piezocatalytic studies.

Mevinolin (MEV) is an inhibitor of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), which is a crucial enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis. Since there is limited understanding of the impact of MEV on fruit quality, this study characterized the influence of MEV on metabolism in 'Shine Muscat' grapes at the softening stage through an integrated multi-omics analysis. After 7 days of MEV treatment, HMGR and FPPS enzyme activities decreased, accompanied by down-regulation of genes HMGR1, HMGR2, and FPS, while HMGR3 was up-regulated. In the MEP pathway, the activities of key enzymes DXS, TPS, and GGPPS increased, along with upregulation of genes DXR and GGPPS. MEV treatment significantly affected resveratrol and phenolics accumulation, with resveratrol decreasing 3 days post-treatment but elevated after 7 days; however, phenolics were consistently downregulated. Intriguingly, total flavonoids were not significantly affected. Transcriptome analysis showed that MEV upregulated the majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), directly affecting ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis and sesquiterpenoid/triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways. Additionally, MEV treatment also modulated the metabolism of phytohormones, particularly SA, IAA, ETH, and GA. Analysis of volatile metabolites showed that MEV treatment reduced the contents of verbenol and 4-Hexen-1-ol 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-,(R)- (Lavandulol), which were related to the cherry and fresh flavors of grapes. Verbenol was positively correlated with Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase8 (GA2ox8), while Lavandulol was negatively correlated with Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and beta amylin synthase 1 (β-AS). Specific analysis of terpenoid metabolites revealed that MEV treatment significantly altered 14 terpenoid metabolites, including diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and monoterpenoids, while showing minimal or no effect on triterpenes. Integrated transcriptome analysis demonstrated that isopimaric acid showed strong correlation with the genes alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) and geraniol 8-hydroxylase (G8H), with expression patterns significantly altered by MEV treatment. Notably, G8H was negatively correlated with most genes and metabolites. Overall, these findings demonstrate that MEV substantially influences terpenoid biosynthesis and metabolism in "Shine Muscat" grape fruits.

Terpenoids play a crucial role in determining grape fruit quality, yet a comprehensive evaluation of their metabolic dynamics remains lacking. This study examined ‘Shine Muscat’ grape fruits across developmental stages to elucidate terpenoid synthesis alterations and underlying mechanisms at cellular, physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic levels. Our findings reveal that fruit development involves a reduction in epidermal and subepidermal cell numbers, loose cell arrangement, and cell membrane shrinkage and collapse. Cell organelles undergo disintegration and vacuolization, with pronounced plasmolysis as the fruit matures. The total phenol and flavonoid contents showed no significant variation across the developmental stages. Conversely, transcriptomic analysis revealed that key enzymes in the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, such as 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), exhibited the highest activities at berries harvest-ripe (P3) stage, correlating with variations in IPP content. MVA levels surged at berry softening begins (P2) before declining at the P3 stage. Analysis of terpenoid metabolism and transcriptomics revealed a significant correlation in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, which is associated with abscisic acid (ABA) and phaseic acid (PA). The correlation between the metabolome of volatile substances and transcriptome was mainly enriched in the monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, with neomenthol and beta-glucosidase 44 (BGL44) showing the highest correlation. Metabolome of volatile components also identified 25 terpenoid substances with the odor activity values (OAV) values greater than 1 at the P3 stage. Linalool mainly accumulated at the P3 stage, while geraniol mainly accumulated at berry development (P1) stage. Comprehensive analysis of multi-omics revealed that VvABA2, regulated by BR, directly influences the levels of important terpenoids, like geraniol, ABA, and PA, suggesting a connection between volatile and non-volatile terpenoids. VvHMGR3 and VvDXS1 are found correlated with the levels of geraniol and neomenthol but not with nerolidol. These results reveal terpenoids' vital role in the development process of ‘Shine Muscat’, advance our understanding of grape aroma metabolic pathways, and fill the gap in the comprehensive evaluation of terpenoids.

HMGR is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. We cloned FaHMGR and found that FaHMGR expression in fruit was significantly higher than other tissues, especially during the coloring stage. Suppression of FaHMGR (FaHMGRR) promoted coloration by increasing anthocyanin content and produced five new components. In contrast, FaHMGR overexpression (FaHMGROE) downregulated most anthocyanin genes and reduced hexanoic acid methyl ester and linalool contents, thereby inhibiting coloring. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that DEGs in HMGROE vs. HMGRC (pCAMBIA1302 empty vector transformant serving as a control) were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and pathways related to terpenoid metabolism and MeJA, suggesting MeJA as a potential mediator of HMGR’s influence on terpenoid pathways. Additionally, DEGs in HMGRR vs. HMGRC were enriched in anthocyanin biosynthesis, particularly keracyanin and pelargonidin, which may explain the promoted coloration observed in HMGRR. WGCNA analysis identified five module genes with distinct expression patterns in HMGRR and HMGROE, including ERF118 and WRKY12, which may impact fruit quality by regulating HMGR activity.

Spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex), a typical wild grape species native to China, is primarily propagated through cutting. However, successful rooting remains a significant challenge in production. Thus, one aim of this study is to identify an optimal substrate for rooting of V.davidii cuttings and explore the hormonal regulation under the rooting process. Among 13 substrates tested, T12 (perlite) produced the highest rooting rate (90%) and a 100% callus formation rate, followed by T1 (rice husk biochar + coarse river sand 1:1) and T2 (rice husk biochar + perlite 1:1). Rooting materials with large, hard particles, such as perlite and coarse river sand, improved rooting. Electron microscopy showed that V. davidii exhibited mixed-type rooting, and there was no direct relationship between callus formation and rooting success. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated that significant differences in auxin and cytokinin were observed between P1 vs P2, suggesting their important roles in bud germination and leaf expansion. Salicylic acid (SA) was essential for callus and root formation, while jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellins (GA) were more closely associated with direct rooting of cuttings rather than callus formation. Integrated Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG analyses screened 17 crucial hormone regulatory transcription factors during rooting in cuttings. Among these, ARR18 and RR26 were mainly expressed at the P1 stage, while TIFY6B was predominant in P2, and GAI1 was highly active in the P1 and P4 stages. Remarkably, TIFY10A expression was 2.93 times higher in P3 and P4 compared to P1 and P2 and was highly correlated with various hormones. TIFY10A expression increased sharply under exogenous JA treatment and exhibited tissue-specificity. These findings suggest an important role of TIFY10A in the rooting process of grape V. davidii cuttings, particularly in callus and adventitious root formation.

Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and thidiazuron (TDZ) are the most commonly used plant growth regulators in grape production. However, their application can result in astringency and uneven fruit skin coloring, which are related to flavonoid metabolic pathway. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of CPPU and TDZ on flavonoid synthesis in 'Tiangong Moyu' grape. The swelling effect of TDZ was better than that of CPPU, with T5 (25 mg center dot L-1 GA3+2.5 mg center dot L-1 TDZ applied at 100 % flowering and 25 mg center dot L-1 GA3+2.5 mg center dot L-1 TDZ applied 15 d later) showing the best swelling effect. Both CPPU and TDZ increased flavonoid content, and CPPU accelerated coloring. Combined with transcriptome analysis, cluster analysis showed that treatments T3 (two CPPU applications) and T5 had the strongest correlation. T5 caused the greatest change in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that MM.magenta was correlated with tannin and flavonoid contents. GST23 was consistent with the mature fruit flavonoid contents. WRKY57 and MYB86 increased after CPPU and TDZ treatment, especially in T5. Metabolomic analysis showed that the smallest difference in composition occurred between T1 (control) and T4 (one TDZ application), and naringenin only showed differences in T1 vs T4 and T1 vs T5, with enrichment in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Association analysis in the flavonoid synthesis pathway showed that catechin, dihydrokaempferol, and naringenin were associated. Catechin is closely related to CHS17, with higher levels in T2 (one CPPU application) and T3. The above results provide a theoretical basis for improving grape berry quality using plant growth regulators.

Revealing the effector-host molecular interactions is crucial for understanding the host immunity against Plasmopara viticola and devising innovative disease management strategies. As a pathogenic oomycete causing grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola employs various effectors to manipulate the defense systems of host plants. One of these P. viticola derived effectors is necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like protein (PvNLP7), which has been known to elicit cell death and immune responses in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure, prompting the focus of this study. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, we have identified the Vitis rotundifolia ADP-ribosylation factor (VrARF1) as a host interactor of PvNLP7. This interaction is corroborated through bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. Heterologous expression of VrARF1 in Nicotiana benthamiana verifies its accumulation in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and induction of cell death. Moreover, the VrARF1 gene is strongly induced during early P. viticola infection and upon PvNLP7 transient expression. Overexpression of the VrARF1 gene in grapevine and N. benthamiana enhances resistance to P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively, via induction of defense related genes PR1 and PR2. Conversely, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbARF1 in N. benthamiana, homologous to VrARF1, markedly attenuates PvNLP7-triggered cell death and reduces the expression of four PTI marker genes (PTI5, Acre31, WRKY7 and Cyp71D20) and two defense related genes (PR1 and PR2), rendering plants transiently transformed with PvNLP7 more susceptible to oomycete P. capsici. These findings highlight the role of ARF1 in mediating PvNLP7-induced immunity and indicate its potential as a target for engineering disease-resistant transgenic plants against oomycete pathogens.

Piezocatalysis triggered by ultrasonic vibration has emerged as an effective strategy to address the widespread environmental challenges and human health concerns. Nevertheless, the pursuit of high-performance piezoelectrics that can simultaneously realize catalysis and biotherapy still poses a significant challenge. Herein, we report a notable enhancement in piezocatalytic performance of BaTiO3 nanoplates featuring highly exposed {001} facets. By controlling the exposure of polar facets, BaTiO3 with highly {001} facets (I{001}/I{110} = 4.17) exhibits an impressive 1500 % improvement in degradation efficiency compared to BaTiO3 with less-exposed {001} facets (I{001}/I{110} = 0.76). Through in vitro ultrasonic stimulation, BaTiO3 also demonstrates a remarkable ability to regenerate neurons, facilitating the rapid differentiation of neural progenitor cells into mature neurons. The mechanism of how polar facets enhance the piezocatalytic activity is systematically investigated by finite element method (FEM) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealing that the enhancement stems from the abundant active sites and strong charge transfer ability. This study thus offers a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between polar facets and piezocatalytic performance, also providing inspiration for the development of high-performance piezoelectric medicine for nerve repair.

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose significant environmental and health risks due to their ubiquitous presence and persistence in water systems. Herein, the efficacy of piezocatalysis using barium titanate nanoparticles under ultrasound irradiation for the degradation and defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in water is investigated. The research demonstrates a substantial 90.5% degradation and 29% defluorination of PFOS after 6 h of treatment, highlighting the potential of piezocatalysis as a promising approach for PFAS degradation. Additionally, the quantification of degradation products elucidates the transformation pathways of PFOS, suggesting a stepwise chain‐shortening mechanism. The findings underscore the importance of continued research in optimizing piezocatalytic processes and exploring synergistic approaches with other advanced oxidation methods to effectively address PFAS contamination challenges. These efforts are essential for advancing sustainable water treatment strategies and mitigating the environmental and health hazards associated with PFAS contamination.

The widespread application of high-performance separation membranes in sewage purification is limited by their permeability and membrane fouling. Herein, we report a method for growing CAU-17 MOF on the flexible polymer substrate and embedding piezoelectric Bi2WO6 (BWO) nanocrystals based on Bi ion sites. The integrated membrane inherits the hydrophilicity and adsorption characteristics of MOF, showing a high flux and separation coefficient of 90.3% for rhodamine B (RhB) solution. In addition, this strategy optimizes the piezoelectric field of CAU-17 into the entire surface through surface modification of BWO nanocrystals. The piezocatalytic degradation rate constant of RhB reaches 0.040 mini1. The flexibility and abundant mesoporous of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate provide the piezoelectric response to weak forces and more reactive active sites, enabling the integrated membrane to achieve dye degradation under low-frequency water flow. The BWO@CAU17 evolved from MOF matrix enables self-cleaning of membranes. The synergistic function of multiple effects drives the rapid separation and complete degradation of pollutants, which greatly promotes the practical application of integrated membranes.

The development of piezoelectrics with high catalytic activity to address environmental pollution and energy shortage has long been pursued. In this work, for the first time, a "three-birds-with-one-stone" strategy is proposed to design high-activity piezocatalysts. Interestingly, we achieved ultrathin, highly exposed polar facets and ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transitions in Ba1-xSrxTiO3 nanosheets simultaneously. As expected, Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 shows superior piezocatalytic performance for organic pollutant degradation due to its excellent flexibility, highly exposed polar area, and short carrier migration distance. Then, the piezoelectric potential distribution and electron transport ability on the interface of Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 were investigated through finite element method (FEM) simulation and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, which provided a deep insight into the enhanced mechanism. This work thus presents a novel strategy for designing high-performance piezocatalysts and provides new insights for the optimization of the piezocatalytic activity by combining multiple advantages.

‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’ is a new diploid seedless grape cultival， derived from the cross between the diploid seedless grape cultivar ‘Flame Seedless’ （♀） and ‘Hanxiangmi’ （♂）， obtained by means of in vitro ovule culture- embryo rescue in Institute of Horticulture， Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences （ZAAS）. In 2013， hybrid embryo rescue breeding was carried out， using ’Flame Seedless’ as the female parent and ‘Hanxiangmi’ as the male parent， and obtained 143 embryo rescue hybrid seedlings. In 2014， we planted them and initially selected them as excellent plants in 2017. Through observation in 2017-2018， we screened out a superior offspring with the number of ‘13-15-558’， which has the characteristics of excellent flower bud differentiation， early maturity， seedless， crisp pulp texture， fruity， etc. and finally named ‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’. The growth vigor of the plant is medium. The shoot is up-right and the shoot tip is half open with hair. The color of dorsal side of internodes is green with red strips， while the color of ventral side of internodes is green. The upper surface of the young leaves is light red and fluffy. Mature leaves are single leaf， nearly round， green， with the leaf surface being in the middle of bubble shaped protrusion， serrated shape being convex on both sides， 5-split， upper split being open， U-shaped， lower split being V-shaped， petiole depression being open at the base， petiole being red， no villus creeping between the main veins on the back of the leaf， and leaf vein containing anthocyanins. Amphoteric flowers， inflorescence bearing position 2-3 nodes. The cluster has an average weight of 372.5 g， with the maximum of 761 g. The cluster density is compact. The berry is elliptic shaped， yellow green， the average weight is 3.2 g. The skin is thin， crispy， with no astringency. The flesh is medium hard， crispy， colorless， juicy and sweet. The average soluble solids content is 20.2%-21.3%. ‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’ is an early- ripening variety. Under the greenhouse cultivation conditions in Haining area， ‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’ bud breaks in mid- March， flowers in late April， ripens in late June， which is 5～7 days earlier than ’Hanxiangmi’， and at the same time as ’Tiangong Moyu’. The average rate of germination is 82.50%，and the rate of bearing shoots is 86.4%， with well flower bud differentiation， high and stable yield. The vines have vigorous growth with good adaptability to environment and high disease resistance. Orchard should choose neutral sandy soil which is flat and has ability of moisture and fertilizer retention; suitable for planting under rain shelter cultivation conditions; spacing in the rows and spacing between rows are （2.5 ～ 3） m × （1.5 ～ 3） m; suitable for flying bird shaped frame， combined with T-shaped tree; leave one leaf above the inflorescence for pinching to naturally lengthen the inflorescence; remove the secondary tip when the messenger flower opens; the middle and long shoots are mainly pruned in winter， with 4000 new shoots per 667 m 2 ; leave one flower spike per fruit bearing branch， and treat it with 50 mg/L GA 3 8-10 days after flowering. From germination to flowering， it mainly prevents gray mold， top ditch leaf beetle and aphid， prevents anthrax before bagging， and prevents Spodoptera litura and leafhopper after fruit picking.

为了研究1年生和多年生砧木自根苗绿枝嫁接的生长差异,利用"阳光玫瑰"新梢作为接穗,嫁接在1年生和多年生的"3309C"SO4""5BB"砧木上.结果表明,嫁接在多年生砧木上的"阳光玫瑰"叶片长、宽均比嫁接在1年生砧木上的大;嫁接在"5BB"上的"阳光玫瑰"生长状况(节间长、节间粗、叶片数和卷须数)比"3309C"和"SO4"上的差,叶绿素含量低;1年生砧木苗嫁接的"阳光玫瑰"的叶片薄壁细胞少、气孔数少、主脉最外侧细胞活跃排列更紧密,栅栏组织排列不紧密,海绵组织所占比例大;多年生砧木嫁接的"阳光玫瑰"的茎尖细胞活跃,排列紧密,分生能力强;大多数嫁接在砧木上的"阳光玫瑰"叶片中开花基因的表达都降低;嫁接在1年生砧木上的基因表达水平比多年生砧木的高,VvFT基因表达量高于"阳光玫瑰"自根苗,VvTFL基因表达量低于"阳光玫瑰"自根苗.

葡萄产业是浙江省农业经济的重要组成部分,在促进农业经济发展和乡村振兴中发挥着重要作用.作者以资料查阅、实地调研等方式,分析了浙江省葡萄产业发展的历史和现状,总结了浙江省葡萄产业发展的成就.数据表明,浙江葡萄产业发展基础扎实,地域区位优势明显,经济实力雄厚,野生、鲜食和砧木种质资源丰富,自育品种量多质优,发展势头良好.近年来,浙江葡萄领域的科研成果不断涌现,葡萄文化丰富多彩,栽培技术推陈出新,在推动全国葡萄产业发展中起到了引领作用.基于浙江葡萄上市时间集中、果实品质不稳定、种植成本高、劳动力短缺等问题提出了合理化建议,旨在促进浙江葡萄产业的健康可持续发展.

The external fruit colour is an important parameter of the fig fruit quality. Fig anthocyanin content is critical for the peel colour. The peel of mature fruits of the fig cultivar Orphan and its red peel bud mutant Hongyan were separated for a transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. A total of 162 different abundance proteins (DAPs) and 5 015 di-fferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The correlation analysis revealed that only two and 15 genes were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, at both the transcriptome and proteome levels. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the enrichment pathways including Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis for DEGs, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and flavonoid biosynthesis may contribute to the mutant color phenotype. Our results provide transcriptomic and proteomic information for two fig cultivars and may help to clarify the potential mechanisms of fig colouration.

Salt stress is an important factor which may negatively affect plant growth and development. High concentrations of Na+ ions can destroy the ion balance in plant somatic cells, as well as destroying cell membranes and forming a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other damage mechanisms. However, plants have evolved numerous defense mechanisms in response to the damages caused by salt stress conditions. Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), a type of economic crop, is widely planted throughout the world. It has been found that salt stress is an important factor affecting the quality and growth of grape crops. In this study, a high-throughput sequencing method was used to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in grapes as responses to salt stress. A total of 7,856 differentially expressed genes under the salt stress conditions were successfully identified, of which 3,504 genes were observed to have up-regulated expressions and 4,352 genes had down-regulated expressions. In addition, this study also identified 3,027 miRNAs from the sequencing data using bowtie and mireap software. Among those, 174 were found to be highly conserved, and the remaining miRNAs were less conserved. In order to analyze the expression levels of those miRNAs under salt stress conditions, a TPM algorithm and DESeq software were utilized to screen the differentially expressed miRNAs among different treatments. Subsequently, a total of thirty-nine differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which fourteen were observed to be up-regulated miRNAs and twenty-five were down-regulated under the salt stress conditions. A regulatory network was built in order to examine the responses of grape plants to salt stress, with the goal of laying a solid foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of grape in responses to salt stress.

NLPs[necrosis-and ethylene-inducing peptide 1（Nep1）-like proteins] are a type of apoplast secreted protein, which exist in a variety of phytopathogens, and play an important role during plant-pathogen interactions. According to structural characteristics, NLP proteins are divided into three types: Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, with cytotoxic and noncytotoxic forms. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to NTCD4 protein to facilitate oligomerization of NLP proteins, resulting in cell death and disease susceptibility in eudicots, but not monocots. However, the function of noncytotoxic NLP proteins remains unclear. NLPs can also act as microbe-associated molecular patterns（MAMP）to trigger plant immunity. Many plants have evolved immune systems that specifically recognize NLP proteins, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana recognizes the conserved peptide nlp20/24 of type Ⅰ NLP proteins via the receptor-like protein RLP23, thereby stimulating immune responses. This article reviewed the research progress on NLPs, such as protein structures, gene expression patterns, mechanisms of pathogenicity and host recognition, to provide a theoretical basis and reference for further research on pathogen-host interactions and disease prevention and control.