Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination threatens human health, especially in industrial regions. Conventional risk assessments rely on total metal concentrations while neglecting bioaccessibility and exposure parameter uncertainty, potentially biasing estimates. This study compiled 195 datasets of soil properties and Cd bioaccessibility across China. Correlation analysis and random forest modeling were employed to identify key factors and develop predictive models for bioaccessible Cd content. Total Cd content was the dominant determinant, with soil pH, sand fraction, and iron content exerting additional effects. The random forest model exhibited excellent performance (test set coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.87). Nationwide predictions revealed a pronounced north-south contrast in Cd bioaccessibility (1.38%-55.60%). Incorporating predicted values into Monte Carlo-based probabilistic risk assessment reduced health risk estimates by 3.30-7.61 times, highlighting bioaccessibility as a major source of uncertainty, particularly for children. This model provides an effective tool for rapid prediction of soil Cd bioaccessibility and supports refined health risk assessment and management.

Passive sampling technology has good application prospects for monitoring trace pollutants in aquatic environments. Further research on the sampling mechanism of this technology is essential to improve the measurement accuracy and extend the application scope of this approach. In this study, adsorption and permeation experiments were performed to investigate the sorption and mass transfer properties of five chiral pharmaceuticals at the enantiomeric level on polyethersulfone (PES) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes used in a polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the PES membrane had an adsorption phenomenon for most selected pollutants and an insignificant sorption behavior was observed for all selected pharmaceuticals on the PTFE membrane except for R(S)-fluoxetine. The diffusion coefficients of selected pharmaceuticals onto the PTFE membrane were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those onto the PES membrane. The permeation experiment indicated that under different hydraulic conditions, the change of the relative pollutant concentration through the PTFE membrane for the composite pollutant system was more obvious than that for the single pollutant system, and mass transfer hysteresis exists for both contaminant systems through PES membranes. Using the first-order equation or 3-component model to estimate the overall mass transfer coefficients, the results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient values of pollutants in the composite pollutant system onto both membranes were higher than those in the single pollutant system. This parameter was mainly influenced by the synergistic effects of the multi-analyte interaction and diminished water boundary layers during the mass transfer process.

The agricultural soils in China are suffered from serious polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination, however, the valid management standards for farmland are absent to efficiently control the health risks of PCBs exposure. This study analyzed the contamination characteristics and main composition of PCBs in agricultural soils of the southeastern China from the published literature over the past 20 years, and derived the regional generic assessment criteria (GAC) using an exposure modelling approach for individual and total PCBs (∑PCBs) via multiple exposure pathways such as ingestion of soil and dust, consumption of vegetables, dermal contact with soil and dust, ingestion of soil attached to vegetables, and inhalation of soil vapour and soil-derived dust outdoors under the agricultural land scenario. It is identified that the averaged ∑PCBs concentration of 80.03 ng g−1 under the 95 % lower confidence limit with an unacceptable health risk of 4.8 × 10−6 has significantly exceeded the integrated generic assessment criteria (expressed as GACint) of 16.5 ng g−1. Accordingly, the exposure pathways from the consumption of agricultural produces and indirect ingestion of soil attached to vegetables contributed up to 62 %–88 % of the total exposure, followed by 11 %–33 % of the soil ingestion and 2 %–6 % of dermal contact. The derived GACint for ∑PCBs is extremely valuable to effectively assess and manage the PCBs contamination in agricultural soils of China.

Development of soil remediation target values（SRTVs） is an important aspect of contaminated sites management, and reasonable remediation target values are the basis for supporting sustainable site remediation decisions. In this study, the definitions, methodologies and decision mechanisms for developing SRTVs in some developed countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia were scrutinized and addressed. It was found that the definitions of remediation goals were generally identical between countries as well as domestic and abroad. Protection of human health and environmental quality was usually the remediation objectives. However, there were dissimilarities in developing quantitative target values for specific sites in terms of scientific and management basis, development methods, and determination mechanisms. In China, SRTVs were developed in tier 1 and tier 2 phases of risk assessment for human health. However, the development of SRTVs in developed countries involved a whole process of risk management. The fate and transport of soil contaminants and their speciations would be considered and multi-tiers of risk assessment were performed to develop SRTVs in specific sites. Both human health and environmental risks should be warranted and acceptable risk obtained. Referring to the experiences of developed countries and considering to the practical aspects of China in contaminated sites management, some suggestions for developing and improving SRTVs in specific sites were proposed, including:（1） A full consideration of both health risk and environmental risk in the development of SRTVs,（2） tiered and refined risk assessment approaches should be used,（3） the adoptive adjustment strategy should be established in developing and refining SRTVs, and（4） a risk management concept should be included and applied throughout the entire remediation process.

The Johnson Ettinger（J＆E） model based on soil pollutant mass fraction is mostly used to assess the health risk of inhalationexposure to VOCs of the current risk assessment guidelines in China. However, the specificity of odor pollutants in soil is narrowly considered. Herein, the health and environmental risks were calculated by the indoor inhalation exposure pathway via soil gas volatilization flux and J＆E model. As an odor pollutant in soil of one pesticide contaminated site, dimethyl disulfide（DMDS） was chosen to explore and analyze occurrence conditions in soil and soil gas and the method of establishing the target of soil remediation due to the odour olfactory effect on humans. These results showed that the highest mass fraction of DMDS in soil were consistent with the highest detected level of soil gas volatilization flux at the same sampling point, and the remaining sampling points showed different degrees of detection of DMDS in soil gas without two points detected DMDS in soil. DMDS was more likely to be deposited in the soil gas phase and it would be more objective and reliable to the utilization of soil gas volatilization flux test results to characterize the environmental risk of DMDS. The human health risk of DMDS was acceptable in the investigation region, but the maximum indoor exposure concentration was 5.28 mg·m -3 , which exceeded the odour threshold of pollutants, and there were environmental risks caused by odour. The remediation target value based on olfactory effect was0.193 mg·kg -1 , and the volatilization flux of soil gas exceeds the order of magnitude of J＆E model, and the remediation cost could be reduced for around 29.75%. The risk assessment and soil remediation target value could improve the safe use of odour contaminated sites and block excessive remediation due to the soil gas volatilization flux integrated with the health risk and olfactory threshold. This research can provide advanced theoretical reference for the environmental management of odor contaminated sites.

我国现行技术导则在评估VOCs呼吸暴露途径健康风险时推荐Johnson-Ettinger(J&E)模型,该模型虽然简单易用,但在实际应用中存在过于保守的问题,采用双元平衡模型(dual equilibrium desorption, DED)对J&E模型进行校正后可以在一定程度上克服该问题.为准确评估实际场地中VOCs呼吸暴露风险,探索JE-DED模型在预测实际场地中VOCs呼吸暴露途径健康风险的适用性,选取苏州某污染场地面积约314 m2 的重污染区域开展三氯甲烷土壤气挥发通量研究进行精细化风险评估,并与基于土壤中三氯甲烷浓度采用J&E模型和JE-DED模型的计算结果进行比较.多手段风险评估结果显示,评价区域三氯甲烷呼吸暴露途径的人体致癌健康风险水平超过可接受水平1.00×10-6 ;就本场地而言,相对于基于土壤浓度风险评估,以基于实测土壤气挥发通量的风险评估结果来表征研究区域整体暴露风险水平更加稳定;研究区域土壤三氯甲烷浓度整体偏高,J&E和JE-DED模型计算的风险水平无明显差异;通过数据模拟发现,针对该场地,当三氯甲烷浓度＜6 mg·kg-1时,能更好地发挥JE-DED模型的优势.该场地三氯甲烷健康风险评估结果表明,基于实测土壤气挥发通量能够一定程度上避免基于土壤浓度计算带来的偶然性结果;JE-DED模型在较低浓度时,才能发挥优势.

作为一种被动采样技术,极性有机化合物整合采样器(polar organic chemical integrative sampler,POCIS)具有安全、易使用、可进行低浓度监测、高回收率和抗生物污染等优点,由于POCIS可以测定极性有机化学物质的时间加权平均(time-weighted average,TWA)浓度,能够更为全面地反映污染物的长期影响.近年来POCIS已被广泛应用于水环境中农药、药品、内分泌干扰物等有机污染物的分离和富集,以及新兴痕量有机污染物的环境行为和生态风险的评价.介绍了POCIS的结构、原理和校准方法,综述了该装置在水环境中不同类型有机污染物监测中的应用,结合装置特点和实际应用,提出了POCIS在实际环境中需要解决的问题和后续进一步改进的方向.

苯系物是以煤炭为原料的焦化企业主要挥发类有机污染物(VOCs).我国现行技术导则在评估VOCs呼吸暴露健康风险时推荐Johnson-Ettinger(J&E)蒸气入侵模型,该模型简单易用,但在某些实际场地应用中存在过于保守的问题,采用双元平衡模型(Dual Equilibrium Desorption,DED)对J&E模型进行校正后可以在一定程度上克服该问题.基于河北省某焦化厂前期土壤调查结果,选取约30000 m2污染较重的区域开展苯土壤气通量专项调查并进行精细化风险评估,采用J&E-DED模型计算苯的室内呼吸暴露途径健康风险,并与基于J&E模型和实测土壤气挥发通量计算的风险结果进行比较.结果表明:①基于J&E模型、J&E-DED模型、实测土壤气挥发通量计算研究区域土壤苯的致癌健康风险均超过1.00×10-6,对人体存在不可接受的致癌风险.②基于J&E-DED模型计算的风险值比基于J&E模型计算的风险值更接近于基于实测土壤气挥发通量计算的风险值.③当场地土壤性质偏砂性时,可为土壤气中VOCs的扩散迁移提供相对贯通的自由通道,致使整个污染区域土壤气的浓度和风险分布比较均匀.④对J&E-DED模型评估苯室内人体呼吸暴露健康风险时的敏感性参数进行分析发现,地基裂隙中空气体积比对结果的影响最明显(达190.6％),影响最小的是土壤孔隙水体积比和土壤容重,其他参数对结果均有比较明显的影响.研究显示,该场地地质条件下,J&E-DED模型对于反映土壤中苯的人体健康风险具有较好的适用性,可以在一定程度上克服J&E模型计算结果过于保守的问题.

为准确评估多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤对人体的健康风险,解决目前基于总量风险评估导致土壤PAHs修复目标值过严的问题,采用德国标准研究院颁布的生物可给性测试方式研究了石家庄某焦化厂土壤中苯并[b]荧蒽(BBF)、苯并[k]荧蒽(BKF)、苯并[a]芘(BAP)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IPY)和二苯并[a,h]蒽(DBA)共5种PAHs的生物可给性,并基于考虑和不考虑生物可给性计算了场地PAHs经口摄入途径下的人体健康致癌风险及修复目标值.结果表明,(1)调查研究区域BBF、BAP、IPY和DBA浓度超出《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB36600—2018)规定的第一类用地筛选值;(2)土壤中PAHs的生物可给性范围为14.71% ～56.42% ;(3)在考虑生物可给性后,4种超标PAHs的健康风险均有所降低,其中BBF的风险值已低于国家导则规定的人体可接受水平;(4)引入生物可给性后BAP、IPY和DBA的修复目标值(95% UCL)为2.83、34.63和1.95 mg·kg-1 ,分别提高了2.6倍、3.4倍和1.5倍.对焦化场地典型污染物PAHs进行精细化健康风险评估,可以在一定程度上克服现有技术导则计算土壤PAHs修复目标值过于严格的问题.

危险物质泄漏是导致场地土壤和地下水污染的常见原因,泄漏场地的应急响应与清理制度是污染场地风险管理制度的重要组成部分,及时开展危险物质泄漏场地的土壤和地下水污染应急响应与清理工作,可降低污染导致的健康与环境危害以及后期土壤和地下水修复成本.目前,许多国家已构建了应急响应、紧急清理和非紧急清理等基于场地污染事件严重性和紧迫性的差异化应对机制,对泄漏场地土壤和地下水污染控制发挥了重要作用,但我国尚未建立泄漏场地土壤和地下水污染应急响应与清理技术体系.该文通过梳理国外场地土壤和地下水污染应急响应与清理体系框架及关键技术,分析总结了国外泄漏场地污染应急响应与清理体系中以现场协调员为核心的多层级多部门协同机制、工作程序、调查评估方法、应急响应与清理模式、措施选择与行动备忘录制定原则等,从技术层面探讨了泄漏场地中污染的移除清理、阻控、封闭隔离与应急修复等关键技术.结合国内外典型案例分析,提出以下建议:①建立涵盖多层级、多部门的泄漏场地污染应急响应与清理协同机制;②制定和完善污染场地应急响应与清理的决策机制和技术标准体系;③建立高素质专业化的应急响应与清理协调指挥队伍;④鼓励开展快速高效应急响应与清理关键技术研发.

为了解决目前基于总量风险评估导致土壤PAHs修复目标过严的问题,采用德国标准研究院(Deutsches Institut für Normung)的方法(DIN 19738)研究了北京某焦化厂(BJ)、山东某钢铁厂(SD)、北京某钢铁厂(BG)和大连某农药厂(DL)4个不同地区大型典型污染场地中荧蒽(FLT)、芘(PYR)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BBF)、苯并[a]芘(BAP)和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IPY)5种PAHs的生物可给性,并探究了禁食及进食(奶粉、苹果)状态下生物可给性的变化.结果表明:①5种PAHs生物可给性随模拟胃肠液添加食物及种类的不同而有所不同.添加奶粉时BJ、SD、BG和DL场地土壤中FLT、PYR、BBF、BAP、IPY 5种PAHs的生物可给性范围分别为1.2％～4.2％、5.5％～15.7％、11.2％～18.0％、15.3％～68.5％,添加苹果时依次为0.2％～1.3％、0.8％～6.1％、1.3％～11.9％、21.7％～82.8％,禁食状况下依次为0.2％～1.4％、0.6％～5.2％、0.7％～10.6％、20.8％～73.6％.②基于考虑和不考虑生物可给性计算了4个污染场地土壤中5种PAHs经口摄入途径的土壤暴露量、致癌风险、非致癌危害商及风险控制值,结果显示,在考虑生物可给性情况下,4个场地土壤中BAP、BBF、IPY 3种致癌PAHs的经口暴露量均降低1～2个数量级,风险控制值则会相应提高.其中,BJ场地土壤中5种PAHs风险控制值提高最为显著(22.9～82.5倍);SD和BG场地土壤中BAP、BBF、IPY土壤风险控制值分别提高了13.5～17.2倍和6.3～7.9倍,而2种非致癌物质FLT和PYR的风险控制值提高程度接近,在4.6～6.3倍之间;DL场地土壤中5种PAHs风险控制值提高大多在1倍左右.研究显示,在考虑PAHs生物可给性的情况下进行健康风险评估,可以在一定程度上克服现有技术导则计算土壤PAHs修复目标过于严格的问题.

地下水污染风险评价是开展场地风险管控工作的基础,目前针对场地地下水污染风险研究多侧重于健康风险,较少关注地下水受污染的风险.为完善场地地下水污染风险评价技术方法体系,本研究针对地表污染物迁移至含水层、污染物在含水层中迁移过程,基于数值模型开展了地下水受污染风险、含水层内污染物迁移的风险评价研究.以我国某造纸厂场地为例,建立了溶质在包气带和含水层中运移的数值模型,评估了该场地地下水污染风险.结果 表明,该场地内包气带防污性能较差,地下水受污染的风险很高;含水层内污染物随地下水迁移扩散,并造成场地下游地表水体污染的风险较高.研究成果可为场地地下水污染风险管控提供科技支撑.

风险评估是污染场地再开发利用的关键步骤之一.我国引入污染场地风险评乎估至今已有20多年.目前,我国基本上形成了基于风险的污染场地环境管理技术体系.但由于我国的风险评估主要是引进发达国家早期的风险评估方法,在实际应用中存在过于保守的情况,因此,本文建议应进一步开展基于上壤污染物形态归趋等方面的精细化风险评估理论与方法研究,研究制定基于不同形态的土壤污染物风险筛选值和修复目标值,以解决目前因评估结果过于保守而导致过度修复的问题.

If volatile organic compound (VOC)-contaminated soil exists underneath a building, vapors may migrate upwards and intrude into the interior air of the building. Most previous models used to simulate vapor intrusion (VI) were developed by assuming that the source was constant, although a few recent models, such as the Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Tool Kit (TK) model, have been developed to consider source depletion (SD). However, the RBCA TK model ignores the effects of building characteristics due to its assumption that the ground is not covered by the actual building it models, which leads to incorrect results since the presence of the building affects the SD. In this study, a SD model is developed based on the three processes of VI while considering the impact of key building parameters on SD. The proposed model (i.e., the SD model) still follows the law of mass conservation, and the sensitivity analysis shows that the soil-building pressure differential (dP) is an important building characteristic that affects SD. Taking trichloroethylene (TCE) for simulation in the case of a soil concentration below the saturation concentration, as the soil permeability decreases, the differences in the results between the SD model and RBCA TK model decrease; as the Peclet number decreases, the effect of the dP on the results of the SD model decreases. The new model only accounts for the migration of contaminants at the source of depletion; therefore, the model is more applicable for these contaminants, which are considered to have low-biodegradable characteristics. Furthermore, since the model emphasizes the impact of buildings on the source, it is applicable when there is a considerable building area above the source, such as large commercial buildings or residential communities with underground parking lots, which exist in most cities.

为研究基于实测土壤气中ρ(三氯乙烯)计算风险值与Johnson-Ettinger联合Dual-Equilibrium Desorption(JE-DED)模型和J&E模型计算风险值的差异,在MIL-101、UIO-66、ZIF-8和MOF-801金属-有机骨架(MOFs)材料,球形活性炭、膨胀石墨碳吸附材料及HiSiv1000和HiSiv3000分子筛等3类8种吸附剂中筛选出吸附效率较高的MIL-101 MOF材料用以吸附并测定土壤气中ρ(三氯乙烯),并将基于实测土壤气中ρ(三氯乙烯)计算的风险值与J&E模型和JE-DED模型计算的风险值进行比较.结果表明:①对于北京潮土和黑龙江黑土,J&E模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ(三氯乙烯)计算的风险值高2个数量级.②对于w(有机碳)较低的北京潮土,基于JE-DED模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ(三氯乙烯)计算的风险值高1个数量级,但比基于J&E模型计算的风险值低1个数量级,表明JE-DED模型预测结果更接近实际情况,但仍偏保守.③w(有机碳)较高的黑龙江黑土,JE-DED模型计算的风险值与基于实测土壤气中ρ(三氯乙烯)计算的风险值更接近,JE-DED模型可以比较准确地预测三氯乙烯的风险值.研究显示,采用土壤气中ρ(三氯乙烯)实测值和JE-DED模型进行风险评价在一定程度上可以避免J&E计算过于保守的问题,可以更加真实客观地反映场地污染程度而避免过度修复产生资源浪费.

The widespread use of cadmium (Cd)-containing organic fertilizers is a source of heavy metal inputs to agricultural soils in suburban areas. Therefore, the research and development of new materials and technologies for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil is of great significance and has the potential to guarantee the safety of agricultural products and the protection of human health. We performed pot experiments to determine the potential of combined amendments of illite/smectite (I/S) clay with bone chars for the remediation of Cd-contaminated agricultural soils in a suburban area of Beijing, China. The results showed that both diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd in soil and the Cd in Brassica chinensis were significantly decreased by the application of 1, 2, or 5% combined amendments with various I/S and bone char (BC) ratios. The higher proportions of BC used in the combined amendments resulted in a better immobilization of soil Cd. The application of the 5% amendment that combined I/S with either pig or cattle BC resulted in the best immobilization. All of the combined amendments, regardless of the composition and ratio of the components, had no negative effects on the growth of B. chinensis. Therefore, it was concluded that combined amendments of I/S and BC have a good potential for remediating Cd-contaminated soils.

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Sodium persulfate has been widely used as an oxidant in the oxidation remediation of contaminated soils. To study the oxidative degradation effect of sodium persulfate in different kinds of soils, various soils, including black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, yellow soil, purple soil, cinnamon soil, and humid-thermo ferralitic were used in this work. The soils were artificially contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), pyrene (PYR) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The remediation efficiency of artificially aging PAHs contaminated soils oxidized by activated sodium persulfate was studied under optimum experimental conditions. The comprehensive assessment of remediation efficiency was assessed by comparing and analyzing the soils′properties, including pH and organic carbon content. The results showed that the oxidation degradation rate of NAP, PHE, ANT, PYR and BaP got their top levels as 87. 82％, 79. 68％, 87. 93％, 83. 40％ and 94. 31％, respectively. The degradation rate of PAHs increased with the rising temperature or pH. When the temperature reached 25 °C, the degradation rate of PAHs got the highest level(85. 69％). The degradation rate of PAHs had no significant rise after 25 °C. The degradation rate of PAHs was maintained at a high level when pH was 6-7. When pH set to more than 7, the degradation rate of PAHs decreased. The individual and total PAHs performance the same trend when the temperature or pH changing. The PAHs contaminated soil with low organic carbon content had high oxidation degradation efficiency. The high rings PAHs (5-6 carbon rings), the middle rings PAHs (4 carbon rings), the low rings PAHs (2-3 carbon rings) and the total PAHs shared the same degradation trend, but the PAHs with more rings showed higher degradation efficiency. Otherwise, soil properties were damaged to some extent after being oxidized by sodium persulfate. For example, the soil pH lowered slightly and the organic carbon content and the fertility of soil declined sharply, which might affect the reuse of the remediated soils. This work indicates the fantastic potential of sodium persulfate applied as oxidant in contaminated soil remediation.

Clay minerals have been proposed as amendments for remediating metal-contaminated soils owing to their abundant reserves, high performance, simplicity of use and low cost. Two novel clay minerals, Maifan stone and illite/smectite clay, were examined in the in situ immobilisation of soil metals. The application of 0.5% Maifan stone or illite/smectite clay to field soils significantly decreased the fractions of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb. Furthermore, reductions of 35.4% and 7.0% in the DTPA-extractable fraction of Cd were obtained with the Maifan stone and illite/smectite clay treatments, respectively, which also significantly reduced the uptake of Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb in the edible parts of Brassica rapa subspecies pekinensis, Brassica campestris and Spinacia oleracea. Quantitatively, the Maifan stone treatment reduced the metal uptake in B. rapa ssp. Pekinensis, B. campestris and S. oleracea from 11.6% to 62.2%, 4.6% to 41.8% and 11.3% to 58.2%, respectively, whereas illite/smectite clay produced reductions of 8.5% to 62.8% and 4.2% to 37.6% in the metal uptake in B. rapa ssp. Pekinensis and B. campestris, respectively. Therefore, both Maifan stone and illite/smectite clay are promising amendments for contaminated soil remediation.