Objectives: To identify the subgroups of self-reported outcomes and associated factors among breast cancer patients undergoing surgery and chemotherapy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and November 2021. We recruited patients from two tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, China, using convenience sampling during their hospitalization. Patients were assessed using a questionnaire that included sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System profile-29 (PROMIS29), and the PROMIS-cognitive function short form 4a. Latent class analysis was performed to examine possible classes regarding self-reported outcomes. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for symptoms across the different classes. Results: A total of 640 patients participated in this study. The findings revealed three subgroups in terms of self-reported outcomes among breast cancer patients undergoing surgery and chemotherapy: low physical-social-cognitive function, high physical-low cognitive function, and high physical-social- cognitive function. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (>= 60 years old), menopause, the third chemotherapy cycle, undergoing simple mastectomy and breast reconstruction, duration of disease 3-12 months, stage III/IV cancer, and severe pain were associated factors of the functional decline groups. Besides, significant differences in depression and sleep disorders were observed among the three groups. Conclusions: Breast cancer patients receiving surgery and chemotherapy can be divided into three subgroups. Aging, menopause, chemotherapy cycle, surgery type, duration and stage of disease, and severe pain affected the functional decline groups. Consequently, healthcare professionals should make tailored interventions to address the specific functional rehabilitation and symptom relief needs. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Chinese Nursing Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Background: Women in treatment for breast cancer and undergoing chemotherapy often experience multiple chemotherapy-related adverse events simultaneously, making it essential for healthcare providers to pinpoint the core adverse event that can be targeted for more precise interventions. Objective: To identify the core chemotherapy-related adverse events using network analysis in Chinese patients with breast cancer. Methods: Data were collected from September 1, 2022, to November 30, 2022. Network analysis was used to construct an adverse events network. Node centrality was assessed using strength, closeness, and betweenness centralities. Comparisons of networks by different chemotherapy cycles were also made. Results: A total of 195 patients were eligible for data analysis. In the overall network, fatigue (r(S) = 7.0612, r(C) = 0.0136, r(B) = 76) was the most central adverse event, followed by decreased appetite (r(S) = 6.8378, r(C) = 0.0124, r(B) = 42). In the comparison of networks by different chemotherapy cycles, muscle pain was the most central adverse event in the early phase of chemotherapy; fatigue was the most central adverse event in the middle phase of chemotherapy and remained the most central adverse event in the late phase of chemotherapy. Conclusion: This study confirmed the core roles of fatigue and decreased appetite in chemotherapy-related adverse events in patients with breast cancer from patient-reported outcomes. Implications for PracticeHealthcare providers should focus their interventions on core adverse events to improve the efficiency of managing adverse events in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

Objective: To explore the mediating roles of depression and self-efficacy in the relationship between social support and body image in patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy. Methods: A convenience sampling method was employed to survey 647 breast cancer chemotherapy patients. The survey included validated scales assessing social support, depression, self-efficacy, and body image. The chain mediation model was established using Mplus 8.3 software. Results: Social support was negatively correlated with depression (P < 0.001) and poor body image (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with self-efficacy (P < 0.001). Social support indirectly affected body image through three mediating pathways: depression (/3 =-0.084, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (/3 =-0.060, P < 0.01), and the depression-self-efficacy pathway (/3 =-0.058, P < 0.001). The indirect effect accounted for 55.96% of the total effect. Conclusions: The results support our hypothesis. Enhancing social support, alleviating depression, and improving self-efficacy through psychological interventions are recommended to improve body image in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy.

PURPOSE:To develop models using different machine learning algorithms to predict high-risk symptom burden clusters in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and to determine an optimal model. METHODS:Data from 647 breast cancer patients were analyzed to develop a model predicting high-risk symptom burden clusters. Five machine learning algorithms, including an artificial neural network (ANN), a decision tree (DT), a support vector machine (SVM), a random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were tested, as was traditional logistic regression. Performance was evaluated by deriving the predictive accuracy, precision, discriminatory capacity, calibration, and clinical utility, and an optimal model was identified. RESULTS:A model based on the RF algorithm exhibited better accuracy, precision, and discriminatory capacity than the other models. The area under the receiver operator curve was 0.91, the sensitivity was 65.8%, the specificity was 93.5%, the positive predictive value was 98.02%, and the false positive rate was only 0.91%. CONCLUSION:The model created using the RF algorithm was excellent in terms of predictive accuracy and precision, and can be used for early identification of the risk of self-reported symptom burden clusters in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Objectives To identify physical, social, and cognitive function subgroups and associated factors among breast cancer patients undergoing surgery and chemotherapy. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and November 2021. We recruited patients from two tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, China, using convenience sampling during their hospitalization. Patients were assessed using a questionnaire that included sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System profile-29 (PROMIS-29), and the PROMIS-cognitive function short form 4a. Latent class analysis was performed to examine possible classes regarding physical, social, and cognitive function. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for symptoms across the different classes. Results A total of 640 patients participated in this study. The findings revealed three subgroups in terms of function among breast cancer patients undergoing surgery and chemotherapy: low physical-social-cognitive function, high physical-low cognitive function, and high physical-social-cognitive function. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (≥ 60 years old), menopause, the third chemotherapy cycle, undergoing simple mastectomy and breast reconstruction, duration of disease 3–12 months, stage III/IV cancer, and severe pain were associated factors of the functional decline groups. Besides, significant differences in depression and sleep disorders were observed among the three groups. Conclusions Breast cancer patients receiving surgery and chemotherapy can be divided into three subgroups. Aging, menopause, chemotherapy cycle, surgery type, duration and stage of disease, and severe pain affected the functional decline groups. Consequently, healthcare professionals should make tailored interventions to address the specific functional rehabilitation and symptom relief needs.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of the theory-based tailored mHealth physical activity (PA) intervention among patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was adopted. A total of 60 breast cancer patients were selected from two tertiary hospitals in Shanghai and Hangzhou City from September 2019 to August 2021. According to the admission order, 30 patients were first included in the control group, followed by 30 patients in the intervention group. A smartphone application (app) named "Breast Care" was developed based on social cognitive theory, self-efficacy theory, and the theory of planned behavior. The app integrated various functions, including information browsing, PA monitoring and feedback, symptom reporting, and social interaction. Patients in the intervention group received three months of personalized online PA guidance in addition to routine care. The control group received routine care. Baseline and post-intervention investigations after three months were conducted in two groups using the Short Form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast cancer. Results: After three months of intervention, compared to the control group, breast cancer patients in the intervention group showed significant improvements in walking, moderate PA, and overall PA (P < 0.05). Compared to the baseline data, breast cancer patients in the intervention group had significant improvements in walking and overall PA after three months (P < 0.05), whereas the control group experienced significant declines in walking, moderate PA, and overall PA after three months (P < 0.05). There were statistically differences between the two groups in scores for anxiety, overall quality of life, and its dimensions, such as physical well-being, emotional well-being, and additional breast cancer well-being (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The theory-based tailored mHealth PA intervention has demonstrated a positive impact on promoting PA behavior change and emotional management among breast cancer patients. The 'Breast Care' app integrated various practical behavior change strategies, offering valuable guidance for personalized remote rehabilitation support for cancer patients. (c) 2024 The authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Chinese Nursing Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Background Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most prevalent neuropsychological disorder among stroke patients, affecting approximately one-third of stroke survivors at any one time after a stroke. We identified between-person associations between post-stroke depression trajectories across 3 timepoints and predictors affecting trajectory classification among stroke patients. Methods This is a prospective longitudinal study using a convenience sample of 119 participants from 2 tertiary hospitals from March 2022 to September 2022. Clinical assessments and data collection were performed at diagnosis (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3) after diagnosis. The instruments were Demographic and Disease Information Sheet and PROMIS-Depression 8a. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 for descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and the Mplus program for growth mixture model analysis. Results Two stroke survivors depression trajectory classes (Class 1, moderate level decreasing- [37.8 %], and Class 2, high level increasing- [62.2%]) were delineated. Class 1 experienced moderate depression post-stroke, with a smooth diminishing pattern at T2 and T3, while Class 2 had a higher baseline depressive score and a significant increase at T2 and T3. The best growth mixture model was Class 2 model (LMR, p=0.010, BLRT, p≤0.01, AIC=2611.934, BIC=2650.842, aBIC=2606.583, Entropy= 0.944). The logistic regression results revealed that Class 2 of depression trajectory had a significant association with a lower score on cognitive function (B=-5.29, 95%CI: -8.80, -1.78, p <0.05) compared with Class 1. The stroke type, marital status, and monthly income were predictors of the Class 2 depression trajectory group among stroke patients. Precisely, ischemic stroke is associated with lower risk of class 2 trajectory. Conclusion The trajectory of post-stroke depression changes over time. This research has the potential to serve as a foundation for the assessment of high-risk stroke patients, the development of precise management programs, the implementation of risk stratification, and the enhancement of prognosis.

Background and Aims: Further exploration is needed to recognize symptom clusters and categorize subgroups with distinct cluster patterns and associated risks, focusing on symptoms that are highly self-reported by patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. This study aimed to identify subgroups and risk factors for self-reported high symptom cluster burden among patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 647 participants who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study, with data collected on demographics, disease information, self-reported symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Latent class analysis was utilized to identify the subgroup, while logistic regression was used to pinpoint predictive risk factors. Results: Latent class analysis revealed three subgroups: the "high burden of all symptoms group" (n = 107, 16.54%), the "high burden of psychological symptoms group" (n = 103, 15.92%), and the "low burden of all symptoms group" (n = 437, 67.54%). Patients in the high burden of all symptom group and high burden of psychological symptom group exhibited significantly worse function outcomes (p < 0.001). Predictive risk factors for the "high burden of all symptom group" included older age, lower self-efficacy, worse body image, and a higher financial burden. Similarly, patients with high burden of psychological symptom were more likely to have low self-efficacy, poor body image, and a high financial burden. Conclusio: The study demonstrated the importance of giving more attention to patients with breast cancer who are at risk of developing into membership of high symptom cluster burden group.

The patient voice is critical to achieving value-based care, improving health outcomes, and advancing medical research. However, a key challenge is how to translate this "voice" into scientifically valid data that can inform evidence-based clinical decisions. One of the biggest barriers is the sheer variety of available patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and the associated challenges of translation, validation, implementation, and interpretation, making it difficult to obtain valid and comparable health outcomes. The authors present a harmonized global approach to international standardization of PROs and PROMs. This approach has the potential to accelerate patient-centered care by facilitating the collection of accurate and comparable real-world evidence on health outcomes that matter most to patients. This proposed approach consists of two elements: a data collection process based on a common set of PROs and a state-of-the-art measurement approach based on item response theory. First, there is growing evidence that outcomes such as pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, physical function, and the ability to participate in social roles and activities are relevant for most people, irrespective of their health condition. Measuring these outcomes routinely in all patients could increase outcome comparability and utility for a range of stakeholders. Second, a measurement strategy based on a state-of-the-art psychometric approach — using item response theory (IRT)-based item banks — offers short, flexible, sustainable, and universally applicable PROMs with robust measurement properties and a common measurement scale. The unique integration of these two elements offers the potential to collect comparable PROM data across patients and providers to support shared decision-making, which may lead to better outcomes. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a globally used example of such an approach. The PROMIS Profile measures serve as a resource for measuring a harmonized core set of PROs across medical conditions, languages, and countries. To meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all, at all ages, a collaborative effort is needed to achieve consensus on international standardization of PROs and PROMs to accelerate patient-centered care across health conditions, settings, and countries. The authors propose to routinely measure a core set of broadly relevant PROs in all patients, regardless of their health condition, with universally applicable IRT-based PROMs.

This study aimed to assess the different needs of patients with breast cancer and their families in online health communities at different treatment phases using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model. Using Python, breast cancer-related posts were collected from two online health communities: patient-to-patient and patient-to-doctor. After data cleaning, eligible posts were categorized based on the treatment phase. Subsequently, an LDA model identifying the distinct need-related topics for each phase of treatment, including data preprocessing and LDA topic modeling, was established. Additionally, the demographic and interactive features of the posts were manually analyzed. We collected 84,043 posts, of which 9504 posts were included after data cleaning. Early diagnosis and rehabilitation treatment phases had the highest and lowest number of posts, respectively. LDA identified 11 topics: three in the initial diagnosis phase and two in each of the remaining treatment phases. The topics included disease outcomes, diagnosis analysis, treatment information, and emotional support in the initial diagnosis phase; surgical options and outcomes, postoperative care, and treatment planning in the perioperative treatment phase; treatment options and costs, side effects management, and disease prognosis assessment in the non-operative treatment phase; diagnosis and treatment options, disease prognosis, and emotional support in the relapse and metastasis treatment phase; and follow-up and recurrence concerns, physical symptoms, and lifestyle adjustments in the rehabilitation treatment phase. The needs of patients with breast cancer and their families differ across various phases of cancer therapy. Therefore, specific information or emotional assistance should be tailored to each phase of treatment based on the unique needs of patients and their families.

BACKGROUND:Unpleasant symptoms are common in children with cancer. However, research identifying subgroups of children with cancer who experience similar levels of self-reported symptoms in China is limited. OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to classify the symptom profiles of children with cancer and detect the possible predictors of the profiles and their effect on children's quality of life (QoL). METHODS:A total of 272 children aged 8 to 17 years completed the Chinese version of the Pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System short form measures, the Pediatric QOL Inventory general core and cancer modules. Latent profile analysis was used to identify symptom profiles, and ordinal logistic regression and analysis of variance were used to examine predictors of symptom profile membership and profile differences on QoL. RESULTS:The best fit was a 3-profile model: low, moderate, and severe symptom distress. Children who had been inpatients in the past 7 days and were currently under treatment are more likely to have severe symptoms. Participants in the low symptom distress profile reported significantly greater QoL than those in the other profiles. CONCLUSIONS:Children with cancer are heterogeneous in their experience of symptoms. Children's characteristics, such as inpatient history and treatment status, are predictors of profiles; different symptom profiles are associated with QoL. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:This study identified distinct groups of patients who predictably experience higher symptoms and their predictors, which could help to place children within a profile and perhaps allow nurses to provide targeted supportive care to match children's specific symptom profile.

BACKGROUND:Children and adolescents may experience a variety of subjective adverse events (AEs) caused by cancer treatment. The identification of distinct groups of patients is crucial for guiding symptomatic AE management interventions to prevent AEs from worsening.OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to identify subgroups of children with cancer experiencing similar patterns of subjective toxicities and evaluate differences among these subgroups in demographic and clinical characteristics.METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 356 children in China with malignancies who received chemotherapy within the past 7 days using the pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify subgroups of patients with distinct profiles of symptomatic AE occurrence.RESULTS:Nausea (54.5%), anorexia (53.4%), and headache (39.3%) were the top 3 AEs children experienced. Nearly all participants (97.8%) experienced ≥1 core AEs, and 30.3% experienced ≥5 AEs. The LCA results identified 3 subgroups ("high gastrotoxicity and low neurotoxicity" [53.2%], "moderate gastrotoxicity and high neurotoxicity" [23.6%], and "high gastrotoxicity and high neurotoxicity" [22.8%]). The subgroups were differentiated by monthly family per-capita income, time since diagnosis, and Karnofsky Performance Status score.CONCLUSIONS:Children experienced multiple subjective toxicities during chemotherapy, especially gastrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Heterogeneity was found in the LCA in the patients' toxicities. The prevalence of toxicities could be distinguished by the children's characteristics.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:The results showing different subgroups in our study may assist clinical staff in focusing on patients with higher toxicities to provide effective interventions.

PURPOSE:Pediatric cancer is a significant health concern in China, and evaluating the impact of cancer and its treatment on the well-being of young patients is essential for both clinical care and research purposes. This study aimed to psychometrically validate the Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pediatric-25 Profile (PROMIS-Pediatric-25) among Chinese children with cancer.DESIGN AND METHODS:We enrolled a group of 114 children living with cancer between the ages of 8 and 17. Each participant completed questionnaires that covered sociodemographic and clinical information and the PROMIS-Pediatric-25. The floor and ceiling effect was examined. Cronbach's alpha and split-half coefficient were examined to determine the reliability. Factor structure was explored by factor analysis. Three assumptions of Rasch model-based item response theory (IRT) were assessed. Differential item functioning (DIF) was investigated concerning factors of gender, diagnosis, and treatment stage.RESULTS:The floor or ceiling effects were detected for six domains. The reliability was found to be excellent. Furthermore, the factor structure of these six domains was validated. Our analysis confirmed that the assumptions required for IRT were met with acceptable unidimensionality, local independence, and good monotonicity. Additionally, we observed measurement equivalence, with outstanding levels of DIF across factors such as gender, diagnosis, and treatment stage.CONCLUSION:PROMIS-Pediatric 25 is a highly reliable and valid instrument for evaluating key domains of health-related quality of life in Chinese pediatric cancer patients.PRACTICE IMPLICATION:Nursing practice could engage the PROMIS-Pediatric 25 for accurate and quick children symptom and function assessment.

自患者报告结局(PROs)理念提出以来,相应的测量工具便不断涌现.随着研究的深入,诸多知名机构或国家牵头研制了相关的大型测量工具并进行了广泛的临床应用.本文全面介绍了国外不同国家的PROs测量工具(PROMs)的大型研制与临床应用项目,并阐述了我国PROMs的研究现状及发展趋势,旨在为推动我国PROs相关项目的开展提供参考.

Objective:This study aims to investigate the potential benefits of integrating patient-reported outcomes (PROs) into routine clinical practice for patients undergoing active anticancer treatment.Methods:We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of randomized controlled trials involving cancer patients undergoing active anticancer treatment, spanning various cancer types and stages. The review covered four electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL) up to September 2022. Key inclusion criteria focused on the incorporation of PROs as a routine intervention. Bias assessment followed the Cochrane collaboration's criteria, while the synthesis of results utilized effect size measurements (Cohen's d). The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Results:Out of 1549 initially screened records, 16 published randomized controlled trials encompassing 5300 patients met the inclusion criteria. The interventions involved 18 different PROs measurements, with prominent tools being EORTC QLQ-C30 (utilized in four trials) and PRO-CTCAE (utilized in four trials). Measured endpoints included overall quality of life (12 trials), physical health (11 trials), mental health (7 trials), and social health (5 trials). Overall, the study revealed a limited number of statistically significant findings, with predominantly small to moderate effect sizes associated with the interventions.Conclusions:The findings suggest that the routine integration of PROs into clinical practice does not yield definitive advantages in terms of PROs. It is apparent that further efforts are necessary to ascertain the impact of these interventions on patient health.Systematic review registration:The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022365456).

本文对智慧护理在产科领域的应用与发展进行综述,主要探讨了健康类手机应用、微信平台、虚拟现实等技术在产科智慧护理的应用与实践,旨在助力智慧医疗在产科领域的应用及推广.

Abstract Background Fatigue is the most frequent and distressing symptom affecting the physical, cognitive, and affective domains of breast cancer patients. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT–F) has been widely used in patients with chronic diseases and has shown satisfactory reliability and validity. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the FACIT–F among Chinese patients with breast cancer. Methods Using a convenience sampling method, a cross–sectional survey (January 2020 and September 2022) was used with patients recruited from two tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, Mainland China, and a total of 597 patients completed a demographic information questionnaire, the FACIT–F and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy for Breast Cancer (FACT–B). Convergent validity was estimated by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient of the FACIT–F with the FACT–B. Measurement invariance across age was performed by examining differential item functioning (DIF) across age groups (≤ 60 and > 60 years). The internal consistency and split–half reliability were performed for reliability analysis. Unidimensionality of the scale was evaluated by the principal component analysis by Rasch analysis. Additionally, Rasch analysis was performed for item difficulty levels, and an item–person map was used. Results No floor/ceiling effects were observed for the FACIT–F. Moderate correlations were found between FACIT–F and FACT–B (r = − 0.342, p < 0.01). Most items showed an absence of DIF regarding age, except for one item. In addition, the FACIT–F showed acceptable internal consistency. Principal component analysis of Rasch residuals showed that the proportion of variance explained by the FACIT–F was 53.3%, and the outfit mean square statistics for the items ranged from 0.68 to 1.90 and the infit MNSQ from 0.63 to 1.73. Additionally, an acceptable response between items and persons was found. Conclusions The findings indicate that the Chinese version of the FACIT–F is a valid tool for the measurement of fatigue in breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND:The original English Pediatric Patient-Reported Outcome version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) captures symptomatic adverse events (AEs) in cancer clinical trials from the perspective of pediatric patients. A Chinese version was needed to encourage the use of the Pediatric PRO-CTCAE among Chinese pediatric oncology patients.OBJECTIVE:This study translated and linguistically validated a simplified Chinese version of the Pediatric PRO-CTCAE for oncological patients aged 7 to 18 years.METHODS:Following the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy translation methodology, 130 questions were translated into Chinese. Semistructured cognitive interviews investigated the comprehensibility and clarity of terms for symptoms, attributes, and response options. Two rounds of interviews were conducted with 48 native Chinese-speaking children aged 7 to 18 years who were undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment.RESULTS:Most items, response options, and recall periods were well understood by children across the age range in round 1. Nineteen items posed comprehension difficulties for 9 participants and were revised and retested without further difficulties.CONCLUSIONS:The Pediatric PRO-CTCAE was successfully developed and linguistically validated among Chinese oncology patients. The results indicated that the Chinese Pediatric PRO-CTCAE was semantically and conceptually equivalent to the English version.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:The availability of the simplified Chinese Pediatric PRO-CTCAE will facilitate the generation of patient-reported outcome data about symptomatic AEs for children with cancer in China and thus improve our understanding of children's experience of treatment-related symptoms.

设计思维作为一种以人为中心的、多学科合作的方法,近年来被广泛用于医疗护理领域中.本文介绍了设计思维的模型及其在医疗护理领域中的研究应用进展,并提出设计思维在护理领域的应用前景,以期为我国护理工作者更系统地应用设计思维提升健康护理质量提供参考.