Geographic traceability of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) is crucial for quality control; however, existing methods predominantly rely on single data types. This study integrated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-volatile chemical components (NVCs) to establish a dual-dimensional tracing framework. By applying seven machine learning algorithms, we geographically traced the CTLs from four major Chinese growing regions (Yunnan, Sichuan, Hainan, and Hubei) and explored their predictive capability for sensory attributes. The key findings are as follows: (1) each region exhibits a unique chemical fingerprint; (2) model selection follows a data-environment adaptation principle. For VOCs-based models, linear models outperform nonlinear models in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hainan, whereas nonlinear models dominate in the environmentally heterogeneous Hubei region. For NVCs-based models, linear models demonstrate superiority across all four regions; (3) in sensory prediction, the predictive capability of the two data dimensions is relatively limited, with only aftertaste and ash color showing slight predictive power, indicating that the relationship between these two data types and sensory attributes requires further exploration. By elucidating the adaptive relationship between data dimensions, environmental characteristics, and algorithmic performance, this study provides a methodological foundation for establishing a dual-dimensional traceability system for CTLs and offers a preliminary direction for future research on sensory prediction.

Flavonoid monomers from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, particularly nobiletin, can enhance the aroma quality of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) during fermentation. However, the nobiletin (herein abbreviated as CCPS)-mediated changes in chemical components and microorganisms of cigar tobacco leaves at different fermentation days remain unclear.CCPS was added to Dexue No. 1 CTLs at 0.3% (w/w), and the CTLs was fermented at 35 °C and 75% relative humidity for 30 days. To elucidate the changes of volatile and non-volatile constituents and microorganisms in CCPS-treated samples at different fermentation days, this study integrated multi-omics technologies consisting of metagenomics, HS-GC-IMS, HS-SPME-GC-MS and untargeted metabolomics for investigation. Results indicated that the total sugar, reducing sugar, protein, and pectin content of CTLs significantly decreased by 22.36–60.99% during fermentation. CCPS significantly altered leaf physicochemical indices and enzyme activities. The amino acid content presented a significant tendency of initial increase followed by decrease. The total amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed increasing trend. Alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes were the main small molecule flavor compounds, and heterocyclic aroma-producing substances were significantly enriched. Core genera (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Staphylococcus) strongly correlated with flavor metabolites. Metabolomics combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that amino acid metabolism may serve as the core regulatory pathway during CTL fermentation. This study provides theoretical evidence for elucidating the changes in chemical components and microbial communities of CTLs across different fermentation days mediated by CCPS.

This study innovatively applies an improved Set Pair Analysis (SPA) to assess seismic risks for immovable cultural relics, taking ancient temples with different protection levels in Shigatse City, Tibet, as a case study. Based on the regional natural disaster system theory and complex adaptive system theory, a seismic risk assessment indicator system was constructed from four dimensions: hazard factors of disasters, sensitivity of disaster-prone environments, vulnerability of cultural relics, and cultural-tourism value; The weighting was performed by applying the CRITIC method, the Entropy Weight Method (EWM), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Furthermore, an improved Set Pair Analysis method, combined with the confidence criterion and equal division principle, was used to quantitatively assess the seismic risk levels of ancient temples with different protection levels in Shigatse. The aim is to provide methodological support for developing differentiated cultural relic protection plans and enhancing the efficiency of disaster prevention and resource utilization.

To investigate the differences in aroma compounds and sensory characteristics of cigars from different brands, this study employed gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and sensory evaluation, combined with multivariate statistics (PCA and OPLS-DA), to profile 20 handmade cigars from three brands. A total of 101 volatile compounds were tentatively identified based on retention index and drift time. Multivariate analysis effectively distinguished the three cigar categories, with the first two principal components explaining 59.1 % of the total variance. Characteristic differential components were selected using the criteria of P <= 0.05 and VIP >1. Cuban cigars were characterized primarily by aldehydes (e.g., propanal, 3-methylbutanal), presenting caramelized, coffee, and woody notes. Davidoff cigars featured 1, 8-cineole, esters, and thiazole, exhibiting woody, nutty, and honey sweetness attributes. Great Wall cigars were defined by alcohols and ketones, displaying woody and caramelized characteristics. Although limited by sample size, the proposed method offers a rapid approach for brand authentication and quality control.

Hydraulic fracturing has been recognized as a practical means of enhancing production from natural gas hydrate reservoirs (NGHRs). However, during depressurization-based production, hydrate dissociation-induced skeleton weakening and production-driven fines migration can cause proppant embedment and fracture conductivity loss. A DEM-CFD framework was developed in this work to capture hydrate dissociation-induced cementation degradation together with proppant embedment and fines invasion. The effects of depressurization magnitude, gravel-proppant/GHBS-particle median size ratio (GSR), and proppant concentration on fracture closure and conductivity evolution were systematically investigated, and single-factor comparisons were used to distinguish the relative contributions of embedment and clogging. The results show that hydrate dissociation-induced cementation weakening is the key prerequisite for rapid conductivity damage. As the pressure differential increased from 1 to 12 MPa, the conductivity damage factor increased to 3.73 times its initial value, and fracture conductivity decreased by 95.81%, with the dominant damage mode shifting from slight embedment to the synergistic effect of severe embedment and near-fracture clogging. A larger GSR improved absolute fracture conductivity but also increased the relative risk of conductivity damage. Higher proppant concentration enhanced fracture aperture and conductivity, although the improvement showed clear diminishing returns and increased fines retention risk. Single-factor analysis further showed that, under hydrate dissociation conditions, closure stress is the primary controlling factor for conductivity damage, whereas flow velocity mainly affects conductivity deterioration by regulating the contribution of clogging. These findings provide theoretical support for proppant design and long-term fracture conductivity maintenance in NGHR stimulation.

The permeability of a natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoir during production is a core process parameter that dictates the efficiency of mass transfer, heat transfer, and ultimate production. This paper focuses on the critical issues of permeability’s influencing factors and measurement methods, providing a systematic review of the latest research progress in this field. Firstly, it analyzes the dynamic regulation mechanisms of flow channels from a microscopic perspective, considering the physical properties of sediments, pore structure, pore-filling materials, and mechanical conditions. Secondly, it systematically reviews the permeability testing techniques from laboratory to field scales, with a key focus on comparing the advantages and disadvantages of steady-state and unsteady-state methods for measuring low-permeability media. The principles, models, and recent advancements of advanced in-situ detection technologies, such as Formation Pressure Testing (FPT) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), are also elaborated, particularly highlighting the application of intelligent well-logging interpretation methods empowered by machine learning. Based on this review, a future outlook is proposed: future research should prioritize the development of cross-scale numerical simulations that integrate Pore Network Models (PNM), the Discrete Element Method (DEM), and Thermo-Hydro-Mechano-Chemical (THMC) multi-field coupling. Furthermore, it should promote the deep integration of downhole in-situ sensing technology and artificial intelligence, aiming to achieve precise prediction and optimal control of the hydrate production process.

Based on daily surface sensible heat flux (SH) data from 73 meteorological stations across the central-eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, daily precipitation data from 402 stations in southern China, and ERA5 reanalysis data, this study investigates the springtime enhancement characteristics of SH over the central-eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, its influence on spring rainfall in southern China, and the associated physical mechanisms.The results indicate that: (1) The springtime surface sensible heat peak time (T) and enhancement intensity (Q) over the central-eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau exhibit significant interannual and decadal variability, with a strong positive correlation between them.Specifically, a later occurrence of the peak sensible heat in spring is associated with a stronger enhancement intensity.(2) Both T and Q exhibit significant positive correlations with spring rainfall in southern China.To evaluate their combined effects, a composite index termed the Surface Sensible Heat Enhancement Index (ISH) is introduced.This index demonstrates a strong positive correlation with spring rainfall in southern China (correlation coefficient = 0.60, p<0.01).Moreover, its influence is largely independent of external factors, such as sea surface temperatures in the central-eastern Pacific and the tropical Indian Ocean.(3) In years with a high (low) ISH index, the springtime subtropical westerly jet is anomalously southward (stronger), and the westerly winds south of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are anomalously strong (weak).The average geopotential height at 500 hPa and 850 hPa over the Chinese mainland is anomalously lower (higher), and the lower troposphere in southern regions is dominated by an anomalously low (high) pressure system.In eastern coastal areas, the low-altitude southwest (northeast) wind is anomalously stronger, leading to water vapor convergence (divergence).Combined with warm (cold) advection and strong ascending (descending) motion, this creates conditions that are conducive (not conducive) to precipitation formation.Consequently, spring rainfall in southern China becomes anomalously abundant (scarce).This study provides new insights into the factors contributing to spring rainfall variability in southern China, improves the predictability of regional spring weather and climate, and provides a robust scientific foundation for mitigating disaster risks associated with abnormal spring rainfall patterns.

Global climate change and intensified human activities have introduced significant uncertainties to carbon-water systems. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics and nonlinear driving mechanisms of these systems is crucial for ecological restoration and sustainable management. This study quantified the Carbon-Water Coupling Coordination Degree (CWCCD) in the Qinghai Lake Basin using an improved coupling model; it revealed spatiotemporal patterns via spatial mapping and time-series clustering, employed the LightGBM-SHAP model to identify nonlinear driving effects, and conducted multi-scenario simulations by integrating CMIP6 data with the PLUS model. The results are as follows: (1) CWCCD shows an overall trend of "first rising and then declining"; spatially, coordination is stronger in the northern and eastern regions. (2) The evolutionary patterns of CWCCD are categorized into four types: Continuous Decline, Decline after Rapid Improvement, Decline after Stabilization, and Rapid Decline after Improvement. (3) Climatic and biophysical conditions are the core dimensions governing CWCCD, and each influencing factor exhibits a complex nonlinear relationship with CWCCD. (4) Scenario projections indicate that CWCCD is the highest under the SSP126 scenario, highlighting the importance of ecological protection and emission control. Based on the identified temporal evolution patterns, this study proposes zoned ecological management and planning strategies, which provide support for the monitoring and sustainable management of carbon-water systems.

IntroductionMedium fermentation is crucial for improving the quality and industrial value of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs); however, its effect varies by variety. This study examined two CTLs (Dexue No. 1 from Shifang, Sichuan Province, and Chuxue No. 14 from Enshi, Hubei Province) using three fermentation media.MethodsThe effects that different media have on the sensory quality, chemical composition, microbial communities, and metabolism of CTLs were explored to reveal the mechanisms underlying quality differences.ResultsResults indicated that the effect different fermentation media have on the same type of CTL was less pronounced than that which a single medium had on different CTLs. The use of fermentation media altered the nonvolatile components and microbiota of the CTLs. Specifically, fermentation reduced the total polyphenol, neochlorogenic acid, and scopoletin content in Enshi CTLs, but increased the total amino acid and polyphenol content, including threonine, alanine, proline, and cryptochlorogenic acid, in Shifang CTLs. Among the six dominant microbes identified, only Staphylococcus was more abundant in Enshi CTLs than in Shifang CTLs, whereas Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Terribacillus, and Brachybacterium exhibited the opposite trend. Fermentation reduced the populations of R. pseudosolanacearum, R. solanacearum, and P. psychrotolerans in Shifang CTLs. A total of 18 genera, including Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, contributed to the accumulation of 16 nonvolatile chemical components via carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Ultimately, this led to an enhancement in sensory attributes of the CTLs. Analysis of the metabolic network of phenylalanine, proline, and serine further confirmed that Staphylococcus played an important role in the metabolism of these three amino acids.ConclusionBoth fermentation medium and production area characteristics jointly influenced CTLs quality.

This study developed a portable arc iKnife ionization mass spectrometry (AII-MS) technique integrating a surgical knife with low-temperature arc plasma to interact with plant tissues. The thermal energy from the arc plasma induces the sputtering of water-containing plant tissues, leading to the formation of aerosols. These aerosols are then charged by plasma-generated ions, producing charged microdroplets that are ultimately detected by a mass spectrometer. AII-MS effectively mitigates the challenges of aerosol or tissue charring associated with arc ionization. Moreover, appropriate nitrogen cooling minimizes surface damage to plant samples, while the carrier gas facilitates the efficient generation and transfer of aerosols. Comparative analyses conducted before and after tissue cutting with a surgical knife revealed that this technology is well-suited for examining various fresh and dried plant tissues including seeds, fruits, leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and bark. The characteristic components were identified under both positive and negative ion modes. Notably, potassium nitrate was detected in various plant samples for the first time, which may be attributed to its extensive use as a nutrient in vegetable cultivation. In summary, the developed AII-MS can effectively be used for plant tissue analysis, demonstrating high throughput, environmental sustainability, rapid processing, and reliability.

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is a complex and dynamic system that significantly influences weather, climate, and the ecological environment in China. The present study aims to investigate the interdecadal variations and underlying causes of the relationship between the springtime surface sensible heat (SH) flux over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the EASM. The results indicate that the relationship experienced a substantial transformation around 2004, shifting from a significant negative correlation to a marked positive correlation, especially evident in the lower-tropospheric circulation field. This change can primarily be attributed to alterations in the spatial distribution of springtime SH flux over the central-eastern TP (CETP). From 1982 to 2003, there was an "overall consistent" heating pattern of springtime SH flux over the CETP, resulting in an abnormal robust South Asian high system during subsequent summer. Consequently, an East Asia-Pacific (EAP)/Pacific-Japan (PJ) pattern emerged along with a tripole distribution of summer precipitation across East Asia. However, from 2004 to 2020, there was mainly a "north-south reversed" heating pattern observed for springtime SH flux over the CETP inducing a zonal wave pattern resembling a circumglobal teleconnection (CGT)/Silk Road pattern (SRP) in the midlatitude region. This favored anomalous cyclonic circulation maintenance over East Asia, leading to the dipole distribution of summer precipitation in this region. These research findings provide valuable insights into comprehending variations in the EASM, as well as predicting summer precipitation patterns across East Asia.

Cigar tobacco leaves are a crucial factor influencing the quality of cigars, as they are an important component in cigar production. In this study, a novel method of headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GCHRMS) was developed for the analysis of cigar tobacco leaves via systematic evaluation of extraction techniques and chromatographic parameters. Six cultivars from Sichuan Province and one cultivar from nine geographical origins (Hubei, Hainan, Sichuan, and Yunnan) were analyzed. A total of 12 types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected from all samples, including esters, ketones, phenols, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, terpenes, benzenoids, heterocyclics, nicotine derivatives, and others. Among these, nicotine derivatives dominated. Multivariate statistical methods such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) have been utilized to effectively discriminate between different cultivars and geographical origins of cigar tobacco leaves. A range of key differential compounds were revealed via variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis, including nicotyrine, 4,4'-bipyridine, cyperen-8-one, methyl tridecanoate and cotinine. These findings demonstrated that the VOCs of cigar tobacco leaves were significantly affected by both genotype (cultivar difference) and terroir (geography), suggesting that HS-SPME-GCHRMS coupled with multivariate statistical methods is a robust platform for varietal identification, geographical origin, and quality control in cigar tobacco leaves.

The interaction between cigar smoke and ozone, two prevalent indoor air pollutants, has garnered significant attention due to its potential to generate harmful substances with synergistic effects on human health and the environment. This study investigates the ozonolysis of cigar smoke under indoor ozone concentrations using a Teflon bag reactor, focusing on the formation of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and the role of gas and particulate phases. Particulate size distribution and chemical compositions were monitored in real-time using an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that UFP formation occurs when cigar smoke is exposed to ozone levels above 10 ppb, with primary particles ranging from 0.1 to 1 mu m. GC-MS analysis reveals distinct differences in the chemical compositions of the gas and particulate phases of cigar smoke and their nascent UFPs during ozonolysis. Key species such as 2,5-dimethylfuran in the gas phase and nicotine in the particulate phase are identified as crucial contributors to UFP nucleation. The study highlights the significant contribution of the particulate phase to UFP formation, exceeding that of the gas phase. Quantum chemistry and kinetics calculations elucidate the gas-phase oxidation mechanism of nicotine and other compounds initiated by their reactions with ozone. These findings provide valuable insights into the oxidative aging processes of cigar smoke and emphasize the need for further investigation into the health implications of UFPs in indoor environments.

In this study, a gas-saturated hydrate sample was synthesized within sand sediment, and thermal stimulation via a central injection well induced hydrate dissociation. Heat transfer and seepage characteristics of hydrate-bearing sandy sediments were examined during fluid injection. A heat transfer model was established to analyze convective heat transfer and hydrate saturation distribution at various regions of the sediment. The results indicate that the seepage of injected fluid in the sediment was non-uniform, with slower vertical flow, leading to the formation of a liquid layer at the top. Thermal stimulation led to rapid near-wellbore temperature rises from strong convective heat transfer during the early injection stages, with the exception of hot brine injection. The temperature distribution at the top edge of the sediment remained largely uniform, while heat conduction led to a limited temperature rise at the bottom edge. Convective heat transfer intensity increased with higher injection temperatures near the wellbore, with seawater injection outperforming pure water injection, and the heat transfer mechanisms near the wellbore alternating between convection and conduction. Hydrate dissociation advanced radially, peaking in the middle sediment region; warm seawater and higher injection temperatures notably enhanced dissociation, especially near the wellbore and edges.

The classification of tobacco varieties and origins facilitates quality control and enables precise market positioning with regional pricing strategies. In this work, a novel three-channel colorimetric sensor array based on ag/Mn3O4 nanozyme was constructed. Ag/Mn3O4 nanozyme with oxidase (OXD)-like activity can convert dissolved oxygen into superoxide radical (center dot O2-), thus accelerating 3, 3 ', 5, 5 '-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) chromogenic reaction(lambda max= 652 nm). However, active components in tobacco may scavenge center dot O2-, consequently inhibiting the TMB chromogenic reaction. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to classify (i) 27 tobacco samples from 9 origins and (ii) ten azaheterocycles contained in tobacco with 100 % accuracy rate. Overall, this work demonstrates significant potential for geographical classification of tobacco

Cigars have unique aroma and style characteristics. In order to clarify the differences of aroma components between domestic and imported cigars and the material basis of the stylistic characteristics of different cigars, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sensory evaluation were used to compare and analyze the aroma components in the mainstream smoke of four domestic cigars and two imported cigars. The GC-MS results showed that a total of 97 aroma components were measured in the smoke of the six cigars, and the types of aroma components were similar, but there were differences in their contents. In comparison with those of domestic cigars, imported cigars had suitable nicotine content, and higher contents of phytol, neophytadiene, 3-methylpentanoic acid, and (+)-δ-cadinene. To further explore the differences in the aroma components of the six cigars, GC-MS data combined with chemometrics were used to screen out 14 key aroma components based on P-value (P) < 0.05, Variable Importance Projection (VIP) > 1, and Aroma Activity Values (OAV) > 1. The key aroma components of each cigar were obtained, Snow Dream No. 5: cedrol; Wangguan Guocui: 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, pyridine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine; General Achileus No. 3: p-cresol, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, methyl cyclopentenolone; Montecristo No. 4: cedrol, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, guaiacol, 4-vinylguaiacol, methyl cyclopentenolone; Romeo y Julieta Wide Churchills: cedrol, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2-heptanone, phenethyl alcohol; Great Wall No. 2: p-cresol, phenethyl alcohol, geranylacetone, methyl cyclopentenolone, dihydroactinidiolide. The odor descriptors of these compounds were consistent with the aroma profiles that were prominent in the senses of each cigar. This experiment initially explored the differences in aroma composition and style characteristics of cigars and provided data to support the quality improvement of domestic cigars.

采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)以及M-K突变检验方法，基于敦煌市1971—2020年太阳总辐射、相对湿度、总云量和沙尘日数等气象资料，分析了敦煌市太阳总辐射演变的多时间尺度特征，探讨了影响敦煌市太阳辐射的关键气象因素。结果表明：（1）1971—2020年敦煌市年太阳总辐射上升趋势显著，线性气候倾向率为49.6 MJ·m-2·(10a)-1，多年平均年辐射量为6354.0 MJ·m-2，属于太阳能资源最丰富区。年辐射在1970年代最少，2010年代最大。敦煌市太阳辐射四季分明，辐射量夏季>春季>秋季>冬季，分别以32.5、13.4、2.9 MJ·m-2·(10a)-1和1.1 MJ·m-2∙(10a)-1的速率增加。近50 a敦煌市太阳总辐射以2.9 a和7.1 a的年际变化和16.7 a的年代际变化占主导地位。（2）月太阳辐射变化呈“单峰型”，从3月开始急剧增加，5月达峰值，6月开始逐渐下降，12月达全年最低值。太阳总辐射小时分布呈单峰型，一天中最大值出现在12:00—13:00。（3）年、春季和夏季太阳辐射变化的突变时间为1997年、2000年和1982年。（4）影响敦煌太阳辐射的气象要素可归结为三个因子：大气透明度因子、光照因子和湿度因子，不同季节各气象因子与太阳辐射的相关性有所差异。

Sustainable poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) blends were compatibilized by the environmentally friendly epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) through the chemical reaction of epoxy functional groups on ESO with the terminated carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of PLA/PPC. The compatibilization effect of ESO was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheological property testing, differential scanning calorimetry, and morphological observations. It was revealed that the molecular chain entanglement between PLA and PPC was significantly enhanced and the dispersed PPC phase size was decreased, which endowed the blend with high viscosity modulus, low tan delta, and great stretchability, especially for the blend containing 1.0 wt % ESO. The compatibilization effect dramatically reinforced the toughening modification of PPC on PLA, resulting in a great ductility with a fracture strain up to 187.3%, more than 20 times that of the pristine PLA, while maintaining a high strength of 44.5 MPa. Compared to the neat PLA and the PLA/PPC blend, the compatibilized blend showed a much larger draw ratio of up to 6.5 x 6.5 during biaxial stretching, producing a uniform film with balanced mechanical properties, high optical transparency, and good oxygen barrier performance. This work will be of vital importance for guiding the preparation of PLA-based films with superior comprehensive properties.

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) serves as a crucial ecological barrier in Asia, with vegetation playing a pivotal role in the terrestrial ecosystem by facilitating energy exchange between the land and atmosphere, regulating climate, and participating in the carbon cycle. In this study, we analyze the characteristics of surface vegetation on the TP in the growing season during 1982–2018 using satellite remote sensing data obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD). We investigate how these characteristics respond to climate change under different warming and humidification conditions across the TP. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values on the TP exhibit a gradual decrease from southeast to northwest during the growing season. There is a significant overall increasing trend at a climate tendency rate of 0.01·decade−1 (p < 0.01) from 1982 to 2018, characterized by a notable mutation of around 1998. Over the past 37 years, a polarized trend of vegetation was observed on the TP, with notable improvement in its central and eastern regions. However, there has been noticeable degradation in northwestern TP, specifically within the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin. (2) The climate of the TP demonstrates distinct regional disparities in terms of warming and humidification characteristics before and after 1998. During the period of 1982–1998 (1998–2018), the temperature increase is primarily concentrated in the northern (southern) TP, while precipitation increase is mainly observed in the southern and northwestern (northeastern and western) regions of the TP. (3) The responses of surface vegetation to climate factors exhibit significant variations across diverse climatic backgrounds. It is noteworthy that moisture conditions have a substantial impact on the response of vegetation to air temperature on the TP. During the period of 1982–1998, under relatively insufficient moisture conditions, a positive correlation was observed between air temperature and surface vegetation in the humid and semi-humid regions of the southeastern TP, while a negative correlation was found in the semi-arid regions of northeastern TP. During 1998–2018, as moisture conditions became relatively sufficient, surface vegetation in the semi-arid regions showed positive correlations with both temperature and precipitation. However, surface vegetation in the humid and semi-humid regions exhibited a significant negative correlation with precipitation. During this period, the synergistic effects between warm and humid climates in the semi-arid regions of northeastern TP and warm and dry climates in humid and semi-humid regions of southeastern TP substantially enhanced surface vegetation on the TP. Furthermore, our results indicate that thermal factors (air temperature) primarily influence variations in surface vegetation within the high-altitude arid region of the TP. During 1998–2018, a significant cooling trend was observed in the northwestern TP, which could potentially account for the degradation of surface vegetation in the Kunlun Mountains. The findings of this study establish a scientific basis for the sustainable development of grassland ecosystems on the TP.