Conductive hydrogels have garnered significant attention in the field of flexible wearable sensors due to their intrinsic conductivity and tunable mechanical properties. However, simultaneously achieving both high mechanical stability and high sensing sensitivity remains a significant challenge. In this study, a conductive hydrogel with a low-hysteresis interpenetrating polymer network structure was fabricated via one-pot free-radical polymerization. The three-dimensional network of bacterial cellulose (BC) provides mechanical support for MXene, forming the first network layer of the hydrogel via hydrogen bonding. The second network is constructed by in situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) within the BC framework. The incorporation of BC significantly improves both mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, effectively overcoming the typical trade-off among strength, toughness, and conductivity observed in conventional conductive hydrogels. As a result, the optimized hydrogel exhibits exceptional stretchability (elongation at break ~1800%), high toughness, excellent resilience, and high conductivity (435.6 mS m-1), along with a rapid response time of 400 ms. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrates high sensing sensitivity (GF = 11.48 at 600-800% strain) and long-term signal stability, enabling its application in flexible wearable sensors for accurate detection of human motion and voice signals. These properties highlight the hydrogel's broad potential for use in human-machine interface technologies.

Thermal comfort is increasingly challenged by heat waves and abrupt temperature fluctuations, requiring materials that dissipate heat while buffering thermal shocks. Existing combinations of radiative cooling and phase change systems are often achieved by stacking or mixing components, leaving structural design and performance regulation largely independent, which limits the mutual reinforcement of steady cooling and transient thermal regulation. Herein, we employ coaxial electrospinning to construct a core-shell fibrous film composed of polyethylene glycol@poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/cellulose nanocrystals (PEG@PVDF-HFP/CNCs) for the synergistic regulation of radiative cooling and phase change performance. The shell achieves 94.91% solar reflectivity (0.3-2.5 μm) and 97.56% infrared emissivity (8-13 μm), while the core provides high thermal shock resistance with a phase change enthalpy of 47.3 J g−1. Crucially, CNCs enhance radiative cooling by optimizing structural scale and optical parameters, while simultaneously improving phase change thermal regulation by inducing PEG crystallization to enhance latent heat storage, achieving synergistic enhancement of both functions within the same material system. Outdoor measurements demonstrate a steady-state temperature reduction of 10.5°C together with effective buffering against abrupt ambient temperature fluctuations. This work achieves synergistic optimization of radiative cooling and phase change performance within one system, providing a novel pathway for thermal comfort regulation under dynamic environments.

The global shift toward sustainable development has increased the demand for renewable biomass materials, with rubberwood emerging as a promising resource due to its rapid growth and potential for carbon sequestration. However, its susceptibility to dimensional instability and decay has significantly hindered its widespread industrial application. While current solutions address certain challenges, they often come with disadvantages such as high costs, inefficiencies, and/or environmental risks. This study introduces an innovative heated platen modification method designed to overcome these limitations. By employing direct-contact heating, a rapid surface modification is achieved between 5 and 15 min at temperatures ranging from 250 to 290 degrees C. It creates a functionally graded material structure that enhances surface properties while maintaining core strength. Compared to untreated materials, the treated specimens exhibited a 524 kg/m3 increase in surface density, a 29-47 % reduction in modulus of rupture, a 2-11 % decrease in modulus of elasticity, a 2-31 % drop in screw holding power, a 33 % reduction in shrinkage, and a 58 % decrease in swelling. Surface natural decay resistance performance improved significantly, with a 39-45 % decrease in mass loss rate. Mechanistic analysis revealed that selective hemicellulose degradation and lignin redistribution enhanced the overall degree of crystallinity from 40 % to 64 % without compromising the crystalline domains, collectively improved dimensional stability and decay resistance without severe strength compromise. A key contribution of this study is establishing quantitative correlations between color parameters and performance metrics, revealing strong relationships between Delta E* and mechanical properties, chemical composition, and dimensional stability, and suggesting the chromatic indices as viable proxies for performance evaluation. However, predicting fungal durability via color requires further study due to decay mechanism complexities. This work advances the sustainable utilization of plantation species by integrating controlled surface modification, performance enhancement, and nondestructive assessment, offering a paradigm for efficient wood processing aligned with circular economy principles.

Taiwan’s humid climate creates a unique forest fire season, unlike other Northern Hemisphere regions where fires typically peak in summer. The frequency of major forest fire events in Taiwan from 1991 to 2021 was significantly higher during the dry monsoon of the year (October to April) than in the wet (May to September). In Taiwan, high temperatures are not the primary drivers of forest fires. This study examines environmental factors influencing forest fires in the Dongshi Forest District, analyzing meteorological and ground temperature data from 1991 to 2021 through statistical methods. Over this period, forest fires in Taiwan have increased 3.8-fold, with severe dry months occurring 1.5 times more frequently at intervals shorter than one season. Severe fire events in the Dongshi Forest District align with low humidity and high soil dryness, often coinciding with brief dry periods. Wind gusts intensify fire spread, while smoldering events like wildfire No.6 and wildfire No.10, characterized by prolonged burn times and small affected areas per unit time, occur under conditions of relative humidity ≤ 74.9

Commercial airway stents often slip and deform, leading to severe complications such as mucosal injury, granulation tissue formation, and stent migration, which can cause recurrent airway obstruction and necessitate repeated interventions. Here, we introduce a 3D-printed tracheal stent composed of continuous bamboo fiber reinforced shape memory polylactic acid (BF/SMP). These naturally derived fibers (tensile strength 1.90 GPa, modulus 91.30 GPa) exhibit excellent mechanical resilience. Following an instantaneous thermal treatment, their interfacial compatibility with SMP is notably improved. The 30

We report a sustainable, wood-derived moisture energy harvester (WMEH) constructed from hierarchical cellulose micro/nanofiber films derived from wood residues, integrating bioinspired design, scalable manufacturing, and circular material principles. The device couples a hygroscopic LiCl-containing cellulose hydrogel with a conductive cellulose/carbon black/citric acid evaporative layer, establishing capillary-driven moisture transport and a sustained vertical humidity gradient. The hydrogel is constructed from cellulose micro–nano fibrils produced from wood residues, yielding hierarchically confined channels, electric double layer formation and ion-selective transport, and directional cation migration, enabling continuous moisture-to-electricity conversion in an asymmetric bilayer architecture. The WMEH delivers a high open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V and a short-circuit current density up to 400 μA/cm2, achieving a power density of 5.1 μW/cm2 and 164.5 μW/cm3, competitive with state-of-the-art MEH. Continuous operation over 10 days is maintained by a dynamic sorption-evaporation equilibrium, with stable performance across a wide humidity (20

ABSTRACT Naturally rigid cellulose is an ideal mechanical reinforcement for ionogels, but its presence often hinders the migration of gel ions, affecting its application in flexible self‐powered electronics. Inspired by tendon hierarchy, we propose a three‐step strategy (delignification, ionic‐liquid induction, and UV‐crosslinking) to reconstruct bamboo across molecular‐nano‐macro scales into a multiscale bamboo ionic gel with a hard‐core/soft‐shell architecture. Density functional theory calculations reveal carboxyl–hydroxyl–ion mediated triple hydrogen bonds significantly increase the interfacial binding between bamboo fiber and gel matrix. Consequently, the gel achieves a tensile strength of 100 MPa, a toughness of 17.25 MJ m −3 at 48% strain, and only ∼ 1% hysteresis variation over 1000 cycles. Furthermore, bamboo‐fiber skeleton increase conductivity (1.43 mS cm −1 ) by 472% compared to pure ionogel. It can be used as an electrode in a triboelectric device, generating an open‐circuit voltage of 366 V and a peak power density of 99.98 µW cm −2 , enabling highly sensitive self‐powered joint/gait monitoring. By incorporating machine learning, gel‐based triboelectric devices can perform human‐computer interaction tasks with up to 99% accuracy. This study successfully designed an ionogel with both high‐mechanical strength and efficient ion transport capability using a biomimetic strategy, demonstrating its broad potential in flexible self‐powered devices.

The development of sustainable, high-performance thermal insulators is crucial to reducing building energy consumption, which accounts for nearly 40% of global energy use. Cellulose-based porous materials have attracted considerable interest for this purpose owing to their renewability and inherently low thermal conductivity. However, the intrinsic flammability of cellulose and the structural collapse commonly encountered during conventional drying or flame-retardant modification processes make it difficult to simultaneously achieve high flame retardancy, low thermal conductivity, and sustainable fabrication in cellulose-based porous insulators. Herein, we report an ambient-drying strategy to fabricate cellulose/ammonium phytate (AP) composite xerogels for bio-based fire-retardant thermal-insulation application. In this design, bio-based AP serves dual roles as a crosslinking agent and a phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic flame retardant. The optimized xerogels exhibit a thermal conductivity of 45 mW m-1 K-1 and outstanding flame retardancy, with a high limiting oxygen index of 95% and a 95.2% reduction in peak heat release rate compared with pure cellulose xerogels. This work provides a practical pathway toward sustainable, fire-safe thermal insulation materials derived entirely from renewable resources.

Sorption‐based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) offers a promising solution to water scarcity in arid and infrastructure‐limited regions, yet achieving both high water productivity and energy efficiency remains a significant challenging. Herein, a lignin‐engineered hygroscopic cryogel is reported with a tailored molecular structure designed to enhance both photothermal conversion and swelling. Compared with kraft lignin (KL), regenerated lignin achieves a photothermal conversion efficiency of 56% (1.68× that of KL) and exhibits about fourfold higher swelling in the hydrogel precursor. After LiCl loading, the composite cryogel reaches 1.81 g water g sorbent −1 at 60% RH, a 1.94× improvement over the KL‐based cryogel. To further increase water yield and energy efficiency, a drum‑type SAWH device is developed that incorporates interlayer heat transfer, recovering waste heat from the upper sorbent bed to drive desorption in a lower layer. This design increases the thermal energy efficiency to 48.4% and enhance the daily water yield by 1.49× in indoor tests. Outdoor trials demonstrate stable operation over ten continuous sorption/desorption cycles, producing 66.15 g of water (1439.04 mL water m solar −2 ), a 31.7% improvement relative to a single‐layer configuration. This work introduces a scalable, off‐grid thermal‐management strategy that significantly improves the efficiency of atmospheric water harvesting in arid environments.

Aerogel offers an ideal engineering carrier for self‐powered wearable devices. However, the high‐strength design pursued by aerogels currently affects the wearing comfort and biosignal‐acquisition capability in wearable devices. Herein, an ice‐template‐driven cross‐scale fibers self‐assembly strategy is reported for the fabrication of soft, superelastic triboelectric aerogel, which can build a stable layer‐pillar structure through ice crystal‐induced phase separation and inter‐fiber interface reinforcement. The unique energy dissipation mechanism enables the aerogel to completely recover after 80% strain and show slight plastic deformation after 1000 compression cycles. Meanwhile, the heterojunction‐structured ZnO@ZIF‐8 nanoparticles further augment the triboelectric characteristic of the aerogel, including a surface potential of 1.2 V and a relative permittivity of 10.2. The triboelectric device assembled by aerogel exhibits ultrahigh pressure sensitivity (12.1 V kPa −1 ), and achieves precise monitoring of the joints and motion status of people undergoing rehabilitation training. Moreover, an intelligent neck guard for monitoring neck motion is developed based on superelastic triboelectric aerogel. Combined with machine learning, it can recognize neck motion with high precision (97% accuracy), and adapt to accessible human–machine interaction. This study furnishes a more comfortable design strategy for wearable electronics and an innovative solution for the next generation of self‐powered sensing systems towards smart healthcare.

A highly flexible lignin-based carbon nanofibrous membrane functionalized with SnO2/BiOBr core-shell heterostructure (CNFs@SnO2/BiOBr) was fabricated via coaxial electrospinning and solvothermal synthesis. By positioning the SnO2 precursor in the shell layer during electrospinning, rapid and stable stabilization of the lignin nanofiber at a rate of 1 degrees C/min was achieved, significantly reducing the high-energy consumption constraints of traditional preparation processes. Experimental results demonstrated that the CNFs not only enhance light absorption capacity and promote electron transfer but also effectively suppress the recombination of electron-hole pairs at the SnO2/BiOBr heterojunction, thereby improving charge separation efficiency. Under LED light irradiation, the CNFs@SnO2/BiOBr membrane exhibited a degradation efficiency of 87.3 % for Rhodamine B within 100 min with optimal performance at natural pH (6.2), increasing to 93.0 % at pH 3.5. Additionally, the composite membrane maintained a stable efficiency of 84.5 % after five cycles at pH 6.2, owing to its outstanding photocatalytic performance and self-supporting structure (tensile strength of 0.601 MPa and elongation at break of 6.10 %). This research offers a sustainable approach to designing flexible photocatalytic membranes for wastewater treatment, emphasizing environmental and green significance while enhancing biomass resource efficiency. By improving heterojunction catalytic efficiency and addressing the challenge of recovering traditional powders, it demonstrates promising applications in advancing sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.

Low-value biomass materials recently can be widely used in various important industry to achieve a carbon-neutral sustainable society. To transform low-value agricultural wastes into structural materials, here we show a heterogeneous corn-based precursor technique, to self-assemble two-dimensional fabrics consisted of alternating fibers with micro- and nano-architectures. The unique solute-solvent system involves zein protein, combined with cellulose extracted from corn straw, to achieve the greenness of the production, fabrication and filtration. Manipulation of the ambient humidity and addition of the cellulose nanofibers enable a novel incomplete nonsolvent-induced phase separation, leading to a corn-based degradable and disposable sanitary filter with dual-network structure which exceeds that of typical or commercial filters. Moreover, the mechanism of full-structure filtration for particulate pollutant as well as excellent adsorption for formaldehyde is demonstrated, providing a promising pathway to green and sustainability for biomass waste.

Understanding the pore characteristics of wood is crucial for studying the micro- and macroscopic physical properties of this biomaterial and for predicting how effective any modification method would be. There is a need to better understand and determine the pore structure of wood materials. However, due to the wide pore size distribution (PSD) and its complexity, a single structural characterization method is usually insufficient for accurately interpreting the wood structure. In this study, the pore structure of wood is evaluated using a combination of X-ray computed tomography (XCT), nitrogen adsorption (N2A), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and the structural information is analyzed, compared and discussed in detail. Due to the voxel size of 2.00 mu m3 on the detection scale, the porosity measured by XCT was slightly lower than that obtained from MIP and N2A - which can reach the nanometer detection level -, with N2A being the method that yields the highest porosity. Although the PSD and the related parameters from the three methods differ, they are still capable of distinguishing between different wood species, and the average pore diameter and PSD obtained from the three different methods are similar, as well as the fractal dimension. Finally, the specific surface area values of the different wood species measured by N2A range between 1 and 2 m2/g. The combined characterization of numerous approaches, following their respective requirements, can provide a more comprehensive analysis of the intricate pore structure of wood materials.

To meet the dual demands of mechanical strength and electrochemical performance in high-efficiency energy storage devices, we developed an anisotropic bamboo template (ABT) through UV-assisted catalytic oxidation to modify the lignin in bamboo while preserving its natural layered structure. On this ABT, we uniformly loaded the conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) and introduced flexible polyacrylamide (PAM) to form a threedimensional hydrogel network. This resulted in the successful fabrication of high-performance anisotropic polypyrrole bamboo-based/polyacrylamide composite hydrogels (PBPH). By adjusting the PPy loading concentration and electrolyte soaking time, we optimized the mechanical and electrochemical properties of PBPH. The results show that when the PPy concentration is 0.1 M and the soaking time is 6 h, the PBPH exhibits areal capacitances of 1377.28 mF cm- 2 and 101.73 mF cm- 2 in the longitudinal and radial directions, respectively, along with high mechanical strength (104.82 MPa) and toughness (1.95 MJ m- 3). The superior performance of PBPH is attributed to the synergistic effects of the ABT's layered porous structure, the uniform conductive network of PPy, and the PAM hydrogel. This study provides a new approach for the design of integrated rigid supercapacitors and holds promise for applications in high-performance energy storage devices.

The investigation of Low-velocity impact (LVI) damage in natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRCs) was challenging due to the complex damage mechanisms of natural fibers, periodic fiber waviness, structural inhomogeneity, and inherent defects. Herein, a multiscale modeling approach based on the multiscale structural composition of plain-woven natural fiber-reinforced composites (PWNFRCs) characterized by X-ray computed tomography was proposed to accurately capture the LVI response and failure mechanisms of PWNFRCs. The homogenization approach was employed to transfer the material properties of PWNFRCs from the mesoscale to the macroscale. The macroscale LVI numerical model predicted the LVI response and failure mechanisms of PWNFRCs under different energy levels. At impact energy levels of 5J, 7.5J, and 10J, the errors between the experimental peak impact loads and the simulated peak impact loads were 8.29 %, 2.84 %, and 3.70 %, respectively, while the maximum displacement error remained within 8.3 %. The study revealed that the damage failure modes of PWNFRCs under higher-energy impacts progressively evolved into more complex synergistic damage mechanisms, including fiber fracture, matrix cracking, and interlayer delamination. The high consistency between the experimental and simulation results demonstrated that the proposed multiscale modeling approach was reliable in predicting the dynamic response and damage failure mechanisms under various LVI loading conditions.

The permeability of wood materials significantly affects wood modification, drying and further processing of wood-based building materials, and there is a need for a better understanding and evaluation of the permeability of wood materials. This paper presents a novel method for estimating the macroscopic permeability in wood by combining mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) data with the fractal theory. The characterization of wood’s structural parameters through MIP provides essential geometric data for the subsequent modelling process. A computational model for permeability was established based on principles of fractal geometry and seepage flow theory. This model aimed to elucidate the relationship between the structural characteristics of wood and its permeability behaviour. By deriving an explicit expression for permeability, the model incorporated critical structural parameters, e.g., minimum and maximum pore size, pore size distribution, porosity, fractal dimension, and the fractal dimension associated with tortuosity. The permeability of the three wood species studied, i.e., Scots pine, white birch, and oak, was 28.6, 13.6 and 1.4 mD, respectively. To validate the model, the calculated permeability values were compared with experimentally measured data, showing a strong correlation and confirming that the model accurately reflects the permeability behaviour of wood based on its structural characteristics. Notably, the model demonstrated the effectiveness of utilizing MIP data in conjunction with fractal theory, thus, the computational efficiency of this method significantly surpassed that of traditional numerical simulations, which allowed a better understanding of the interplay between structure and permeability in wood.

Freshwater scarcity presents a significant threat to socio-economic development, particularly in agriculture and light industry in remote and underdeveloped regions. Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) offers a promising solution, yet the primary challenge remains the efficient and continuous extraction of clean water from air. Here, a supramolecular design strategy is proposed to synthesize shrinkage-resistant thermos-responsive hydrogel (PCC20@LiCl) that demonstrates rapid thermal response, stable phase-transition size, and effective lithium chloride (LiCl) entrapment. The hydrogel achieves high water sorption capacities of 0.99 +/- 0.03 and 5.43 +/- 0.37 gwatergsorbent-1${{\mathrm{g}}_{{\mathrm{water}}}}{\mathrm{\;g}}_{{\mathrm{sorbent}}}<^>{ - {\mathrm{1}}}$ at 20% and 80% relative humidity, respectively, along with a rapid solar-driven water release rate. Additionally, this study demonstrates a solar-powered, rapid-cycling SAWH device that reuses desorption heat to maximize sorbent efficiency. By alternately switching between sorption and desorption chambers, the device completes nine consecutive cycles per day, achieving a water collection rate of 1,417 gwaterkgsorbent-1day-1${{\mathrm{g}}_{{\mathrm{water}}}}{\mathrm{\;kg}}_{{\mathrm{sorbent}}}<^>{ - {\mathrm{1}}}{\mathrm{\;da}}{{\mathrm{y}}<^>{ - {\mathrm{1}}}}$ and 1,134.4 mLwatermsolar-2${\mathrm{m}}{{\mathrm{L}}_{{\mathrm{water}}}}{\mathrm{\;m}}_{{\mathrm{solar}}}<^>{ - {\mathrm{2}}}$. This work demonstrates the potential to meet domestic and irrigation water demands, advancing SAWH technology for practical implementation in economically underdeveloped regions.

Bamboo's native structure, defined by the vertical growth pattern of its vascular bundles and parenchyma cell tissue, limits its application in advanced engineering materials. Here we show an innovative method that controls localized moisture content to shape natural bamboo into a versatile three-dimensional (3D) structural product. Different temperatures along the transverse direction of bamboo were used to induce directional water transport within the bamboo, so that the distribution of internal stress was shifted from the bamboo surface to the inner layers. The internal stress shifting enabled the control of the transverse deformation. After densification, a 3D-molded bamboo product was obtained that retained the natural heterogeneous structure. The molded bamboo had a high specific strength of 740.58 MPa·kg-1·m3 and impact resistance of 2033.29 J/m, surpassing most renewable and nonrenewable engineering materials. The life cycle assessment revealed that replacing metals and polymers in structural materials with 3D-molded bamboo significantly reduces carbon emissions. Our proposed "localized moisture gradient-driven uneven drying" strategy represents a sustainable path in transforming natural bamboo into high-performance engineering materials.

Radiative cooling fabric creates a thermally comfortable environment without energy input, providing a sustainable approach to personal thermal management. However, most currently reported fabrics mainly focus on outdoor cooling, ignoring to achieve simultaneous cooling both indoors and outdoors, thereby weakening the overall cooling performance. Herein, a full-scale structure fabric with selective emission properties is constructed for simultaneous indoor and outdoor cooling. The fabric achieves 94% reflectance performance in the sunlight band (0.3–2.5 µm) and 6% in the mid-infrared band (2.5–25 µm), effectively minimizing heat absorption and radiation release obstruction. It also demonstrates 81% radiative emission performance in the atmospheric window band (8–13 µm) and 25% radiative transmission performance in the mid-infrared band (2.5–25 μm), providing 60 and 26 W m −2 net cooling power outdoors and indoors. In practical applications, the fabric achieves excellent indoor and outdoor human cooling, with temperatures 1.4–5.5 °C lower than typical polydimethylsiloxane film. This work proposes a novel design for the advanced radiative cooling fabric, offering significant potential to realize sustainable personal thermal management.