Ionogel, a novel flexible electronic material, presents a plethora of applications. Despite its potential, the fabrication of multifunctional ionogel with high-performance suitable for diverse scenarios remains a significant challenge. In this study, we prepare a multifunctional amphibious ionogel skin (AIGS) using a polymerizable ionic liquid (PIL) and a conductive ionic liquid (IL) in conjunction with titanium carbide (Ti _3 C _2 T _x -MXene). The resulting soft AIGS materials exhibit ductility, self-healing, and robust adhesion in mechanical properties due to non-covalent interactions, such as ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. They also demonstrate a wide sensing range (2%‒400%), high sensing sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) up to 6.06), and stable sensing performance (good reliability and stability after strain) in electrical properties. The hydrophobic and dynamic viscoelastic network formed by extensive C−F bonds in the used polymer matrix, ensures the AIGS’s suitability for amphibious environments. We find that AIGS has excellent triboelectric properties. Utilizing AIGS as a flexible electrode, a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (SE-TENG) was constructed, achieving outstanding output performance (∼300 V open-circuit voltage, 172 nA short-circuit current, and 34 nC transferred charge). This device can power commercial portable electronic devices and identify different body movements. AIGS-based wearable strain sensors have also been shown to reliably detect human motion, including larger limb movements such as finger flexion and elbow flexion and extension, as well as subtle muscle movements such as frowning and swallowing. In addition, depending on the characteristics of the AIGS application in amphibious environments, the following functions can be realized simultaneously. AIGS in an aquatic environment combined with machine learning for intelligent recognition of breathing type, in an underwater environment combined with Morse code to convey simple information, and motion monitoring in an amphibious environment, demonstrates its potential feasibility in a variety of situations.

Background: Due to their unpredictable and variable nature, novel viruses pose a significant threat to human health as well as to the economy and society. Rapid detection plays a crucial role in the surveillance and management of the transmission and emergence of novel viruses. This study aims to establish a rapid, label-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform for the highly sensitive and specific identification of emerging viruses. Methods: A novel self-assembly strategy based on the synergistic effect of electrostatic adsorption and hydrogel contraction has been developed to construct highly ordered hexagonally close-packed Au nanoparticle arrays on both surfaces of a polyacrylamide composite hydrogel film. The drying and shrinking of the hydrogel film contribute to the reduction of the particle gap, facilitating the formation of "hot spots" that effectively enhance near-field coupling and significantly amplify the local electromagnetic field in its vicinity. The label-free SERS detection of viruses relies on the intrinsic Raman fingerprints of viral structural components, particularly the envelope glycoproteins and lipid membranes that differ distinctly from host cellular materials. Results: The detection of malachite green and crystal violet on the substrate indicates high Raman optical activity. Validation with probe molecules (crystal violet, malachite green) showed low limits of detection (LOD of 10(-11) M) and high linearity (R-2 > 0.996). Highly linear quantitative sensitivity was observed, with a limit of detection of 1 TU/mL for both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike pseudovirus and B6R Mpox pseudovirus. Conclusion: The composite material is anticipated to serve as a novel Raman substrate, enabling the rapid identification of novel viruses and facilitating a prompt response to epidemics.

Precise control over the structure of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) enables rapid development of tailored luminescent molecules. In this study, 4-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (TPB) (donor-acceptor, D–A) and 4,7-bis(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTB) (donor–acceptor–donor, D–A–D) were designed and synthesized using tetraphenylene as a starting unit, guided by molecular engineering principles. Theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that the D–A–D structure of BTB enhances intramolecular charge transfer, induces highly twisted molecular conformation, and imparts greater structural rigidity, thereby effectively suppressing non-radiative transitions. Subsequently, the spatial confinement effect of polystyrene microspheres restricts the rotational motion of BTB, enabling the construction of fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with higher quantum yields and excellent versatility. When applied to a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform, BTBNPs demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity than TPBNPs and AuNPs. Moreover, the sensitive detection of melatonin in biological samples was achieved. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that D–A–D-type AIEgens exhibit superior luminescence performance and greater potential than their D–A-type counterparts for constructing high-brightness fluorescent probes. It also establishes theoretical calculation methods for AIEgens and offers a valuable reference for their design, analysis, and application.

Raman spectroscopy was a molecular vibrational spectroscopy technique based on inelastic light scattering, which obtained information on molecular chemical bond vibrations, rotations and other characteristics by detecting the frequency shifts generated by photons interacting with matter. Raman spectroscopy enabled energy exchange through quantum state transitions between photons and molecules. This technique revealed the microscopic properties of matter based on quantum mechanical principles. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy combined with quantum enhancement methods can overcome traditional detection limitations, propelling molecular sensing into an era of precision. And this technique showed unique advantages in revealing life science research due to their non-invasive nature, no need for sample labeling, high chemical specificity and applicability to complex biological systems. In recent years, with the breakthroughs in micro-Raman, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), Raman spectroscopy has made remarkable progress in biomolecular analysis, cell and tissue imaging, disease diagnosis and drug development, and microplastic detection. Despite the outstanding advantages of Raman spectroscopy in life science research, there are still several technical barriers in the translation from emerging technologies to practical applications. In the future, with the deep integration of nanoprobe design, deep learning algorithms and Raman technology, the application of Raman technology in single-cell metabolomics, rapid identification of microorganisms and precision medicine will be further expanded, which provides more powerful molecular insight tools for life science research.

In this investigation, a novel chitosan composite film was prepared through the casting method, featuring the integration of tea tree oil liposomes (TTOL) and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs). The SEM and FTIR results indicated that TTOL and ZnONPs were successfully composited with chitosan film. Compared to pure chitosan films, the composite film exhibited a 272% increase in tensile strength (42.26±1.50 MPa) and a 13.26% enhancement in elongation at break (82.28±0.73%), alongside improved the thermal stability. Furthermore, the composite film demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity, achieving 90.67% inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and 91.33% against Escherichia coli. During 14-day storage at 4 °C, fresh strawberries wrapped in the composite film showed a 25.5% slower reduce in hardness (from 10.7 to 7.97 N) compared to the polyethylene (PE) group, while maintaining 71.22% of initial acid titration value and 61.22% of soluble solid content. These results highlight the composite film's potential as an antibacterial food packaging material, effectively extending the shelf life of perishable produce.

DNA hydrogels have a wide range of applications in biosensing owing to the programmability of DNA. Different crosslinking modes are used in the formation of DNA hydrogels such that the hydrogels have different microscopic morphologie. As a special type of DNA hydrogel, the DNA hydrogel film is a membrane hydrogel formed by layer assembly, extrusion, or application of a DNA hydrogel. Compared with DNA hydrogels, DNA hydrogel films require less DNA to fabricate, have faster response times, and show significant advantages in electrochemical sensing, photoresponsive patterning, and binding to other materials. This review focuses on the research progress in DNA hydrogel films over the past six years. In this paper, hydrogels are classified according to their morphology. DNA hydrogel films have been classified according to their cross-linking methods. The applications of DNA hydrogel films in biosensing, drug delivery, cell culture, and point-of-care testing are also described. Finally, future applications of DNA hydrogel films are discussed.

Background Food safety, quality, and authenticity are crucial to global public health and economic concerns. Traditional detection methods often suffer from being time-consuming, requiring extensive laboratory infrastructure, and being unsuitable for rapid, on-site screening, thus creating a significant unmet need. As such, there is a pressing demand for innovative recognition elements, as well as signal transduction and amplification modules to enable effective biosensing for food safety hazards. Recently, guided and programmable nucleases, such as CRISPR/Cas and Argonaute, have been repurposed for detecting food safety, quality, and authenticity issues, showing great potential as next-generation tools for food detection. Scope and approach This review offers a comparative analysis of the molecular mechanisms and unique characteristics of CRISPR/Cas and Argonaute systems. It highlights their application performance in detecting various foodborne hazards (such as bacteria, viruses, residues, toxins, and allergens), quality indicators (such as freshness and spoilage), and authenticity markers. Furthermore, the integration of these nucleases with advanced biosensors, nanotechnology, and other cutting-edge techniques is discussed. The review concludes by outlining the current challenges, proposed solutions, and future directions. Key findings and conclusions The comparative analysis of CRISPR/Cas and Argonaute systems highlights their strong potential in addressing key challenges in food safety, quality, and authenticity detection. These challenges include interference from food matrices, insufficient sensitivity for low-abundance targets, and the lack of multiplexed, rapid, on-site detection platforms. Continued research and development are necessary to fully realize the capabilities of these systems and enable integrated solutions for comprehensive food monitoring.

Norovirus is a globally prevalent pathogen that causes acute viral gastroenteritis across all age groups, characterized by its high infectivity and low infectious dose. Consequently, the development of rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection technologies for norovirus presents a significant challenge. In this study, we demonstrate a combination of CRISPR-Cas-based reactions with Pt@MOF-linked immunoassay-like assays. This methodology enables both qualitative analysis and colorimetric readouts of Cas12a-mediated DNA/RNA detection at room temperature, as well as the generation of fluorescent signal readout through base deprotonation-induced Pt@MOF cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate. Furthermore, the integration of RPA amplification with noncanonical PAM-designed CRISPR significantly enhances the sensitivity and flexibility of detection, facilitating the extension of this strategy to other targets. Ultimately, the strategy was validated in spiked food samples with a 100% accuracy rate, consistent with RT-qPCR results. Collectively, this work showcases a viable approach for a dual-functional Pt@MOF-based CRISPR biosensing platform for bioanalysis and a flexible, universal strategy based on noncanonical PAM-designed gRNAs.

Mycotoxin contamination poses significant threats to food safety. The brightness of the signal tag is key to establishing a sensitive detection technology. Here, Tetramethyl 4 ',4 ''',4 '''',4 '''''''-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis ([1,1 '-biphenyl]-4-carboxy) (TEC), an aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgens), with high quantum yield and solubility is designed by molecular engineering. Subsequently, an ultra-high quantum yield (89.73 %) fluorescent probe (TECNPs) was prepared using an emulsion synergistic strategy. Its use as a signaling tag in lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) enabled point-of-care testing for zearalenone (ZEN) with a detection limit of 0.282 ng/mL, which was 8.5 times lower than that of AuNPs-LFIA. Crucially, the sensitive detection of ZEN in rice and corn can be achieved with satisfactory recoveries. Moreover, the integration of TECNPs with a DNA hydrogel enabled the ultra-sensitive detection of ZEN (the detection limit was 65 pg/mL, 11.7-times lower than carbon dots@Hydrogel), further confirming its versatility. In conclusion, high-performance AIEgens obtained through molecular modulation significantly increase the brightness of the fluorescent probe, effectively assisting the biosensing of the LFIA and DNA hydrogel reaction and thus improving detection sensitivity. The findings of this study provide a universal fluorescent probe to ensure food safety and indicate a new direction for fluorescence analysis methods.

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) poses a substantial threat to environmental and human health due to their persistence in aquatic environments. Development more efficient and reliable catalysts for TCs removal remains a significant challenge. In this study, an organic ligands modulation Ti-based metal-organic frameworks (MIL-125(Ti)@TCPP-300) was designed and applied for TCs degradation under visible light irradiation. The Tetrakis (4-Carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) ligand was modified on the surface of mixed-ligand 1,4-dicarboxybenzene (BDC) and 2-amino terephthalic acid (BDC-NH2) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by sequential growth. This was followed by the selective removal of ligands through pyrolysis. The surface modification with the TCPP ligand, in conjunction with the selective removal of the BDC-NH2 ligand, resulted in a conjugated structure featuring electron-withdrawing groups and additional mesopores, which induces enhanced visible light absorption, separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs, and reactant adsorption remove capabilities. The incorporation of a visible light-absorbing multifunctional ligand and mesopores has enhanced the removal efficiency of the MIL-125(Ti)@TCPP-300 composite, achieving up to a 92.18% removal rate for oxytetracycline (OTC) within one hour. This performance is 3.1 times greater than that of dual ligand metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Using OTC as a representative compound, the mechanism of OTC photocatalytic degradation involves the generation of center dot O-2(-), O-1(2), which initiate a series of hydroxylation, demethylation, and ring-opening processes through three distinct pathways. Furthermore, the proposed composites have demonstrated high removal rates for other contaminants with specific catalytic sites, such as chlorpyrifos (81.48%) and thiacloprid (77.06%). The proposed strategy highlights great potential on environment governance for multiple contaminants.

BACKGROUND:Norovirus (NV), the predominant global cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis, presents severe public health risks due to exceptional environmental stability, low infectious dose (<20 virions), and frequent transmission via contaminated food/water, particularly bivalve mollusks. Conventional detection methods require centralized laboratories, trained personnel, and lack the rapidity, portability, and ultra-sensitivity necessary for on-site surveillance within food supply chains. Consequently, a critical unmet need exists for an integrated detection strategy enabling timely identification and precise quantification of NV in complex food matrices. RESULTS:Herein, we synthesized a Fe3O4@COF nanozyme composite by grafting a covalent organic framework (COF) material onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This composite integrates high peroxidase-like activity with magnetic responsiveness. The catalytic mechanism of the nanozyme was systematically investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental validation. Reaction conditions were optimized, and steady-state kinetic analysis was performed. Furthermore, by employing a monoclonal antibody as the signal probe, we designed a nanozyme-assisted magnetic relaxation switching (MRS) sensor strategy for the visual and precise detection of norovirus. This strategy achieves a low detection limit of 0.7 pg/mL and a broad linear detection range spanning 0.001 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL. Additionally, the method was successfully applied to analyze norovirus-contaminated oyster and scallop samples, yielding recovery rates of 92.82 %-110.63 %. SIGNIFICANCE:This work pioneers the fusion of COF-based nanozymes with MRS sensing, creating the first visual, antibody-mediated NV detection platform. The novelty lies in the dual-functional material design enabling magnetic separation and amplified catalytic signal output. This approach significantly advances accuracy, offering ultrasensitive quantification for food safety and environmental monitoring. The platform's adaptability to other pathogens via probe modification broadens its transformative impact.

DNA serves as a fundamental carrier of genetic information, and its unique properties allow it to be used as a versatile structural component for the engineering and self-assembly of nanostructures. The advent of DNA templates has significantly improved self-assembled DNA nanostructures, and this progress is particularly evident in the field of DNA nanotechnology, especially in DNA origami, which is highly effective for the bottom-up synthesis of precisely defined nanostructures that range in size from tens of nanometers to sub-micrometers. The remarkable capabilities of DNA origami open up numerous possibilities in the context of biomedical applications. These applications include drug delivery systems, vaccine development, tissue engineering, targeted disease therapies, clinical diagnostics, and advanced bioimaging techniques. This review highlights the significance and benefits of employing DNA origami in the programming and fabrication of DNA nanostructures, showcasing its potential impacts in various domains. The challenges associated with DNA nanotechnology are also examined, and possible solutions are considered to facilitate advancements in the field. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the current and potential biomedical applications of DNA origami is presented. The review concludes with reflections on the future perspectives of DNA origami, highlighting its importance and potential growth in various scientific and medical fields.

Sensitive, selective screening for allergenic ingredients with internal control is crucial to identify food adulteration and remove allergens from the food chain. Here, loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow device (LAMP-LFD) was developed for the fast and easy detection of soy DNA. The integrated quality controls included a regular control line to ensure proper implementation (extraction and amplification control) and a second LAMP-LFD assay for the cytochrome oxidase gene, which is a housekeeping gene in plants. The developed LAMP assay showed a limit of detection of only 5 pg DNA input per reaction, for both pure soy and spiked food samples. The test was subsequently implemented for the examination of 32 real food products with different compositions and declared soy contents, and benchmarked against qPCR. Then, this system was combined with a digital cube reader, allowing direct interpretation of the test results, facilitating the point-of-need applicability.

Today, energy is essential for every aspect of human life, including clothing, food, housing and transportation. However, traditional energy resources are insufficient to meet our modern needs. Self-powered sensing devices emerge as promising alternatives, offering sustained operation without relying on external power sources. Leveraging advancements in materials and manufacturing research, these devices can autonomously harvest energy from various sources. In this review, we focus on the current landscape of self-powered wearable sensors, providing a concise overview of energy harvesting technologies, conversion mechanisms, structural or material innovations, and energy storage platforms. Then, we present experimental advances in different energy sources, showing their underlying mechanisms, and the potential for energy acquisition. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of self-powered flexible sensors in diverse fields such as medicine, sports, and food. Despite significant progress in this field, widespread commercialization will necessitate enhanced sensor detection abilities, improved design factors for adaptable devices, and a balance between sensitivity and standardization.

Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic. Among them, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite that seriously poses threats to human health and safety, so there is a need to construct an efficient and sensitive detection system for AFM1. In this study, an analytical method was established for ultra-sensitive determination of AFM1 in food based on dendritic hybridization chain reaction (HCR) dual-amplification. The prepared carboxylated silica was modified with AFM1 antibody, dendritic (S) chain and initiator (H0) chain as fluorescent probes, the whole AFM1 antigen was coated on the microplate, and the antibody on the fluorescent probes competed with the AFM1 standard for binding to the whole antigen. Then the fluorescence response value of the supernatant was measured, which displayed a good linear relationship with the standard concentration. The detection range was 10 pg/mL to 10 mu g/mL, and the limit of detection was 5.41 fg/mL, which was in line with the limit value of China's national standard. In addition, the spiked recovery rate was between 84.77 % and 115.70 %. The method developed in this study displays an increase of three orders of magnitude in comparison with indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA), in the detection of AFM1, showing ultra-high sensitivity, which satisfies the needs of AFM1 analysis and detection in food. This biosensing method also has reference value for the detection of other toxins in food.

The measurement of fluctuations in the kinetic levels of the dopamine signal is important for the detection of the body's endocrine response to stressful stimuli. However, traditional dopamine measurements are prone to damage, while the stability of existing wearable sensors needs to be improved. To address this, a non-invasive, self-cleaning, and stretchable and flexible electrochemical sensor patch (i.e., sCMZ sensor) has been presented for a non-invasive, rapid, simple, and highly sensitive long-term and stable monitoring of dopamine levels in biofluids. Subsequently, an innovative "zipper" synthesis strategy was employed to successfully prepare a new generation of highly selective and environmentally friendly MBene-based heterojunction-like nanozymes (MBAzy), they thereby enabled a highly sensitive in situ detection in the detection range of 512 pM - 125 mM (LOD = 4.44 pM). Innovative combination of bionic snake-shaped flexible electrodes and self-cleaning antibacterial electrodes for long-term monitoring of the human body's condition. Unlike previous studies, this study reveals the circadian rhythm of dopamine in human urine and its changes under different stress states, clarifies the significant difference between long-term and short-term stress on neurotransmitter levels, and explores the weak correlation between stress and fatigue, which provides new perspectives for the study of psychophysiology and related diseases.

Biodegradable active packaging materials have received extensive attention around the world due to food safety issues and environmental pollution caused by plastic packaging materials. In this study, we present a humidityresponsive multifunctional composite film self-assembled from carboxymethyl cellulose, zein, and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (PTE@(3-CD ICs). The results show that the addition of PTE@(3-CD ICs can effectively improve the ultraviolet light barrier, elongation at break, surface hydrophobicity, and thermal stability of the films. Adding 10 wt% PTE@(3-CD ICs reduces the water vapor and oxygen transmission rates of the composite films by 22 % and 91 %, respectively. In addition, it confers excellent antimicrobial ability to the films, with the inhibition rate for E. coli and S. aureus being greater than 80 %. The release of pterostilbene from the composite films results in humidity-responsive properties. Fruit preservation experiments further demonstrate that the composite film can delay the transpiration of blueberries and grapes, inhibit microorganism growth, and extend the shelf life of fruits by 50 %-80 %. Moreover, the film completely degrades within 13 days when buried in soil. Such a biodegradable, humidity-responsive, and multifunctional material has broad application prospects in food packaging, and provides a reference for the development of other stimuli-responsive packaging materials.