IntroductionGrain filling is a crucial stage of the rice endosperm development. During this process, the endosperm accumulates abundant storage products such as starch and proteins, which determine both the yield and quality of the grain.MethodsHere, we analyzed the expression of NAC25 transcription factor via qRT-PCR and histochemical GUS assays, and obtained its mutants by CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing in ZH11.Results and discussionThe results showed that NAC25 was expressed specifically in developing rice endosperm, and knockout of NAC25 led to delayed degeneration of cytoplasmic membrane integrity, reduced starch accumulation and chalky starchy endosperm. We showed that NAC25 interacted with MADS29, a MADS family transcription factor whose mutant also showed defective grain filling. These results provide novel insight into the transcriptional regulation of rice grain filling.

High-temperature and drought events significantly impact crop growth and development. In the soybean-producing region of the Guanzhong Plain in China, understanding the dynamics of these climatic phenomena is vital for soybean yield preservation. Through a fixed-position observation experiment that analyzed four growth stages, nine agronomic traits, and soybean yield per unit area from 1998 to 2023, this research evaluated the characteristics of high-temperature and drought processes in various growth stages. It also examined the influence of high-temperature processes, drought processes, and their combined effects on agronomic traits and yield. The results indicate the following: (1) High temperature was a constant factor during the soybean growth period, with temperature-related indices markedly surpassing those related to drought. Notably, the occurrence of high-temperature and drought events was more prevalent during the flowering–podding stage than at the podding or grain-filling stages. (2) High temperature profoundly affected soybean yield components, primarily through a decrease in the number of grains per plant during the flowering–podding stage, subsequently impacting the grain weight per plant and yield. In years with extremely high temperatures, the soybean plant height was reduced by 6.1 to 15 cm, the main stem node number decreased by 0.1 to 2.9, the branch number decreased by 0.2 to 0.6, the number of pods per plant decreased by 4.8 to 13.7, the number of grains per pod decreased by 0.1 to 0.3, the number of grains per plant decreased by 13.5 to 32.6, the grain weight per plant decreased by 3.8 to 6.9 g, and the 100-grain weight decreased by 0.1 to 4.5 g. The common impact of high temperature combined with drought processes in different growth stages was reflected in the reduction in the number of branches by 0.1 to 1.4 and the reduction in the number of grains per pod by 0.02 to 13.7. This study underscores the importance of addressing the quantitative effects of climate change and extreme weather on soybean yield, which could help to develop effective adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Summary Crop rotation can assemble distinct core microbiota as functionally specific barriers against the invasion of banana Fusarium oxysporum pathogens. However, the taxonomic identity of rotation‐unique core taxa and their legacy effects are poorly understood under field conditions. Pepper and eggplant rotations were employed to reveal rotation crop‐ and banana‐unique antagonistic core taxa by in situ tracking of the soil microbiome assembly patterns for 2 yr. The rotation crop‐unique antagonistic taxa were isolated and functionally verified by culture‐dependent techniques, high‐throughput sequencing, and pot experiments. Pepper and eggplant rotations resulted in eight and one rotation‐unique antagonistic core taxa out of 12 507 microbial taxa, respectively. These nine antagonistic taxa were retained the following year and significantly decreased banana wilt disease incidence via legacy effects, although the cultivated strains were exclusively of the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The fermentation broth and volatiles of these two taxa showed strong antagonistic activity, and pot experiments demonstrated high suppression of wilt disease and significant promotion of banana growth. Our study provides a mechanistic understanding of the identification of rotation crop‐unique antagonistic taxa and highlights the importance of targeted cultivation of beneficial microorganisms for optimizing crop rotation‐based scenarios in support of banana agriculture sustainability.

[Objectives]The paper aimed to explore the effects of microbe-consuming protists, fungi and the microbe-consuming protists and growth-promoting fungi co-inoculation on cucumber growth and soil microbial community. [Methods]A greenhouse experiment was designed to decipher the role of keystone protists（Cercomomnas lenta）in interaction with plant-promoting Trichoderma guizhouense on the soil microbiome and cucumber performance. Four treatments were designed: no-inoculation control（CK）,T.guizhouense inoculation treatment（T）,Cercomomnas lenta inoculation treatment（C）,and C.lenta and T.guizhouense co-inoculation treatment（T+C）. Plants and soil samples were collected after two weeks of greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effects of each treatment on cucumber performance and soil bacterial and fungal communities. [Results]Compared to the control, plant height of T.guizhouense inoculation treatment, C.lenta inoculation treatment and C.lenta and T.guizhouense co-inoculation treatment increased by 6.0%,12.5% and 21.5%,respectively, while plant biomass increased by 5.6%,12.9% and 24.0%,respectively. This indicated that the growth promotion effect of C.lenta and T.guizhouense co-inoculation was stronger than those of individual inoculation of C.lenta and T.guizhouense. Principal coordinate analysis showed that three inoculation treatments significantly changed the bacterial and fungal community compositions; random forest models revealed that bacterial and fungal community compositions were the main predictors of plant biomass; and the LEfSe analysis showed that the T.guizhouense inoculation, C.lenta inoculation and C.lenta and T.guizhouense co-inoculation treatments stimulated 22,51 and 82 potential key bacterial OTU,and 2,6 and 16 potential key fungal OTU,respectively. In total 21 key bacterial and 11 key fungal OTU were only stimulated in the C.lenta and T.guizhouense co-inoculation treatment potentially contributing to cucumber growth. The bacterial OTU mostly contributing to cucumber growth promotion were assigned to Parasediminibacterium,Fluviicola and Roseimaritima,and the fungal OTU mostly contributing to cucumber growth promotion were assigned to Dactylella,Melanoleuca and Chaetomium. [Conclusions]C.lenta and T.guizhouense co-inoculation can effectively enhance plant performance through co-regulating indigenous bacterial and fungal communities and stimulating potentially beneficial microorganisms.

Host-associated fungi can help protect plants from pathogens, and empirical evidence suggests that such microorganisms can be manipulated by introducing probiotic to increase disease suppression. However, we still generally lack the mechanistic knowledge of what determines the success of probiotic application, hampering the development of reliable disease suppression strategies. We conducted a three-season consecutive microcosm experiment in which we amended banana Fusarium wilt disease-conducive soil with Trichoderma-amended biofertilizer or lacking this inoculum. High-throughput sequencing was complemented with cultivation-based methods to follow changes in fungal microbiome and explore potential links with plant health. Trichoderma application increased banana biomass by decreasing disease incidence by up to 72%, and this effect was attributed to changes in fungal microbiome, including the reduction in Fusarium oxysporum density and enrichment of pathogen-suppressing fungi (Humicola). These changes were accompanied by an expansion in microbial carbon resource utilization potential, features that contribute to disease suppression. We further demonstrated the disease suppression actions of Trichoderma-Humicola consortia, and results suggest niche overlap with pathogen and induction of plant systemic resistance may be mechanisms driving the observed biocontrol effects. Together, we demonstrate that fungal inoculants can modify the composition and functioning of the resident soil fungal microbiome to suppress soilborne disease.

The rhizosphere is an extremely important component of the "one health" scenario by linking the soil microbiome and plants, in which the potential enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) might ultimately flow into the human food chain. Despite the increased occurrence of soil-borne diseases, which can lead to increased use of pesticides and antibiotic-producing biocontrol agents, the understanding of the dynamics of ARG spread in the rhizosphere is largely overlooked. Here, tomato seedlings grown in soils conducive and suppressive to the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum were selected as a model to investigate ARG spread in the rhizosphere with and without pathogen invasion. Metagenomics data revealed that R. solanacearum invasion increased the density of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Although we found ARGs originating from human pathogenic bacteria in both soils, the enrichment was alleviated in the suppressive soil. In summary, the suppressive soil hindered ARG spread through pathogen suppression and had a lower number of taxa carrying antibiotic resistance.

为探究在工厂化气流膜堆肥方式下不同原料配比对尾菜好氧堆肥效率及品质的影响,将番茄、辣椒、茄子、玉米秆、金针菇渣和松木屑分别以干重比20 ∶60 ∶10 ∶0 ∶130 ∶0(处理A)、30 ∶30 ∶10 ∶40 ∶80 ∶ 40(处理B)和20 ∶20 ∶20 ∶60 ∶60 ∶80(处理C)组合,分析不同配料处理堆肥过程中温度、碳氮比、发芽指数、病原菌数量的变化,探讨不同原料配比处理腐熟有机肥料对番茄产量的影响.结果表明,堆肥过程中不同原料配比处理间发酵效果具有一定差异;相比处理B和C,处理A升温快且温度高,最高温可达61℃;各处理的发芽指数随堆肥进行均不断提高,处理A、B和C发芽指数分别为88.69％、82.92％和80.21％;碳氮比随堆肥进行均呈下降趋势,至堆肥结束处理A、B和C分别下降27.12％、23.17％和22.06％;不同处理病原菌随堆肥进度的变化趋势总体一致,堆肥结束时处理A的病原菌含量最少;番茄田间试验结果表明,处理A较施用化肥的增产率为20.06％.不同原料配比在气流膜发酵工艺中均能实现尾菜堆肥腐熟,尾菜配伍金针菇渣(处理A)提高堆肥效率和品质的效果最佳.

为研究青枯病不同发病率土壤对番茄植株氮素吸收效率的影响,以番茄为供试植物,采集连作多年后6种青枯病不同发病率(12.5％、21.9％、40.0％、59.4％、83.3％ 和91.6％)的土壤,进行盆栽试验.结果表明,随着初始土壤青枯病发病率逐渐升高,番茄植株生物量和氮素吸收效率呈下降趋势,且存在显著相关性;初始土壤中全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量与植株的氮素吸收效率无显著相关;初始土壤的细菌多样性和群落组成与植株的氮素吸收效率无显著相关,但基于OTU的细菌群落变化与植物氮素吸收效率呈显著相关性,溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)和藤黄单胞菌属(Luteimonas)细菌与植株氮素吸收效率呈显著正相关,其中溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)细菌同时与发病率呈显著负相关.综上,本研究发现,受不同程度的连作障碍影响,土壤的氮素含量与植物氮素吸收效率无显著相关性,而初始土壤的细菌群落与植物氮素吸收效率存在显著相关性.

抑病型土壤是植物-土壤-微生物三者相互作用最终形成的可抑制作物土传病害发生的一种特殊状态的土壤,是分离、筛选可防治作物土传病害发生的高效生物防治菌株以及揭示土壤微生物抑制土传病害发生作用机理的最佳研究材料.因此,有关抑病型土壤的研究经久不衰.本研究利用知识图谱分析、引文图谱分析及可视化分析等软件对Web of Science核心合集数据库中抑病型土壤相关研究领域的论文发表数量、期刊、所属学科、作者、作者所在国家和机构、主要研究内容、发展方向等进行文献计量分析.结果表明,近年来,抑病型土壤的相关研究越来越受关注,土壤学科在此领域的发文数量仅次于植物学科.中国、美国、荷兰、德国在抑病型土壤研究方面发表论文数量较多,并且国家之间合作密切.美国农业部农业研究局、瓦格宁根大学、法国科学研究中心、南京农业大学、中国科学院等是论文发表数量较多的研究机构.在抑病型土壤领域研究论文的发表期刊中,《Phytopathol-ogy》是本地引用次数最多的,《Soil Biology and Biochemistry》是5年(2016-2020年)影响因子最高的.抑病型土壤领域发表论文较多的学者有Weller D M、沈其荣和Thomashow L S等.生物防治仍是抑病型土壤研究领域一个重要方向.抑病型土壤领域的未来研究趋势可能将集中于根际微生物组的特征解析、调控技术、机制等方面.综上所述,抑病型土壤领域过去的研究多聚焦于解析土壤微生物群落组成特征,分离、筛选关键抑病微生物,以及阐明关键抑病微生物的生防作用机制.根-土-微生物之间的互作机制、多营养级微食物网相互作用关系与调控策略、抑病型土壤功能维持等可能是抑病型土壤领域未来的研究焦点.

[目的]本文旨在探究木霉对植物病原菌的拮抗作用和对黄瓜的促生增产效果.[方法]从烟草根际筛选出1株木霉菌Tv-1511,采用形态学观察和分子生物学分析对该菌株进行鉴定;通过平板对峙培养,研究了Tv-1511对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、层生镰刀菌(F.proliferatum)、白绢病菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)、串珠镰孢菌(F.moniliforme)、葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)的拮抗作用;通过室内发芽试验和盆栽试验,研究不同浓度的Tv-1511孢子液对黄瓜种子萌发活力和幼苗生长的影响;通过田间试验,研究Tv-1511制成的生物有机肥对黄瓜生长和产量的影响.[结果]综合形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确定Tv-1511为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride);Tv-1511对6种病原真菌有明显的拮抗作用,在对峙培养8 d后抑菌率为59.81％～71.73％,主要通过竞争作用、重寄生作用和抗生作用来有效抑制病原菌的生长;Tv-1511孢子液可以促进黄瓜种子萌发、幼苗生长和生物量增加,促进作用随孢子液浓度的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,在浓度为105 CFU·mL-1时促进作用最强.由Tv-1511的制备的生物有机肥促生增产效果显著,其中木霉代替30％化肥处理组黄瓜的产量是不施肥(CK)的1.59倍,是常规施肥(CF)的1.20倍,均达到了差异显著水平(P<0.05).[结论]绿色木霉Tv-1511及其制备的生物有机肥有防病、促生和增产等多方面功能,具有良好的开发应用前景.

为了解我国节水农业领域的最新研究热点和发展趋势,借助 Web of Science(WOS)核心合集数据库,以"节水农业"为主题进行高级检索,选取1990-2021年中国学者发表的3 775篇文献,利用CiteSpace、VOSviewer、HistCite可视化分析软件,从年发文量、学科分布、发文期刊、研究机构、研究学者、主要研究热点及其变化趋势等指标进行计量分析.结果表明:1)从1990-2021年,我国节水农业领域文献的数量整体呈上升趋势;2)所涉及的学科以水资源学为主,占文献总数的28.9％;3)发文量前三的学术期刊为Agricultural Water Management、Water和Journal of Cleaner Production;4)发文的主要研究机构有中国科学院、中国农业大学以及西北农林科技大学;5)引文分析的关键词突发性检测发现开垦、华北平原、沟灌及增氧灌溉是近五年的重要研究热点.总而言之,我国节水农业研究已有大量基础,在作物高效用水机理、农业用水精量调配与控制、水肥一体化等方面取得了 一定的进展,但在水肥一体化智能控制及其对作物、土壤、环境、社会等综合效应等方面的研究仍有待加强.随着科技的发展和社会的进步,未来节水农业将向着更加智能化、精准化的水肥一体方向发展,融合信息化技术,增加水肥施用的科学性,打造智慧农业.

[目的]利用造粒喷涂技术,研制了外包木霉菌内含芽孢杆菌(SQR9)的颗粒复合菌生物有机肥,以辣椒为供试作物,利用盆栽试验,研究了新型生物有机肥对辣椒植株株高、茎粗、叶绿素等农艺性状的影响.[方法]首先利用圆盘造粒机将有机肥、芽孢杆菌和适量粘合剂制成颗粒芽孢杆菌生物有机肥,随后,再将真菌木霉孢子喷涂颗粒表面,利用第一次添加的粘结剂形成外包真菌孢子膜的新型颗粒复合菌生物有机肥.[结果]货架期试验结果表明,颗粒肥料中木霉菌比粉状肥料存活能力更强,在储存60天后,新型颗粒复合菌生物有机肥中木霉菌含量大于2×107 cfu g—1,芽孢杆菌数量大于1.2×108 cfu g—1.盆栽试验结果表明,在种植47天后,施用新型颗粒复合菌生物有机肥的辣椒植株在株高、茎粗、叶绿素、鲜重和干重方面均高于其他处理(含SQR9颗粒生物有机肥、含SQR9和木霉菌的粉状生物有机肥、含木霉菌颗粒生物有机肥和含SQR9和木霉菌的颗粒生物有机肥处理),表明了该新型颗粒复合菌生物有机肥对辣椒具有明显的促生效果.[结论]相比于单菌和其他工艺研制的复合菌生物有机肥,外包木霉真菌内含芽孢杆菌新型颗粒复合菌生物有机肥能够充分发挥木霉真菌和芽孢杆菌的促生功能,有效增强复合菌生物有机肥的促生效果.

利用工厂化气流膜堆肥方式,探究了距离风机不同位置对堆体中废弃尾菜配伍蘑菇渣和醋糟发酵效率的影响.试验将尾菜、醋糟和蘑菇渣按照鲜重比1:1:3混合均匀后,放入气流膜发酵槽中,覆盖戈尔膜,底部曝气发酵30 d,以靠近风机一侧的终点为0点,分别于距离风机1.5、4.5、9.0、13.5、16.5 m处取样,测定了堆肥过程中距风机不同位置的堆体温度、含水量、pH、碳氮比、发芽指数和养分等理化指标的变化.结果表明,堆肥过程中,距离风机不同位置物料间发酵效果具有一定的差异,至堆肥结束时,距离风机近的3个采样点(1.5、4.5、9.0 m)的腐熟物料总养分含量大于5％,分别达到了5.31％、5.20％、5.27％,而距离风机远的2个采样点(13.5、16.5 m)腐熟物料总养分含量分别为4.94％ 和4.83％;各位点肥料的发芽指数分别达到了102.8％、89.3％、98.0％、82.4％和85.5％,均在80％以上.进一步的豇豆田间试验结果表明,相比于施用未腐熟原料,施用各发酵点的腐熟物料均对豇豆有增产效果,且施用距离风机近的3个采样点的肥料处理效果更优,相比化肥处理的增产率分别为1.8％、4.52％和6.78％.综上,在气流膜发酵工艺中,距离风机不同距离的物料均能发酵腐熟,距离近的腐熟物料养分含量更高,田间促生效果更优异.

[目的]为筛选安全、高效的耐热木霉功能菌株,有效促进热作区香蕉的生产,本研究从热作区土壤分离筛选适温范围较宽的木霉菌株,研制木霉生物有机肥,并研究其对香蕉枯萎病发病率、果实产量及品质的影响.[方法]通过稀释涂布法筛选出木霉菌株,根据菌株在不同温度下的生长情况、拮抗尖孢菌能力及酶活强弱进行菌株复筛;将复筛所得菌株试制成生物有机肥,在田间条件下,研究木霉生物有机肥的施用对香蕉发病率、产量及品质的影响;最后结合菌株ITS及tefl序列分析鉴定所选菌株的分类信息.[结果]从海南土壤中筛选出4株耐热木霉菌株,其在20-40℃能生长,其中菌株JS84在40℃高温下生长速度最快,对尖孢镰刀菌4号生理小种抑制率最高,产酶活力能力最强.田间试验结果表明:施用JS84木霉生物有机肥(JS84)显著降低了香蕉枯萎病发病率;有效改善了香蕉果实品质并提高了土壤养分;该处理产量显著高于不施肥对照、化肥处理、有机肥处理和商品木霉生物有机肥处理(NJAU4742),分别增产32％、18％、8％和6％.ITS结合tefl序列分析结果表明,JS84菌株为桔绿木霉菌(Trichoderma citrinoviride).[结论]从热作区土壤中成功筛选到一株桔绿木霉JS84,其适宜生长温度宽,研制的木霉生物有机肥对热区香蕉具有显著的抗枯萎病及增产作用.

为了探明套作白三叶草(Trifolium repens L)后连作蕉园土壤微生物群落的变化及对香蕉枯萎病发病率的影响,在连作蕉园中套作白三叶草,设置单作香蕉和套作白三叶草处理,并通过高通量测序的方法研究了不同处理间土壤微生物群落结构和组成的差异.结果表明,与单作香蕉处理相比,套作白三叶草处理将香蕉枯萎病发病率降低了13.34％,土壤pH值提高了0.54,土壤速效钾含量提高了7.21 mg·kg-1.相比于单作香蕉处理,套作白三叶草处理增加了土壤微生物的多样性,形成了独特的群落结构.并且,套作白三叶草处理改变了土壤微生物的群落组成.与单作香蕉处理相比,套作白三叶草的处理显著降低了尖孢镰刀菌的相对丰度,并增加了GP16和Davidiella菌的相对丰度.由此可知,在连作蕉园中套作白三叶草能显著降低尖孢镰刀菌的数量,提高土壤pH值和微生物的多样性,改变微生物的群落结构,进而降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率.

[目的]本文旨在研究含不同木霉菌数量的生物育苗基质对辣椒种苗生长及其移栽后辣椒单株果实重的影响,揭示生物育苗基质中功能菌数量与作物促生效应的相关关系.[方法]采用室内育苗及田间试验研究含不同数量级木霉菌的生物育苗基质对辣椒种苗生物量、壮苗指数以及种苗移栽后辣椒株高、茎粗、单株果实重及根际木霉菌数量的影响.[结果]两季辣椒育苗试验结果均表明,与不含木霉菌的普通育苗基质对照(SCK)相比,含107 CFU·g-1木霉生物育苗基质处理(S4)种苗的地上部干重均显著增加42.9％和75.0％,而含107 CFU·g-1(S4)、106 CFU·g-1(S3)及105 CFU·g-1(S2)的木霉生物育苗基质处理壮苗指数第1季显著增加61.4％、40.4％和15.8％;第2季显著增加66.7％、50.0％和18.8％.与普通育苗基质培育的辣椒种苗移栽田间对照(CK)相比,含107和106 CFU·g-1木霉菌生物育苗基质培育的辣椒种苗移栽田间处理(T4、T3)的辣椒根际土壤木霉数量均显著增加,两季平均增加8.1％和5.4％;含107、106和105 CFU·g-1木霉菌生物育苗基质培育的辣椒种苗移栽田间处理(T4、T3、T2)的辣椒单株果实重均显著增加,两季平均增加61.2％、39.6％和21.4％.皮尔逊相关性分析结果表明,基质中木霉数量与辣椒种苗地上部干重、移栽后辣椒单株果实重及根际土木霉数量之间呈极显著正相关关系.[结论]木霉生物育苗基质中功能菌数量大于105 CFU·g-1对辣椒育苗及其移栽后的生长具有显著促进作用,并且促生增产效应随功能菌添加量的增加而增强.

应用实时荧光定量PCR及MiSeq高通量测序技术,全面地研究了连作番茄田块中健康与感染青枯病植株周围土体及根际土壤细菌群落结构和组成.结果表明:健康番茄土体土壤的pH及全碳含量显著高于感病番茄土体土壤;土体及根际土壤的细菌群落结构和组成明显不同于感病番茄土体及根际土壤细菌群落.与感病番茄根际相比,健康番茄根际细菌的数量显著升高而青枯菌数量显著降低;细菌群落的Shannon多样性指数显著增高;拟杆菌门及其所含的噬几丁质菌属、金杆菌属、动杆菌属、黄杆菌属及Taibaiella的相对丰度显著增高而变形菌门及其所含的青枯菌属的相对丰度显著降低.综上,抑制土传青枯病发生的番茄根际土壤细菌群落特征明显,其生物量及多样性高,土著有益菌群数量多而病原菌数量少,为番茄土传青枯病的生物防控提供了指导方向与理论依据.

结合新农科建设对卓越农林新型人才的培养需求和以学生为中心的OBE(成果导向)人才培养等理念,通过实践和实验类在线课程和虚拟仿真实验教学项目的建设,拓展了在线课程+虚拟仿真实验+微课等线上信息化教学资源库.并基于线上实践教学资源重构了线下实践教学内容,探索并构建了基于在线课程和虚拟仿真实验教学的三阶段探究式实践教学模式:即线上教学—模块化学习和自主性学习,线下教学—现象问题引导和探究实践操作,延展教学—暑期社会实践和创新创业训练.该实践教学模式有效地提升了学生的学习主动性及实践创新能力,可为新时代国家乡村振兴战略培养德智体美劳全面发展的战略储备人才提供实践支撑.

土壤真菌群落的调控是防治香蕉枯萎病的关键,为探明石灰碳铵熏蒸联合生物有机肥施用调控香蕉土壤真菌群落防控香蕉枯萎病的机制,通过田间试验,研究不熏蒸+有机肥(OF)、不熏蒸+生物有机肥(BF)、石灰碳铵熏蒸+有机肥(LAOF)和石灰碳铵熏蒸+生物有机肥(LABF)的施用对香蕉土壤真菌群落的影响.结果 显示:相比于OF处理,LAOF和LABF的真菌群落丰富度和多样性均降低,其中,LABF的丰富度和多样性均显著低于LAOF;土壤熏蒸和施肥处理为驱动真菌群落组成改变的影响因子,且熏蒸对其产生了更重要的影响.网络分析结果表明,熏蒸+施肥处理使土壤真菌网络结构由以有害微生物为主导向以有益微生物主导的方向转变;FUNGuild功能注释结果表明,熏蒸处理显著降低了土壤中植物病原菌和腐生真菌的相对丰度,增加了土壤中的外生菌根等有益真菌的相对丰度.另外,相比于LAOF处理,外生菌根真菌在LABF中显著富集;对网络中的关键节点分析发现,OTU_1(Tuber)、OTU_14 (Cordycipitaceae_unidentified)和OTU_21(Simplicillium)在熏蒸处理中显著富集,这些真菌的相对丰度与发病率呈极显著负相关,且在熏蒸后施生物有机肥处理中的相对丰度显著高于熏蒸后施有机肥处理.本研究表明石灰碳铵熏蒸+生物有机肥的施用显著降低了土壤真菌群落的丰富度和多样性,但激发了土壤中具有抑菌潜力的关键微生物,使其向有利于香蕉健康生长的方向发展.

作物土传病害已经成为集约化农业可持续发展中的瓶颈,在粮食安全、资源高效和生态健康多目标协同发展的指导思想下,系统的绿色防控理论和技术体系构建是破解该难题的重要前提.作为植物-土壤互作的热点区域,根际栖息着较土体土壤更丰富的微生物群落,是土传病原物入侵作物根系的必经之路.根际微生态系统中的植物、土壤、微生物组和病原物之间的交互作用必然影响着植物健康.笔者将根际微生态系统抵御土传病原物入侵的现象和能力,称之为"根际免疫".本文重点梳理根际免疫概念形成的4个重要阶段:(1)抑病土壤概念的提出与发展;(2)抑病微生物筛选与作用机制;(3)抑病土壤核心微生物组及互作机制;(4)根际免疫概念的形成与发展思考.最后从关注根际微生态、注重学科交叉和系统揭示根际免疫机制三方面进行展望,以期为提升土壤-植物系统健康和实现农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑.