Objective:To analyse the effects of meteorological factors on plague epidemic in Himalayana marmot plague natural foci in Subei and Sunan counties of Gansu Province. Methods:The surveillance data of plague from 1973 to 2016 in Himalayan marmot foci of Subei and Sunan counties (from Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention) and the meteorological factors (rainfall, temperature, relative humidity) of current, preceding first, second and third years (the first, second and third years before the reference year, from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System) were collected. In order to build generalized additive model (GAM), the positive rate of plague was used as dependent variable while meteorological factors of the current, preceding first, second and third years were used as independent variables. The influence of meteorological factors on plague was quantitatively analyzed by using R2.3.2 software. Results:In 2006 - 2016, compared with 1974 - 1983, the average temperature in Subei rose by 0.99 ℃, the average relative humidity rose by 3.55%RH, and the average rainfall rose by 12.16 mm; in Sunan County, the average temperature rose by 1.00 ℃, the average relative humidity rose by 2.01%RH, and the average rainfall rose by 14.60 mm. From 1973 to 2016, 11 cases of human plague with 7 cases of dead (12 cases of attack) occurred in the investigated district. The average rainfall of the preceding third year of Subei rose every 1.00 mm within a certain range, the animal plague occurred rose by 0.40%. The average relative humidity of preceding second year of Subei rose every 1.00%RH within a certain range, animal plague occurred rose by 11.66%. The average rainfall of the preceding first year of Sunan rose every 1.00 mm within a certain range, the animal plague occurred rose by 1.32%. The average relative humidity of preceding third year of Sunan rose every 1.00%RH within a certain range, animal plague occurred rose by 11.96%. The average temperature of the preceding second year of Subei, Sunan rose every 1.00 ℃ within a certain range, animal plague rose 73.17%, 70.18%, respectively.Conclusions:The occurrence and prevalence of plague in Himalayana marmot are closely related to meteorological factors, and the temperature within a certain range (but not continuously) not only promotes the epidemic of plague, but also has a lag effect. In addition, the effects of different types of climate in the same foci on the prevalence of animal plague vary.

Objective To comprehensively examine the potential impacts of prenatal experience of the Chinese Great Famine on chronic disease risks in the middle age. Methods This study included 92 284 participants aged 39–51 years from China Kadoorie Biobank born around the famine period and without major chronic diseases at baseline. We categorised participants into non-famine births (born between 1 October 1956 and 30 September 1958, and 1 October 1962 and 30 September 1964) and famine births (born between 1 October 1959 and 30 September 1961). The outcomes were incident cardiovascular disease, cancer and respiratory system disease. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted HR and 95% CI for famine exposure. Subgroup analyses were performed according to baseline characteristics. Results During a median 10.1 years of follow-up, we identified 4626 incident ischaemic heart disease (IHD) cases, 7332 cerebrovascular disease cases, 3111 cancer cases and 16 081 respiratory system disease cases. In the whole population, prenatal famine exposure was not statistically associated with the risks of developing any chronic diseases in adulthood. However, for urban participants, compared with non-famine births, famine births had a higher risk of cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.28); such association was not shown for rural participants (p for interaction <0.001). Also, we observed the associations of prenatal famine exposure with IHD (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.26) and cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.21) in participants with lower physical activity level, but not in those with higher ones (all p for interaction=0.003). Conclusion Our findings indicate that prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine might be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk and such risk may be modified by adult lifestyle.

Objective:To analyze the dynamics of plague epidemic in Spermophilus alaschanicus plague foci of Gansu Province from 1962 to 2018, and to provide evidence for plague control and prevention. Methods:The data of Spermophilus alaschanicus plague in Gansu Province from 1962 to 2018 were collected and organized from epidemic surveillance and epidemic summary. The method of descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze plague, including population (regional distribution, time distribution) and animal (geographic distribution, infected animals and vectors) epidemiology. Results:There was only one case of human plague in the Spermophilus alaschanicus plague foci of Gansu Province from 1962 to 2018. The total incidence of the disease was 26 cases, 11 cases died, the incidence rate was 29.89% (26/87), and the mortality was 42.31% (11/26). The cases were mainly distributed in Liuzhai Township and Xinyuan Township of Huining County. The outbreak occurred from July to August. Plague bacteria were isolated from the plague foci of Gansu Province during two peak epidemics of the plague among animals from 1962 to 2018. The bacteria detection area was located in 2 rural areas that were the northern area of Liuzhai in Huining County, and the neighboring Zhongtian and Fuxing in Pingchuan District. Five places were determined to be the animal epidemic sites. The endemic species were Spermophilus alaschanicus and Vulpescorsac, and the vector species were Citellophilus tesquorus mongolicus and Neopsylla abagaitui. The epidemic time of animal plague was from April to August. Totally 115 positive serum F1 antibodies were obtained. Among them, 92 positive serum samples were detected in Huining County and 23 in Pingchuan District. The positive blood coagulation sites were distributed in 11 villages, 5 towns of 2 counties (districts). The surveillance results showed that 30 species of animals belonging to 5 orders, 11 families, 5 subfamilies, and 21 genera were found in the foci, most of them were Spermophilus alaschanicus, which accounting for 69.1% (2 464/3 567) of the total species of rodents in the past years. A total of 12 482.9 hm 2 were investigated by sampling method, and 9 709 Spermophilus alaschanicus were captured, with an average density of 0.78/hm 2. Conclusions:The plague is intermittently prevalent in Gansu's Spermophilus alaschanicus plague foci. So the prevention and control strategies should be adjusted in time according to the changes. In residential areas, we should take the initiative to strengthen the monitoring of rat situation and the publicity and education of human plague prevention knowledge.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze waist circumference level and the prevalence of central obesity among adults aged 18 years and above in Gansu Province.METHODS:The data from Chinese adult chronic diseases and their risk factors monitoring in 2013 was obtained by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. The waist circumference level and epidemiologic characteristics of central obesity of 7607 adults aged 18 years and above in Gansu Province were analyzed.RESULTS:The waist circumference was(84.7±10.3)cm and(81.3±9.5)cm for adult men and women in Gansu Province, respectively. With the increase of age, waist circumference level of women showed a gradual increase trend from 78.6 cm in the group of 18-44 years to 83.5 cm in the group above 60 years; with improvement of education level, the average waist circumference of men gradually increased from 82.7 cm in illiterate/semi-literate group to 87.6 cm in group of junior college and above(P<0.001), but the value of women gradually reduced from 81.9 cm in illiterate/semi-literate group to 77.6 cm in group of junior college and above group(P<0.001); the higher the average annual income of family, the higher the waist circumference of the men from 83.0 cm in the group below 5000 yuan to 85.9 cm in the group above 18 000 yuan; among the occupational group, the highest waist circumference(88.9 cm) was the men engaged in enterprises and institutions and in contrast the women were the lowest in this occupation(79.0 cm). The prevalence of central obesity was 32.6%(standardized rate 28.8%) and men(33.9%)(standardized rate 28.8%) was higher than women(30.9%)(standardize rate 28.8%). The pre-obesity rate was 18.1%(standardized rate 17.6%), and that of women and men was 19.5%(standardized rate 18.5%) and 16.2%(standardized rate 16.0%), respectively. With the age increase, the central obesity rate of women showed a gradually increasing trend from 22.6% in the group of 18-44 years to 45.3% in the group above 60 years. With the increase of education level, the prevalence of central obesity showed increasing trend from 23.0% in illiterate/semi-literate group to 42.5% in group of college and above in men(P<0.001), but the prevalence of women gradually reduced from 36.1% in illiterate/semi-literate group to 20.1% in group of college and above group(P<0.001); with the increase in per capita annual income of the family, the prevalence of male central obesity increased from 23.8% in the group below 5000 yuan to 35.5% in the group above 18 000 yuan; among the professional groups, men predisposed central obesity(48.5%, P<0.001) and women had lowest prevalence(25.8%, P<0.001) in enterprises and institutions. Among the groups of overweight and obesity, the waist circumference was(88.3±7.4) cm and(98.8±8.3) cm in men, respectively, while the waist was(84.4±6.7)cm and(94.5±8.1)cm in women, respectively; the prevalence of central obesity was 43.3% and 87.7% in men and 47.3% and 93.9% in women between overweight and obese groups. However, the rate of central obesity in the groups without overweight/obesity(BMI<24.0) was only 6.0% in men and 9.8% in women.CONCLUSION:The central obesity is widely prevalence in adults of Gansu Province, and the averaged waist circumference level in men and women is close to or more than the cut-off point predicating pre-central obesity and the prevalence for this type of obesity is higher than that of the national level which indicates that using cut-off point of waist circumference. The subjects with obesity are more likely susceptible to central obesity.

Background Lean body mass has been identified as a key determinant of left ventricular mass and wall thickness. However, the importance of lean body mass or other body‐size measures as normative determinants of carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT), a widely used early indicator of atherosclerosis, has not been well established. Methods and Results Carotid artery ultrasound measurements of cIMT and carotid artery plaque burden (derived from plaque number and maximum size) and measurements of body size, including height, body mass index, weight, body fat proportion, and lean body mass ([1−body fat proportion]×weight), were recorded in 25 020 participants from 10 regions of China. Analyses were restricted to a healthy younger subset (n=6617) defined as never or long‐term ex‐regular smokers aged <60 years (mean age, 50) without previous ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension and with plasma non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <4 mmol/L. Among these 6617 participants, 86% were women (because most men smoked) and 9% had carotid artery plaque. In both women and men separately, lean body mass was strongly positively associated with cIMT, but was not associated with plaque burden: overall, each 10 kg higher lean body mass was associated with a 0.03 (95% CI, 0.03–0.04) mm higher cIMT (P=5×10−33). Fat mass, height, and other body‐size measures were more weakly associated with cIMT. Conclusions The strong association of lean body mass with cIMT, but not with plaque burden, in healthy adults suggests a normative relationship rather than reflecting atherosclerotic pathology. Common mechanisms may underlie the associations of lean body mass with cIMT and with nonatherosclerotic vascular traits.

目的 探讨喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地气象因素变化对动物鼠疫流行影响,为下一步鼠疫防控提供科学依据.方法 收集甘肃肃北县、肃南县地区喜马拉雅旱獭疫源地1972-2016年鼠疫监测资料及同期气象因子同期气象因子(降雨量、温度、相对湿度),分析采用SAS9.3软件,进行鼠疫细菌学检测阳性率与气象因子相关分析;另外以领先3年(3月)内的气象因素为自变量,鼠疫活动的状态取1(流行)和0(静息)为因变量进行logistic多元回归分析.结果 气象因素近10年与上世纪70年代相比,平均气温上升1℃,平均相对湿度上升2.8个单位,降雨量上升了13.4mm;45年间,鼠疫动物病持续发生,疫点范围逐步扩大,自毙旱獭自然带菌率高,动物鼠疫多次波及人间;平均气温(r=0.339,P＜0.05)、领先1年平均气温(r=0.416,P＜0.01)、领先2年平均气温(r=0.484,P＜0.01)、领先3年平均气温(r=0.339,P＜0.05)、领先1年的平均最高气温(r=0.333,P＜0.05)、领先2年的平均最高气温(r=0.398,P＜0.05)、当年平均最低气温(r=0.371,P＜0.05)、领先1年平均最低气温(r=0.322,P＜0.05)、领先2年平均最低气温(r=0.489,P＜0.01)、领先3年平均最低气温(r=0.333,P＜0.05)、当年极端最低气温(r=0.344,P＜0.05)与动物鼠疫流行正相关;气象因素与鼠疫流行logistics回归分析为当年相对湿度、领先3年平均最高气温(P＜0.005)和领先1年极端最低气温(P＜0.05)对鼠疫影响有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地动物鼠疫流行与气象因素密切,在相对气温范围内,气温升高促进鼠疫的流行,当年相对湿度的增加,鼠疫流行呈上升趋势.气象因素可以作为喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫疫源地鼠疫风险评估的参考.

Background Active commuting is related to a higher level of physical activity but more exposure to ambient air pollutants. With the rather serious air pollution in urban China, we aimed to examine the association between active commuting and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the Chinese population. Methods and Results A total of 104 170 urban commuters without major chronic diseases at baseline were included from China Kadoorie Biobank. Self‐reported commuting mode was defined as nonactive commuting, work at home or near home, walking, and cycling. Multivariable Cox regression was used to examine associations between commuting mode and cardiovascular disease. Overall, 47.2% of the participants reported nonactive commuting, 13.4% reported work at home or work near home, 20.1% reported walking, and 19.4% reported cycling. During a median follow‐up of 10 years, we identified 5374 incidents of ischemic heart disease, 664 events of hemorrhagic stroke, and 4834 events of ischemic stroke. After adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, sedentary time, body mass index, comorbidities, household air pollution, passive smoking, and other domain physical activity, walking (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84–0.96) and cycling (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.74–0.88) were associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease than nonactive commuting. Cycling was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84–1.00). No significant association was found of walking or cycling with hemorrhagic stroke. The associations of commuting mode with major cardiovascular disease were consistent among men and women and across different levels of other domain physical activity. Conclusions In urban China, cycling was associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke. Walking was associated with a lower risk of ischemic heart disease.

Objective To analyze the relationship between meteorological variables and the prevalence of marmot plague in the Himalayan marmot foci of Subei County,Gansu Province.Methods The surveillance data (from Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention) on human plague,the meteorological factors (average rainfall,temperature,relative humidity) data (from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service Network) of the current and preceding (relative to current year as a reference) first,second and third years and meteorological factors data of the current and preceding first,second and third months in Subei of Himalayan marmot foci from 1973 to 2014 were collected.The association of positive rate of plague bacteriological detection and meteorological factors was evaluated by using SAS 9.3 software.The influence of meteorological factors on the epidemic of marmot plague was analyzed by the logistic regression analysis.Results From 1973 to 2014,6 human plague cases with 5 dead cases occurred in Subei County.The positive rate of plague bacteriological detection was positively correlated with the average relative humidity of current year and the average temperature of preceding first year (r =0.366,0.385,P ＜ 0.05),and it was negatively correlated with the average relative humidity of preceding third year (r =-0.304,P ＜ 0.05);the positive rate of plague bacteriological detection was positively correlated with the average rainfall of preceding first month (r =0.212,P ＜ 0.05),and it was negatively correlated with the average relative humidity of preceding second and third months (r =-0.196,-0.201,P ＜ 0.05).The risk factor of animal plague epidemic in marmot foci in Subei County was average temperature of current month [odds ratio (OR) =1.304,95％ confidence intervals (CI):1.195-1.422],and the protective factor was average relative humidity of preceding third month (OR =0.960,95％CI:0.932-0.988).Conclusions The prevalence of marmot plague is closely associated with meteorological factors in the natural plague foci of Subei County of Gansu Province.The temperature not only plays a role in promoting the prevalence of plague,but also has a lagging effect.Therefore,the meteorological factors can be considered as a reference of the plague prevalence in Himalayan marmot plague foci.

Objective Aim to examine the independent and joint associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary leisure-time (SLT) with risk of diabetes and assess the extent to which these associations were mediated by adiposity. Research design and methods The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank recruited ~512 000 adults from 10 diverse areas across China. Self-reported PA was estimated based on type, frequency and duration of specific types of PA, covering four domains (occupation, leisure, household and commuting). SLT was defined as hours per day spent watching television, reading or playing card games. Stratified Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted HRs (aHRs) for PA and SLT associated with incident diabetes. Analyses were stratified by age-at-risk (5-year intervals), sex and region and adjusted for household income, education, alcohol consumption, smoking, fresh fruit intake, self-reported general health status, family history of diabetes and body mass index (BMI) status. Analyses of total PA, occupational and non-occupational PA and SLT were mutually adjusted for each other, as appropriate. Results After ~9 years of follow-up, there were 14 940 incident diabetes cases among 460 736 participants without prior diabetes or cardiovascular diseases at baseline. The mean (SD) age at baseline was 51 (10.6) years, 59% were women and 43% resided in urban areas. Overall, the mean BMI was 23.5 (3.3) kg/m 2 , which differed by ~0.5 kg/m 2 among individuals in the highest compared with the lowest PA and SLT groups. PA was inversely associated the risk of diabetes 16% (aHR: 0.84, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.88) lower in top than bottom fifth. After further adjustment for BMI this was attenuated to 0.99 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.00). SLT was positively associated with diabetes and each 1 hour per day higher usual level was associated with aHR of 1.13 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.17) for diabetes, attenuated to 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.09) after further adjustment for BMI. Conclusions Among Chinese adults, higher levels of PA and lower levels of SLT were associated with lower risks of diabetes with no evidence of effect modification by each other. These associations appeared to arise mainly through adiposity.

Objective To investigate the correlation of meteorological factors with the numbers of marmots and parasitic fleas in the plague foci of Himalayan marmot in Subei County and Sunan County of Gansu Province.Methods The surveillance data (from Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention) of natural plague foci of Subei,Sunan of Himalayan marmot from 1982 to 2016 and the meteorological factors data (from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service Network) such as annual average temperature,rainfall and relative humidity during the same period were collected.The correlation between marmot density,body flea index and meteorological factors were analyzed by SAS 9.3 software.Based on the meteorological data as an independent variable in current year and previous 1,2,and 3 years (relative to previous 1,2,and 3 years as the reference),the marmot density as the dependent variable,the time series semiparametric generalized additive model (GAM) was established to quantitatively study the nonlinear effect of meteorological factors on the marmot density by R2.3.2 software.Results From 1982 to 2016,the marmot density in Subei County of Gansu Province was 0.29-6.63 per hectare,and the body flea index range was 0.04-4.56;the marmot density in Sunan County of Gansu Province was 1.22-7.92 per hectare,and the body flea index range was 0.06-0.42.In Subei County,the marmot density was correlated with the previous 1 year rainfall and relative humidity,respectively (r =0.43,0.36,P＜ 0.05),and negatively correlated with the average temperature of the year and the previous 1,3 years (r =-0.58,-0.55,-0.41,P ＜ 0.05).In Sunan County,the marmot density was correlated with the relative humidity of the year and the previous 1 year rainfall and relative humidity,respectively (r =0.36,0.57,0.43,P ＜ 0.05).In Subei County,the body flea index was negatively correlated with the average temperature of the year and the previous 1,2,3 years,respectively (r =-0.57,-0.43,-0.31,-0.37,P ＜ 0.05).In Sunan County,there was a negative correlation between the body flea index and the average temperature of the year and the previous 1,2,3 years (r =-0.71,-0.46,-0.38,-0.40,P ＜ 0.05).After controlling other influencing factors,the results of the GAM showed that for every 1 mm increase in rainfall of the year in Subei County,the marmot density increased 0.93％;for every 1％ increase in relative humidity of the previous 3 year in Subei County,the marmot density increased 25.34％;for every 1 mm increase in rainfall of the previous 3 year in Sunan County,the marmot density increased 1.69％.Conclusions The numbers of marmots in the plague foci of Himalayan marmot in Subei County and Sunan County of Gansu Province are closely related to rainfall and relative humidity,and the influence has different hysteresis effects.Surface temperature is a important factor affecting the population of parasitic fleas.

Key Points Question Is chronic hepatitis B virus infection associated with a higher risk of any cancer type when compared with individuals without hepatitis B virus? Findings This population-based cohort study of 496 732 Chinese individuals found that hepatitis B surface antigen seropositivity was associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, oral cancer, pancreatic cancer, and lymphoma. The associations were validated in an independent population and tissue-based studies. Meaning Chronic hepatitis B virus infection was associated with nonliver cancer, especially digestive system cancers.

Objective To explore the effects of meteorological factors on population densities of the host and the prevalence of animal plague in the natural plague foci of Spermophilus alaschanicus.Methods The surveillance data of seroprevalence rate in natural plague foci of Spermophilus alaschanicus of Gansu Province in current year,one previous year (relative to current year as a reference),as well as two and three previous years’ meteorological data such as average annual rainfall,temperature,relative humidity were collected from 1962 to 2014.SAS 9.3 software was used for correlation and regression analysis of the influencing meteorological factors on the density of Spermophilus alaschanicus and prevalence of animal plague;generalized additive model (GAM) was used for quantitative study of meteorological factors on density of Spermophilus alaschanicus;logistic regression analysis was used to study the effect of meteorological factors on prevalence of Spermophilus alaschanicus plague.Results Serum positive rate of Spermophilus alaschanicus was positively correlated with average annual rainfall of current and previous one year,and with relative humidity of current year (r =0.279,0.341,0.654,P ＜ 0.05);serum positive rate was negatively correlated with average annual temperature of current and preceding first,second and third years (r =-0.360,-0.339,-0.273,-0.323,P ＜ 0.05).The average annual rainfall of preceding second and third years was significantly associated with the densities of Spermophilus alaschanicus by GAM parameter estimation (t =2.88,2.42,P ＜ 0.05).The average annual rainfall of preceding second and third years was significantly associated with the densities of Spermophilus alaschanicus by GAM nonparameter estimation (x2=31.580,13.428,P ＜ 0.05),but the effect was nonlinear.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that average annual rainfall of preceding first year [odds ratio (OR) =2.475,95％ confidence interval (C/):1.175-5.213] was risk factor for the prevalence of the animal plague in the natural plague foci of Spermophilus alaschanicus.Conclusions Rainfall is risk factor for the prevalence of the animal plague in the natural plague foci of Spermophilus alaschanicus.There is a lag effect of rainfall on the numbers of hosts and the prevalence of Spermophilus alaschanicue plague.When the rainfall in the region (not continuously) reaches a certain amount,it will provide favorable conditions for the spread of Yersinia pestis.

目的 了解2015年甘肃省棘球蚴病流行现状、评估防治效果,为进一步制定该地区的防治策略和措施提供依据.方法 甘肃省56个棘球蚴病流行县中,每县随机抽取2个乡、每乡随机抽取2个村,开展6～ 12岁儿童血清阳性率和犬粪抗原阳性率调查,于屠宰季节开展流行县家畜感染率调查;用SPSS 20.0软件统计分析调查数据. 结果 儿童棘球蚴血清阳性率为1.06(103/9 743),以县为单位儿童血清阳性率0.00 ～ 7.00％;儿童血清阳性率女性(1.29％,57/4 434)高于男性(0.87％,46/5 309),差异有统计学意义(x2=4.057,P＜0.05);血清阳性率6岁儿童最低(0.51％),12岁儿童最高(1.52％),不同年龄差异无统计学意义(x2=9.509,P＞0.05);棘球绦虫犬粪抗原阳性率为2.03％(115/5 654),以县为单位犬粪抗原阳性率0.00～14.00％;牛感染率0.43％(5/1 153),羊感染率0.68％(68/10 023),差异无统计学意义(x2=0.955,P＞0.05);家畜总感染率为0.65％,以县为单位家畜患病率0.00 ～ 5.50％,最高为环县和敦煌市(均为5.50％). 结论 甘肃省棘球蚴病流行程度明显减轻,但各县(区)间差异明显,部分县(区)疫情仍然较重;今后应根据不同的流行情况采取因地制宜、分类指导的防治策略.

目的 了解兰州市城关区白银路街道2个社区烟民的吸烟现状.方法 采取随机抽样的方法,抽取兰州市城关区白银路街道2个社区≥18岁的烟民共计155人进行入户调查.分析烟民第一次吸烟提供者和每天吸烟量.结果 调查对象烟龄≥20年有119人(76.8％),烟龄在不同职业和不同吸烟量人群之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);第一次吸烟的提供者和第一次吸烟的感受在不同年龄、烟龄、文化程度和职业的人群中差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 兰州市城关区社区烟民吸烟状况特点鲜明,本次调查为开展个性化戒烟指导和行为教育提供了依据.

Objective To understand the main indicators of deaths statistics of residents in Lanzhou, Gansu province, and provide scientific basis for the development of comprehensive prevention and control strategies and measures for chronic diseases. Methods The data of death causes of Lanzhou in 2015 were collected, and the main causes of death and the expected life expectancy were analyzed. Results The life expectancy of residents in Lanzhou was 79.43 years old(77.68 years old in males and81.36 years old in females). The crude mortality rate was 480.48 / 100 000, the standardized mortality rate was 381.99/100 000, the mortality rate in males was higher than that in females; the first five leading causes of death were circulatory system diseases, tumors, respiratory diseases, injury/poisoning/endocrine disease and nutritional/metabolic diseases. The main circulatory system disease deaths were heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, the first three causes of malignant tumor death were lung cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer. Respiratory disease deaths were mainly caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis. After removing the first 5 death causes, respectively, the expected life expectancy of different populations increased by 0.43-7.01 years, circulatory disease had the greatest impact on the life expectancy. Conclusion The main cause of death of residents in Lanzhou was chronic non - communicable disease. It is necessary to strengthen the health education, prevention and treatment of common chronic disease and improve the overall health level of residents.

目的 分析甘肃省嘉峪关市动物鼠疫的流行特征及规律,为制定鼠疫防控策略提供科学依据. 方法 采用回顾性调查方法,收集1976-2016年嘉峪关市鼠疫监测资料,根据《全国鼠疫监测方案》和动物鼠疫流行判断标准统计旱獭密度、媒介数量并分离菌株. 结果 1976-2016年,嘉峪关市动物鼠疫主要宿主旱獭平均密度1.85只/hm2,体蚤染蚤率为47.78％,获蚤26 850只、蚤指数4.47;10个年度均分离出鼠疫菌,共检验各种动物6 901只,分离出鼠疫菌13株,检验旱獭3 352只,分离鼠疫菌12株、鼠疫菌检出率0.36％,检验媒介2 027组32 669只,从谢氏山蚤体内分离出鼠疫菌1株;用RIHA方法检测旱獭及媒介材料892份,检出阳性18份、平均阳性率2.02％;动物鼠疫流行季节为4-9月,高峰在7-8月. 结论 2009年以前嘉峪关市动物鼠疫流行为间歇性,2009年后呈持续流行状态,疫点多分布在215省道附近或酒钢公司所属的镜铁山矿及西沟矿矿山一带,近年来动物疫情有愈演愈烈之势,防控形势不容乐观.

Objective To investigate the relationship between fleas density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and host density as well as meteorological factors.Methods The densities of fleas of Spermophilus alaschanicue and meteorological temperature,precipitation,relative humidity data in the same period from 1977 to 2014 in plague natural foci of Spermophilus alaschanicue of Gansu Province were collected.In order to further establish the multiple linear regression and the stepwise regression analysis model,SAS 9.3 software was used to explore the linear correlation analysis between fleas index number,density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and meteorological factors.Results The average body flea index positively correlated with the density of Spermophilus alaschanicue (r =0.34,P ＜ 0.05),in addition,hole fleas index was in negative correlation with the average temperature of the current and preceding first,second and third years (r =-0.44,-0.39,-0.45,-0.54,P ＜ 0.01).However,hole fleas index positively correlated with the average rainfall of preceding first year (r =0.38,P ＜ 0.05).More specifically,the monthly body flea index was negatively correlated with the average rainfall and the average temperature of current,preceding first,second,and third months,and the average relative humidity of current month (r =-0.23,-0.34,-0.43,-0.29,-0.25,-0.33,-0.36,-0.38,-0.26,P ＜ 0.01).After multiple linear regression analysis,the following equations were obtained:body fleas index =3.983 1 + 0.695 1 × Sperrnophilus density-0.004 9 × average annual rainfall;hole fleas index =10.780 4 + 0.009 1 × average annual rainfall-0.216 2 × annual average relative humidity.Conclusions The relationship between fleas density of Spermophilus alaschanicue and the environment is complex,they have mutual connection as well as mutual restriction.Except Spermophilus density affects the number of fleas,the two most important meteorological factors which affect the flea body index are temperature and rainfall.In addition,the relationship between meteorological factors and flea body index shows somewhat lagging behind for two to three months.

藏医药学是我国医药学的一部分,是祖国医学宝库中的一颗璀璨的明珠.藏医药学源远流长,博采欧亚诸医学之长,是藏民族贡献给世界的伟大遗产之一.根据现有藏文史料考证,藏医药学至少有近4000年的历史,而有关麻风的记载和认识最早可追溯到1400年前,是藏族人民长期以来对生命和健康孜孜探索的经验总结和智慧结晶.

Objective: To provide the reference for smoking control and intervention by surveying current state of smoking of the smokers in two communities of Baiyin Road street of Chengguang district.Methods: All 160 smokers older than 18 years in two communities of Baiyin road street were chosen by using random sampling method,and household investigation was performed.The conditions of smoking consumption each day,smoking places and the provider for the first smoking of the smokers were analyzed.Results: In the study,160 persons were surveyed,155 pieces effective questionnaires were reclaimed.Among the respondents,there were 82 persons smoking between 20 and 25 years(52.9％),the difference had statistical meaning when smoking times were compared between different occupations(P＜0.05),the difference showed statistical meaning when mild,moderate and severe smoking consumption were compared(P＜0.05); the difference was statistically significant when smoking places,different ages,educational background and smoking time were compared between both groups(P＜0.05); the difference was statistically significant in the comparisons of smoking in public and different ages(P＜0.05).Conclusion: The smokers in the communities of Chengguang district are with longer smoking time and higher smoking consumption,the feelings of the smokers at different ages,with different occupations and educational background were various,smoking in the working place and public happen from time to time and the age is the main influencing factor.

目的 评估甘肃省环县包虫病流行区家犬吡喹酮驱虫情况,了解影响驱虫工作的因素,以进一步促进家犬驱虫的效果.方法 将环县12个乡镇按犬粪棘球绦虫抗原阳性率分为高、中、低3层,在每层中随机抽取1个乡镇,每个乡镇再随机抽取1个自然村,对抽中自然村的养犬户全部调查.通过问卷调查养犬户主,了解犬驱虫药的发放频率、投喂方式、犬主对犬驱虫的态度及认知情况.结果 2016年7月至2017年6月,138家养犬户中21.74％(30/138)按要求做到了“月月驱虫”.每10个月发放一次驱虫药的村庄,养犬户中做到“月月驱虫”的比例为8.51％(4/47);每6个月投放一次驱虫药的村庄,“月月驱虫”比例为26.83％(11/41);每4个月投放一次驱虫药的村庄,“月月驱虫”比例为30.00％(15/50)(趋势x2=5.8,P＜0.05).未做到“月月驱虫”的原因主要包括养犬户忘记投药(26.85％,29/108)、未配备驱虫药(25.93％,28/108)、记错投药频率(24.07％,26/108)等.犬只对驱虫药的吞食率为75.00％(135/180).结论 犬对驱虫药的吞食率较高,但是养犬户做到“月月驱虫”的比例尚不高.未做到“月月驱虫”的主要原因为养犬户忘记投药或记错投药频率.建议当地能提高驱虫药的发放频率,定期提醒养犬户投药.政府在包虫病防治中应发挥主导作用,统一协调各部门,建立监督管理机制,保证做到“犬犬投药、月月驱虫”.