[Objective]Grape is a perennial twining vine of the genus Vitis in the family Vitaceae.Crossbreeding is a conventional and main method of grape breeding.Crossbreeding can produce favor-able genetic benefits,and the offsprings can have the excellent characteristics of both parents.The devel-opment of modern molecular biology techniques has made it possible to use molecular markers closely related to specific traits for parent selection or pre-selection of hybrid offspring,thereby improving breeding efficiency.The study aimed to develop Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR(KASP)markers for grapevine leaf and fruit traits,and provide technical support for marker-assisted breeding in grapevine.[Methods]Using Shine Muscat(Vitis vinifera × V labrusca)and Suffolk Red(V vinifera×V labrusca)and their 150 hybrid progeny as materials,we collected leaves and mature fruits,and performed whole genome resequencing of PE 150 using the Illumina platform,and analyzed the genome of Shine Muscat and Suffolk Red through population SNP detection,core SNP screening and KASP marker-assisted breeding.The trait association analysis was carried out by combining phenotypic data.The young leaves of Shine Muscat and Suffolk Red and their 150 hybrids were used to extract DNA from the young leaves on the shoots by conventional CTAB method,and the quality and concentration of DNA were detected.The crape leaf samples were collected from July to August in 2023-2024.The leaf length and leaf width were measured by vernier caliper,and the leaf area was calculated.The weight of single fruit was measured by electronic balance,and the transverse and longitudinal diameters of fruit were measured by vernier caliper.The hardness of the fruit was measured by CT-3 texture analyzer,and the central position of the fruit was placed directly below the probe.The contents of total phenols and flavonoids were determined by Cao Jiankang's method.The sugar composition and content in the fruit were determined according to the method of Komatsu et al.by liquid chromatography.Whole-genome resequencing data were processed through quality control,reference genome alignment,variant detec-tion to identify SNP and develop core KASP makers.[Results]The group genome resequencing of Shine Muscat and Suffolk Red and their 150 hybrid offsprings was performed by sequencing platform,and a total of 819 Gb high-quality bases were obtained.Among them,the high-quality bases obtained by Shine Muscat were 10.25 Gb,the high-quality bases obtained by Suffolk Red were 10.02 Gb,and the total number of high-quality bases obtained by 150 hybrids was 799 Gb.The comparison rates for the parents and hybrid offspring were 97.79％,96.79％,and 97.25％,respectively.A total of 432 926 SNPs were identified.Through principal component analysis,the maximum principal component was 10.39％.It can be seen that no principal component can clearly distinguish the hybrid offspring.The SNPS were filtered,and 74 core SNPs were attained.The missing rates of core SNPs ranged from 0.01 to 0.055;most of the minimal allele frequency(mAF)ranged from 0.15 to 0.19;most of polymorphism information content(PIC)ranged from 0.260 to 0.295;and the SNP heterozygosity rate ranged from 0.275 to 0.300.The 19 KASP makers from 43 samples were develop.The heterozygosity rate of 0.295-0.300 was 73.7％,the missing rate of 0.048-0.055 was 52.6％,the genetic diversity indices ranged from 0.250 to 0.287 and PIC ranged from 0.260 to 0.295.The KEGG enrichment analysis for KASP makers revealed that flavone and flavonol biosynthesi was the most significant pathway.The others were fruc-tose and mannose metabolism,pentose and glucuronic acid conversion,and plant-pathogen interaction.These pathways could provide reference for the study of fructose,glucose content and total phenol,fla-vonoid content and other related traits.The phenotypic and physiological indexes of the 11 traits related to the leaves and fruits of the parents and hybrids were analyzed by SPSS software.The results showed that the parents had differences in leaf area,fruit vertical diameter,grain weight,hardness,fructose,glu-cose and other traits.The variation range of its hybrid offspring was large,and the trait separation was obvious.The coefficient of variation of the leaf area was the largest,followed by the total phenol and grain weight,and the lowest was fructose.Through the Shapiro-Wilk test of the traits of the hybrid off-spring,the leaf length and width,fruit grain weight,fructose and glucose all showed normal distribu-tion.The correlation analysis between 43 phenotypic traits and KASP genotypes identified 14 makers associated with the leaf and fruit characteristics.[Conclusion]Through whole-genome resequencing of Shine Muscat,Suffolk Red and their 150 hybrid progenies,a total of 432 926 SNP loci were detected.After filtering based on depth,completeness and genetic parameters,74 core SNP loci were obtained,and 19 KASP markers were successfully developed.Combined with association analysis of the leaf and fruit traits,14 functional markers were screened out,among them 4 were related to the leaf morphology,2 were associated with the fruit size,4 were involved in the fructose/glucose metabolism,and 3 were re-lated to the total phenol/flavonoid synthesis.The KEGG analysis showed that the genes where these markers were located were significantly enriched in the flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis pathways(P＜0.01),and this would provide molecular targets for the study of the fruit color and quality regula-tion.The KASP markers developed in this study could be used for early trait selection in grape breed-ing.The 14 KASP markers developed in this study could be used for molecular selection of the grape leaf and fruit traits,and the associated pathways such as flavonoid synthesis would provide a theoretical reference for quality breeding.

Soil salinization has become a major global abiotic threat restricting sustainable viticulture, especially in coastal and inland saline-alkali zones. Unlike cereal crops mainly suffering from sodium toxicity, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a typical chloride-sensitive woody perennial, subjected to superimposed damages of osmotic stress, ionic imbalance and secondary oxidative injury under saline conditions which severely suppress vegetative growth and degrade berry quality. This review systematically summarizes the multi-layered physiological adaptive mechanisms of grapevine against salt stress, including ion homeostasis maintained by salt overly sensitive (SOS), Na+/H+ exchanger (NHX) and chloride channel (CLC) transporter families, active accumulation of osmoprotectants, synergistic enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, and phytohormone crosstalk networks formed by endogenous phytohormones (abscisic acid, ABA; jasmonic acid, JA; salicylic acid, SA; brassinosteroid, BR) and small signaling molecules. We further elaborate comprehensive molecular regulatory cascades governing salt tolerance, covering core functional genes for ion transport, master transcription factor families WRKY, MYB, APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF), NAC, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and emerging epigenetic regulatory layers mediated by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs). In addition, we integrate four categories of field mitigation strategies for saline vineyards: germplasm improvement via salt-tolerant rootstock grafting, rhizosphere soil basal amendment, exogenous biostimulant regulation, and precision agronomic optimization. Current experimental systems do not fully recapitulate complex field combined-stress conditions, as most studies rely on laboratory single-salt stress simulation. Meanwhile, multi-omics, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) gene editing and high-throughput phenotyping tools provide promising approaches to deepen our understanding of grape salt tolerance. This review constructs a comprehensive theoretical framework linking physiological responses, molecular regulatory networks and practical field technologies, offering systematic theoretical references and technical guidance for salt-tolerant germplasm innovation and environmentally sustainable viticulture on saline soils.

Mevinolin (MEV) is an inhibitor of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), which is a crucial enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis. Since there is limited understanding of the impact of MEV on fruit quality, this study characterized the influence of MEV on metabolism in 'Shine Muscat' grapes at the softening stage through an integrated multi-omics analysis. After 7 days of MEV treatment, HMGR and FPPS enzyme activities decreased, accompanied by down-regulation of genes HMGR1, HMGR2, and FPS, while HMGR3 was up-regulated. In the MEP pathway, the activities of key enzymes DXS, TPS, and GGPPS increased, along with upregulation of genes DXR and GGPPS. MEV treatment significantly affected resveratrol and phenolics accumulation, with resveratrol decreasing 3 days post-treatment but elevated after 7 days; however, phenolics were consistently downregulated. Intriguingly, total flavonoids were not significantly affected. Transcriptome analysis showed that MEV upregulated the majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), directly affecting ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis and sesquiterpenoid/triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways. Additionally, MEV treatment also modulated the metabolism of phytohormones, particularly SA, IAA, ETH, and GA. Analysis of volatile metabolites showed that MEV treatment reduced the contents of verbenol and 4-Hexen-1-ol 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-,(R)- (Lavandulol), which were related to the cherry and fresh flavors of grapes. Verbenol was positively correlated with Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase8 (GA2ox8), while Lavandulol was negatively correlated with Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase and beta amylin synthase 1 (β-AS). Specific analysis of terpenoid metabolites revealed that MEV treatment significantly altered 14 terpenoid metabolites, including diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and monoterpenoids, while showing minimal or no effect on triterpenes. Integrated transcriptome analysis demonstrated that isopimaric acid showed strong correlation with the genes alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) and geraniol 8-hydroxylase (G8H), with expression patterns significantly altered by MEV treatment. Notably, G8H was negatively correlated with most genes and metabolites. Overall, these findings demonstrate that MEV substantially influences terpenoid biosynthesis and metabolism in "Shine Muscat" grape fruits.

Terpenoids play a crucial role in determining grape fruit quality, yet a comprehensive evaluation of their metabolic dynamics remains lacking. This study examined ‘Shine Muscat’ grape fruits across developmental stages to elucidate terpenoid synthesis alterations and underlying mechanisms at cellular, physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic levels. Our findings reveal that fruit development involves a reduction in epidermal and subepidermal cell numbers, loose cell arrangement, and cell membrane shrinkage and collapse. Cell organelles undergo disintegration and vacuolization, with pronounced plasmolysis as the fruit matures. The total phenol and flavonoid contents showed no significant variation across the developmental stages. Conversely, transcriptomic analysis revealed that key enzymes in the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, such as 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), exhibited the highest activities at berries harvest-ripe (P3) stage, correlating with variations in IPP content. MVA levels surged at berry softening begins (P2) before declining at the P3 stage. Analysis of terpenoid metabolism and transcriptomics revealed a significant correlation in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, which is associated with abscisic acid (ABA) and phaseic acid (PA). The correlation between the metabolome of volatile substances and transcriptome was mainly enriched in the monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, with neomenthol and beta-glucosidase 44 (BGL44) showing the highest correlation. Metabolome of volatile components also identified 25 terpenoid substances with the odor activity values (OAV) values greater than 1 at the P3 stage. Linalool mainly accumulated at the P3 stage, while geraniol mainly accumulated at berry development (P1) stage. Comprehensive analysis of multi-omics revealed that VvABA2, regulated by BR, directly influences the levels of important terpenoids, like geraniol, ABA, and PA, suggesting a connection between volatile and non-volatile terpenoids. VvHMGR3 and VvDXS1 are found correlated with the levels of geraniol and neomenthol but not with nerolidol. These results reveal terpenoids' vital role in the development process of ‘Shine Muscat’, advance our understanding of grape aroma metabolic pathways, and fill the gap in the comprehensive evaluation of terpenoids.

HMGR is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. We cloned FaHMGR and found that FaHMGR expression in fruit was significantly higher than other tissues, especially during the coloring stage. Suppression of FaHMGR (FaHMGRR) promoted coloration by increasing anthocyanin content and produced five new components. In contrast, FaHMGR overexpression (FaHMGROE) downregulated most anthocyanin genes and reduced hexanoic acid methyl ester and linalool contents, thereby inhibiting coloring. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that DEGs in HMGROE vs. HMGRC (pCAMBIA1302 empty vector transformant serving as a control) were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and pathways related to terpenoid metabolism and MeJA, suggesting MeJA as a potential mediator of HMGR’s influence on terpenoid pathways. Additionally, DEGs in HMGRR vs. HMGRC were enriched in anthocyanin biosynthesis, particularly keracyanin and pelargonidin, which may explain the promoted coloration observed in HMGRR. WGCNA analysis identified five module genes with distinct expression patterns in HMGRR and HMGROE, including ERF118 and WRKY12, which may impact fruit quality by regulating HMGR activity.

Spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex), a typical wild grape species native to China, is primarily propagated through cutting. However, successful rooting remains a significant challenge in production. Thus, one aim of this study is to identify an optimal substrate for rooting of V.davidii cuttings and explore the hormonal regulation under the rooting process. Among 13 substrates tested, T12 (perlite) produced the highest rooting rate (90%) and a 100% callus formation rate, followed by T1 (rice husk biochar + coarse river sand 1:1) and T2 (rice husk biochar + perlite 1:1). Rooting materials with large, hard particles, such as perlite and coarse river sand, improved rooting. Electron microscopy showed that V. davidii exhibited mixed-type rooting, and there was no direct relationship between callus formation and rooting success. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated that significant differences in auxin and cytokinin were observed between P1 vs P2, suggesting their important roles in bud germination and leaf expansion. Salicylic acid (SA) was essential for callus and root formation, while jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellins (GA) were more closely associated with direct rooting of cuttings rather than callus formation. Integrated Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG analyses screened 17 crucial hormone regulatory transcription factors during rooting in cuttings. Among these, ARR18 and RR26 were mainly expressed at the P1 stage, while TIFY6B was predominant in P2, and GAI1 was highly active in the P1 and P4 stages. Remarkably, TIFY10A expression was 2.93 times higher in P3 and P4 compared to P1 and P2 and was highly correlated with various hormones. TIFY10A expression increased sharply under exogenous JA treatment and exhibited tissue-specificity. These findings suggest an important role of TIFY10A in the rooting process of grape V. davidii cuttings, particularly in callus and adventitious root formation.

Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and thidiazuron (TDZ) are the most commonly used plant growth regulators in grape production. However, their application can result in astringency and uneven fruit skin coloring, which are related to flavonoid metabolic pathway. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of CPPU and TDZ on flavonoid synthesis in 'Tiangong Moyu' grape. The swelling effect of TDZ was better than that of CPPU, with T5 (25 mg center dot L-1 GA3+2.5 mg center dot L-1 TDZ applied at 100 % flowering and 25 mg center dot L-1 GA3+2.5 mg center dot L-1 TDZ applied 15 d later) showing the best swelling effect. Both CPPU and TDZ increased flavonoid content, and CPPU accelerated coloring. Combined with transcriptome analysis, cluster analysis showed that treatments T3 (two CPPU applications) and T5 had the strongest correlation. T5 caused the greatest change in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that MM.magenta was correlated with tannin and flavonoid contents. GST23 was consistent with the mature fruit flavonoid contents. WRKY57 and MYB86 increased after CPPU and TDZ treatment, especially in T5. Metabolomic analysis showed that the smallest difference in composition occurred between T1 (control) and T4 (one TDZ application), and naringenin only showed differences in T1 vs T4 and T1 vs T5, with enrichment in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Association analysis in the flavonoid synthesis pathway showed that catechin, dihydrokaempferol, and naringenin were associated. Catechin is closely related to CHS17, with higher levels in T2 (one CPPU application) and T3. The above results provide a theoretical basis for improving grape berry quality using plant growth regulators.

Revealing the effector-host molecular interactions is crucial for understanding the host immunity against Plasmopara viticola and devising innovative disease management strategies. As a pathogenic oomycete causing grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola employs various effectors to manipulate the defense systems of host plants. One of these P. viticola derived effectors is necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like protein (PvNLP7), which has been known to elicit cell death and immune responses in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure, prompting the focus of this study. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, we have identified the Vitis rotundifolia ADP-ribosylation factor (VrARF1) as a host interactor of PvNLP7. This interaction is corroborated through bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. Heterologous expression of VrARF1 in Nicotiana benthamiana verifies its accumulation in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and induction of cell death. Moreover, the VrARF1 gene is strongly induced during early P. viticola infection and upon PvNLP7 transient expression. Overexpression of the VrARF1 gene in grapevine and N. benthamiana enhances resistance to P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively, via induction of defense related genes PR1 and PR2. Conversely, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbARF1 in N. benthamiana, homologous to VrARF1, markedly attenuates PvNLP7-triggered cell death and reduces the expression of four PTI marker genes (PTI5, Acre31, WRKY7 and Cyp71D20) and two defense related genes (PR1 and PR2), rendering plants transiently transformed with PvNLP7 more susceptible to oomycete P. capsici. These findings highlight the role of ARF1 in mediating PvNLP7-induced immunity and indicate its potential as a target for engineering disease-resistant transgenic plants against oomycete pathogens.

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‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’ is a new diploid seedless grape cultival， derived from the cross between the diploid seedless grape cultivar ‘Flame Seedless’ （♀） and ‘Hanxiangmi’ （♂）， obtained by means of in vitro ovule culture- embryo rescue in Institute of Horticulture， Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences （ZAAS）. In 2013， hybrid embryo rescue breeding was carried out， using ’Flame Seedless’ as the female parent and ‘Hanxiangmi’ as the male parent， and obtained 143 embryo rescue hybrid seedlings. In 2014， we planted them and initially selected them as excellent plants in 2017. Through observation in 2017-2018， we screened out a superior offspring with the number of ‘13-15-558’， which has the characteristics of excellent flower bud differentiation， early maturity， seedless， crisp pulp texture， fruity， etc. and finally named ‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’. The growth vigor of the plant is medium. The shoot is up-right and the shoot tip is half open with hair. The color of dorsal side of internodes is green with red strips， while the color of ventral side of internodes is green. The upper surface of the young leaves is light red and fluffy. Mature leaves are single leaf， nearly round， green， with the leaf surface being in the middle of bubble shaped protrusion， serrated shape being convex on both sides， 5-split， upper split being open， U-shaped， lower split being V-shaped， petiole depression being open at the base， petiole being red， no villus creeping between the main veins on the back of the leaf， and leaf vein containing anthocyanins. Amphoteric flowers， inflorescence bearing position 2-3 nodes. The cluster has an average weight of 372.5 g， with the maximum of 761 g. The cluster density is compact. The berry is elliptic shaped， yellow green， the average weight is 3.2 g. The skin is thin， crispy， with no astringency. The flesh is medium hard， crispy， colorless， juicy and sweet. The average soluble solids content is 20.2%-21.3%. ‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’ is an early- ripening variety. Under the greenhouse cultivation conditions in Haining area， ‘Tiangong Cuixiangmi’ bud breaks in mid- March， flowers in late April， ripens in late June， which is 5～7 days earlier than ’Hanxiangmi’， and at the same time as ’Tiangong Moyu’. The average rate of germination is 82.50%，and the rate of bearing shoots is 86.4%， with well flower bud differentiation， high and stable yield. The vines have vigorous growth with good adaptability to environment and high disease resistance. Orchard should choose neutral sandy soil which is flat and has ability of moisture and fertilizer retention; suitable for planting under rain shelter cultivation conditions; spacing in the rows and spacing between rows are （2.5 ～ 3） m × （1.5 ～ 3） m; suitable for flying bird shaped frame， combined with T-shaped tree; leave one leaf above the inflorescence for pinching to naturally lengthen the inflorescence; remove the secondary tip when the messenger flower opens; the middle and long shoots are mainly pruned in winter， with 4000 new shoots per 667 m 2 ; leave one flower spike per fruit bearing branch， and treat it with 50 mg/L GA 3 8-10 days after flowering. From germination to flowering， it mainly prevents gray mold， top ditch leaf beetle and aphid， prevents anthrax before bagging， and prevents Spodoptera litura and leafhopper after fruit picking.

为了研究1年生和多年生砧木自根苗绿枝嫁接的生长差异,利用"阳光玫瑰"新梢作为接穗,嫁接在1年生和多年生的"3309C"SO4""5BB"砧木上.结果表明,嫁接在多年生砧木上的"阳光玫瑰"叶片长、宽均比嫁接在1年生砧木上的大;嫁接在"5BB"上的"阳光玫瑰"生长状况(节间长、节间粗、叶片数和卷须数)比"3309C"和"SO4"上的差,叶绿素含量低;1年生砧木苗嫁接的"阳光玫瑰"的叶片薄壁细胞少、气孔数少、主脉最外侧细胞活跃排列更紧密,栅栏组织排列不紧密,海绵组织所占比例大;多年生砧木嫁接的"阳光玫瑰"的茎尖细胞活跃,排列紧密,分生能力强;大多数嫁接在砧木上的"阳光玫瑰"叶片中开花基因的表达都降低;嫁接在1年生砧木上的基因表达水平比多年生砧木的高,VvFT基因表达量高于"阳光玫瑰"自根苗,VvTFL基因表达量低于"阳光玫瑰"自根苗.

葡萄产业是浙江省农业经济的重要组成部分,在促进农业经济发展和乡村振兴中发挥着重要作用.作者以资料查阅、实地调研等方式,分析了浙江省葡萄产业发展的历史和现状,总结了浙江省葡萄产业发展的成就.数据表明,浙江葡萄产业发展基础扎实,地域区位优势明显,经济实力雄厚,野生、鲜食和砧木种质资源丰富,自育品种量多质优,发展势头良好.近年来,浙江葡萄领域的科研成果不断涌现,葡萄文化丰富多彩,栽培技术推陈出新,在推动全国葡萄产业发展中起到了引领作用.基于浙江葡萄上市时间集中、果实品质不稳定、种植成本高、劳动力短缺等问题提出了合理化建议,旨在促进浙江葡萄产业的健康可持续发展.

黑皇为日本培育的三倍体无核、鲜食葡萄品种,是巨峰和贝蕾A的杂交后代.为丰富葡萄栽培品种,国家葡萄产业技术体系杭州综合试验站于2019年引进了黑皇葡萄,连续2年进行试验观察.本文总结了黑皇葡萄在海宁市的引种表现,并介绍了其配套栽培技术,以期为该品种在浙江省等长三角地区推广种植提供技术参考.

The external fruit colour is an important parameter of the fig fruit quality. Fig anthocyanin content is critical for the peel colour. The peel of mature fruits of the fig cultivar Orphan and its red peel bud mutant Hongyan were separated for a transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. A total of 162 different abundance proteins (DAPs) and 5 015 di-fferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The correlation analysis revealed that only two and 15 genes were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, at both the transcriptome and proteome levels. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the enrichment pathways including Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis for DEGs, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and flavonoid biosynthesis may contribute to the mutant color phenotype. Our results provide transcriptomic and proteomic information for two fig cultivars and may help to clarify the potential mechanisms of fig colouration.

Salt stress is an important factor which may negatively affect plant growth and development. High concentrations of Na+ ions can destroy the ion balance in plant somatic cells, as well as destroying cell membranes and forming a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other damage mechanisms. However, plants have evolved numerous defense mechanisms in response to the damages caused by salt stress conditions. Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), a type of economic crop, is widely planted throughout the world. It has been found that salt stress is an important factor affecting the quality and growth of grape crops. In this study, a high-throughput sequencing method was used to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in grapes as responses to salt stress. A total of 7,856 differentially expressed genes under the salt stress conditions were successfully identified, of which 3,504 genes were observed to have up-regulated expressions and 4,352 genes had down-regulated expressions. In addition, this study also identified 3,027 miRNAs from the sequencing data using bowtie and mireap software. Among those, 174 were found to be highly conserved, and the remaining miRNAs were less conserved. In order to analyze the expression levels of those miRNAs under salt stress conditions, a TPM algorithm and DESeq software were utilized to screen the differentially expressed miRNAs among different treatments. Subsequently, a total of thirty-nine differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which fourteen were observed to be up-regulated miRNAs and twenty-five were down-regulated under the salt stress conditions. A regulatory network was built in order to examine the responses of grape plants to salt stress, with the goal of laying a solid foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of grape in responses to salt stress.

NLPs[necrosis-and ethylene-inducing peptide 1（Nep1）-like proteins] are a type of apoplast secreted protein, which exist in a variety of phytopathogens, and play an important role during plant-pathogen interactions. According to structural characteristics, NLP proteins are divided into three types: Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, with cytotoxic and noncytotoxic forms. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to NTCD4 protein to facilitate oligomerization of NLP proteins, resulting in cell death and disease susceptibility in eudicots, but not monocots. However, the function of noncytotoxic NLP proteins remains unclear. NLPs can also act as microbe-associated molecular patterns（MAMP）to trigger plant immunity. Many plants have evolved immune systems that specifically recognize NLP proteins, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana recognizes the conserved peptide nlp20/24 of type Ⅰ NLP proteins via the receptor-like protein RLP23, thereby stimulating immune responses. This article reviewed the research progress on NLPs, such as protein structures, gene expression patterns, mechanisms of pathogenicity and host recognition, to provide a theoretical basis and reference for further research on pathogen-host interactions and disease prevention and control.

Drought stress profoundly affects plant growth and development, posing a significant challenge that is extensively researched in the field. Thioredoxins (TRXs), small proteins central to redox processes, are crucial to managing both abiotic and biotic stresses. In this research, the VyTRXy gene, cloned from wild Yanshan grapes, was validated as a functional TRX through enzyme activity assays. VyTRXy was found to bolster photosynthesis, augment levels of osmotic regulators, stimulate antioxidant enzyme activities, and strengthen drought resilience in transgenic plants. These enhancements were evidenced by higher survival rates, optimized photosynthetic metrics, increased proline levels, augmented chlorophyll concentration, reduced electrolyte leakage, and decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Furthermore, there was a surge in the activities of enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase, along with an increased expression of TRX peroxidase. Notably, under drought stress, there was a marked elevation in the expression of stress-responsive genes, including the adversity stress-inducible expression gene (NtRD29A) and DRE-binding protein (NtDREB), in transgenic tobacco. This investigation is pivotal in the quest for drought-resistant grapevine varieties and provides significant insights into the molecular functionality of VyTRXy in enhancing grapevine drought tolerance.

天工丽人是巨玫瑰实生选育出的中熟鲜食葡萄新品种,属四倍体欧美杂交种.果穗圆锥形,紧密度中等,成熟度一致.果粒呈椭圆形,果皮紫红色,果粉适中.平均穗质量513.0 g,平均单粒质量8.23 g.果皮中等厚,易分离.果肉质地较软,多汁,香甜爽口,玫瑰香味浓郁,每果粒含种子1～3粒.可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)20.5％,可滴定酸含量0.32％,维生素C含量76.9 mg·kg-1.生长势较强,花芽分化优良,二次结果能力强,丰产性强.在浙江海宁地区设施栽培条件下,3月中旬萌芽,8月上旬一次果成熟,10月二次果成熟,南北方均适合种植.

Ficus carica Linn. is an important economic tree species with high developmental prospects and scientific research for edible and medicinal value. The F. carica chloroplast genome has recently been reported; however, the mitochondrial genome is still unexplored. We assembled the complete mitogenome of F. carica using reads from PacBio Biosciences sequencing platforms. The circular mitogenome F. carica has a length of 480,902 base pairs (bp), which contain 46 genes, including 27 protein-coding genes, 16 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and three ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The base composition, codon usage, sequence repeats, RNA editing, and selective pressure were examined. We also conducted the phylogenetic analysis based on the mitogenomes of F. carica and 21 other taxa to know the evolutionary and taxonomic status of F. carica . Our analyses provided comprehensive information on the F. carica mitochondrial genome, which would facilitate evolutionary research in other fruit trees in the future.