我国跨国企业的监管已成为理论界和实务界关注的重要议题.本文检验了我国审计师的跨国专长与跨国企业盈余操纵之间的关系,证明了审计师跨国专长的监督作用.以2010-2018年的我国上市公司数据为样本,研究发现,审计师跨国专长程度越高,则跨国企业盈余操纵程度越低,说明审计师跨国专长对跨国企业盈余操纵有显著的抑制效应.这种抑制效应主要体现在海外子公司东道国风险高、物理距离远、海外收入占比高和中央企业的子样本中.以上结果证明了审计师跨国专长在新兴跨国审计市场中的价值及重要性,为监管跨国企业的盈余操纵提供了可选路径,为审计监督全覆盖背景下国家审计购买CPA跨国审计服务决策提供参考,也为会计师事务所培育跨国审计专长提供了依据.

Metabolism reprogramming plays an important role in the process of tumor occurrence and development, and provides the necessary material basis for tumor cells. It can change the metabolic patterns of amino acids, glucose and fatty acids in tumor cells, which is one of the hallmark features of tumors. At present, it is shown that most tumors tend to take advantage of glycolysis for energy resource. In contrast, studies have shown that prostate cancer cells dependent more on the fatty acid oxidation pathway for metabolic reprogramming to obtain energy substances. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the relation between key enzymes of lipid metabolism and regulatory genes for early diagnosis, targeted treatment and better prognosis of prostate cancer.

经验证据揭示了高管的学术经历在企业汇率风险管理方面的作用及其机理.结果 表明,具有学术经历的高管能有效降低企业汇率风险,因为具有学术经历的高管可以通过四种途径即经营对冲、使用外汇衍生品等金融对冲方式、借助盈余平滑手段和提升公司治理水平来应对汇率变化带来的冲击.在改变具有学术经历的高管的定义和汇率风险的测量方法,控制年度和公司的固定效应,使用倾向性得分配对样本,考虑自选择问题后,高管的学术经历与企业汇率风险的负相关关系依然稳健.研究结论对企业管理汇率风险、加强高管团队建设有重要启示作用.

公司聘请以前的审计师(CPA)出任高管,特别是聘请与会计师事务所存在关联关系的前任审计师,一直为实务界和学界所关注,这类CPA高管所起的作用也饱受争议.文章从股价同步性角度,验证了高管的CPA工作经验和事务所关联关系的作用.结果 发现,高管的CPA工作经验,有助于公司的信息披露和高质量信息的生产,有利于公司异质性信息的产生,导致更低的股价同步性;相反,事务所关联降低了公司的信息质量,不利于异质性信息的产生,最终导致更高的股价同步性.在控制了审计师意见和应计盈余的中介效应后,两类审计师高管的作用减弱.横截面分析的结果显示,在分析师跟踪少、小所审计、管理层和机构投资者持股比例低的公司,两类高管的作用更为突出.

随着中国企业走向海外,汇率风险成为企业面临的现实问题,本文试图证明审计师行业专长在公司汇率风险管理方面的作用,通过中介效应检验揭示其中的机制.回归结果显示,行业专家服务的客户有更低的汇率风险,这是因为行业专家在审计的过程中积累了诸多应对汇率风险的方法和策略.中介效应检验的结果表明,行业专家主要采用经营对冲和金融对冲降低汇率风险,但是行业专家通过盈余平滑手段减少汇率风险的证据不足.改变汇率风险和行业专长的计算与测量方法,考虑自选择问题,控制公司-年度固定效应,采用倾向性得分匹配样本后,行业专长与公司汇率风险的负相关关系依然稳健.本文的研究对公司管理汇率风险、会计师事务所发展行业专长有重要启示作用.

本文以2008～2016年A股上市公司为研究对象,研究了高管海外经历在企业汇率风险管理上发挥的作用及其机理.经验证据显示,具有海外经历的高管能显著降低企业的汇率风险,其原因主要在于具有海外经历的高管能有效运用经营对冲和金融对冲,通过平滑企业盈余和改善公司治理水平来缓解汇率变化形成的冲击.进一步地,在改变高管海外经历的定义和汇率风险的测量方式、考虑多种内生性问题的影响之后,高管的海外经历与企业汇率风险之间的负相关关系依然显著.本文的研究对企业管理汇率风险、加强高管团队建设有一定的参考价值.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">传统观点认为财务公司是一种金融机构,然而它在税收筹划方面的作用却很少被发现并证实。本文从减少内部信息不对称和提供专业税收服务两条路径,揭示了财务公司在税收筹划中的作用。具体通过建立双重差分模型检验"上市公司与同一集团内的财务公司首次关联"前后税负水平的变化,以验证财务公司对同一集团内上市公司税收筹划的影响。研究结果表明,财务公司能协助同一集团内的上市公司进行税收筹划,这种效应在降低税负动机强和能力弱的民营企业、小规模公司和管理层持股的公司中更为突出,在外部治理较弱的公司（机构持股比例低、非国际五大审计）也更加明显。财务公司能够发挥税收筹划作用的机制在于:财务公司减少了企业集团及其成员之间的内部信息不对称,能提供专业的税务筹划服务,通过促进兄弟公司之间的关联交易实现节税。本文首次研究了财务公司在公司税收筹划中的作用,填补了金融中介税收筹划功能实证研究的空白,对深入理解我国产融结合与经济发展有重要意义,也是检验供给侧结构改革成果的重要手段。</span>

以我国2010—2015年的财务公司为研究对象,考察了财务公司慈善捐赠对其银团贷款参与的影响.结果表明:财务公司慈善捐赠能显著提高其银团贷款的参与概率、银团贷款的总体规模以及其他参与行的银团份额;在员工男性比例高、平均年龄大、学历高的财务公司,慈善捐赠对获取银团贷款的战略效应更显著.研究展现了非银行金融机构服务集团实体经济的方式和渠道,为供给侧结构性改革和金融改革提供了参考依据.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">高管来自上市公司目前聘任的会计师事务所,称为"关联审计师高管"。本文考察了"关联审计师高管"与公司税收规避之间的关系。结果表明,聘任"关联审计师高管"的公司税收规避更多,这归因于他们的信息优势、关系优势和有关客户的特有税收知识。在"信息不对称程度高"、"有海外业务"和"审计师任期短"的公司中,"关联审计师高管"在税收规避上的作用更强,则证明了这一作用机制。稳健性检验和考虑自选择问题后,结果依然成立。本文揭示了影响公司税收规避的重要因素,补充了"关联审计师高管"和公司治理方面的文献。所得的证据有助于规范"关联审计师高管"的聘任,能为相关法律提供参考与借鉴。</span>

目的 研究代谢综合征导致勃起功能障碍大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中氧化应激变化,探讨氧化应激导致代谢综合征大鼠勃起功能障碍的机制.方法 将40只3周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组30只(高脂高糖饲料喂养6个月)和正常对照组10只(普通饲料喂养6个月).喂养6个月后检测实验组和正常对照组大鼠体质量、血脂、空腹血糖、血压和胰岛素水平,筛选出代谢综合征大鼠,随后阿扑吗啡试验筛选出代谢综合征相关的勃起功能障碍(MED)大鼠.检测喂养后MED组和正常对照组大鼠阴茎海绵体内压(ICP)/平均动脉压(MAP)变化,应用Western blot检测两组大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中NADPH氧化酶各亚基和eNOS表达,DHE染色检测阴茎海绵体组织活性氧水平,ELISA检测阴茎海绵体组织中cGMP浓度.结果 (1)喂养后MED组大鼠体质量、空腹血糖、血浆中胰岛素和胆固醇水平较正常对照组明显升高(均P<0.05);(2)喂养后MED组大鼠Max ICP/MAP较正常对照组明显降低(P<0.05);(3)喂养后MED组大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中gp91phox蛋白表达和活性氧水平较正常对照组明显升高(均P<0.05);(4)喂养后MED组大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中eNOS蛋白表达和cGMP浓度较正常对照组明显降低(均P<0.05).结论 氧化应激可能通过引起阴茎海绵体内皮细胞功能障碍从而导致代谢综合征大鼠勃起功能障碍的发生.

Objective To investigate whether Zhenqing Recipe(ZQR)could ameliorate diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED)by reducing the reactive oxygen species(ROS)production.Methods Thirty 8-week-old healthy male SD rats were random-ly divided into three groups:control group(group Con),diabetic erectile dysfunction group(group DM),and diabetic erectile dysfunction treated with Zhenqing Recipe group(group ZQR).Type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of small-dose streptozotocin after feeding with high glucose and high fat diets for four weeks.We screened out diabetic erectile dysfunction rats by apomorphine 10 weeks later.The course of treatment continued four weeks.And then blood glucose,triglyc-eride(TG),cholesterol total(TC),mean arterial pressure(MAP),intracavernouspressure(ICP),expression levels of nNOS and eNOS protein were measured by Western blotting.Results Compared with the control group,the levels of blood glucose and MDA were remarkably increased in diabetic rats.ZQR remarkably reduced levels of blood glucose and MDA of diabetic rats.Compared with the control group,the ratio of maximum ICP-to-MAP(maxICP/MAP)was significantly decreased in diabet-ic ED rats.ZQR improved erectile function of the diabetic ED rats.Expression levels of nNOS and eNOS protein were reduced as compared to those of control rats.ZQR significantly enhanced their expression levels in diabetic rats.Conclusion ZQR can a-meliorate type 2 diabetic ED by reducing the ROS production.

Objective To investigate the expressions of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors 1-3 in the cavernous tissues of diabetes mellitus-induced erection dysfunction rats and its molecular mechanism. Methods 20 eight-week-old healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: Control Group (CO, n=8) and Diabetes mellitus group (DM, n=12,). Diabetes rats were firstly constructed. After 2 months, the maximum intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure (Max ICP/MAP) of rat models were determined and the expressions of S1PR1-3、eNOS、RhoA、ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the penis were detected by Western blot. Results The erectile function was significantly decreased in DM rats, compared to that of age-matched control rats (P<0.05); the expressions of S1PR1、S1PR3 and eNOS were lower in group DM than those in group CO (P<0.05), whereas the expressions of S1PR2、RhoA、ROCK1、ROCK2 were higher in group DM (P<0.05). Conclusion Diabetes mellitus could result in significant reduction of Max ICP/MAP in male rats. Lower expressions of S1P1 and S1PR3 in the penis and inhibition of the eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling pathways, as well as higher expression of S1PR2 and activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathways may contribute to this pathological process.

Objective To explore the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)by the recombinant adenovirus vec-tor of short hairpin RNA(shRNA)that targets rat inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)in order to provide experimental evi-dence for gene therapy of erectile dysfunction.Methods Twenty-four-month-old male SD rats (n = 30)were divided into 3 groups at random:Ad5-iNOS-shRNA-EGFP group(AdU6/shiNOS group)(n=10),in which the recombinant adenovirus vector of shRNA Ad5-iNOS-shRNA-EGFP was injected;virus control group(AdU6/shControl group)(n=10);blank control group(n=10),in which PBS was given.One week after the injection,The erectile function was assessed by intracavernous pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure(MAP)in rats undergoing cavernous nerve electrical stimulation.Corpus cavernosum tissues were harvested,and the levels of iNOS mRNA and protein were examined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting,re-spectively.Results At 2.5-,5.0-and 7.5-volt stimulation,the ICP/MAP was significantly higher in AdU6/shiNOS group than in both AdU6/shControl group and blank control group(P <0.05).The levels of mRNA and protein of iNOS were much higher in AdU6/shiNOS group than in AdU6/shControl group and blank control group(P <0.05).Conclusion Adenovirus-mediated RNAa technology can increase the iNOS gene expression,and improve the erectile function in senile rats.

Most transcripts in the genome are non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) compared to the protein-coding mRNAs.Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) refers to ncRNA with more than 200 nucleotides in length and seems to be expressed in a highly tissue specific and age-dependent manner.LncRNAs are involved in a variety of cellular processes,including cell growth related gene expression,differentiation,DNA replication,recombination and repair,and cell migration.In pathological conditions,such as cancer,many lncRNAs are abnormally expressed.This paper summarizes the expression and significance of lncRNA in some urinary tract tumors,including prostate cancer (PCa),bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma.Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is the first lncRNA for diagnosis of PCa,and it is also the first to be detected in urine as a biomarker for the presence of PCa.Using the next-generation sequencing technology,it is relative easy to detect abnormally expressed lncRNA in blood or other body fluids such as urine.Therefore,we expect that the lncRNA as a biomarker will have a broad prospect in the clinical practice especially for urinary tract cancers.

目的 探究雄激素调控RhoA/Rho激酶改善去势大鼠勃起功能障碍的机制.方法 40只健康8周龄SD雄性大鼠随机分成4组:A组为对照组;B组为实验组,给予手术切除双侧睾丸;C、D组为干预组,大鼠手术去势后每天给予不同浓度的十一酸睾酮(安特尔)灌胃(C组:20mg/kg,D组:10mg/kg),其余组给予等量的生理盐水.治疗8周后,检测大鼠血清睾酮浓度,海绵体测压评价大鼠勃起功能,Western blot检测大鼠阴茎海绵体S1 P2/RhoA/Rho激酶的含量.结果 相较于A组[(17.08±1.53) nmol/L]、C组[(15.47±1.62) nmol/L]和D组[(8.73±2.12) nmol/L]大鼠的血清睾酮浓度,B组[(1.34±0.62)nmol/L]明显降低(均P＜0.05);海绵体测压结果显示B组MaxICP/MAP明显小于A组、C组和D组(均P＜0.05);Western blot检测S1P2、RhoA、ROCK1和ROCK2的蛋白在B组表达明显高于A组、C组和D组(均P＜0.05).结论 应用安特尔进行雄激素替代治疗可以通过抑制S1P2/RhoA/Rho激酶的激活,从而抑制阴茎海绵体平滑肌收缩,改善去势大鼠勃起功能.

本文将2008～2011年非金融类上市公司作为研究样本,检验了管理层持股与股价同步性之间的关系.实证的结果表明,管理层持股与股价同步性之间存在非线性的"U型"关系.管理层持股低于51.8％时,管理层持股体现出"利益协同效应",与股价同步性负相关,在拐点51.8％以下,无论是国有企业还是非国有企业,二者间的关系依然显著为负;而当管理层持股高于61％,管理层持股则产生了"壕沟防御效应",与股价同步性正相关;两个拐点的中间地带为"灰色地带",管理层持股与股价同步性的关系不显著.这些结果为揭示中国股价同步性的特殊动因提供了新的经验证据.

Objective To investigate the effects of the Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on human sperm motility in vitro and further explore its possible mechanisms. Methods Sperm samples from 20 healthy fertile men were collected by masturbation, and then they were treated by swim-up technique to produce a spermatozoa solution of high motility. Subsequently they were incubated with different concentration of tetramethylpyrazine solution( 0.1, 1, 10mmol/L) invitro. Sperm motility parameters at incubation time of 10, 30 and 60min were measured by computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA). Results Contrast to the control group, In group 1mmol/L and 10 mmol/L,TMP markedly decreased the sperm live rate, progressive motility, VSL, VAP, there were significant difference statistically contrast to the control group. But ALH had no significant difference statistically contrast to the control group. Conclusion The data suggest that tetramethylpyrazine can inhibit sperm motility in vitro, which may be a new approach for male contraception.

本文以2008-2011年度我国A股上市公司作为研究对象,考察了高管的“CPA工作背景”和“事务所关联”对公司盈余管理的影响.没有显著的证据显示CPA高管的经验、技能会显著地监督和限制公司的盈余管理行为;但是,“事务所关联”赋予了高管进行额外应计盈余管理的能力,能让审计师接受更高水平的应计盈余管理,使得公司面临的审计监管更为宽松,公司并未转向成本更高的真实盈余管理,而有更低水平的真实盈余管理.这些结果表明,在类似于美国“萨班斯法案”前的制度环境下,CPA高管的工作技能和经验没能让公司受益,不仅在盈余管理方面没有发挥应有的监管作用,反而助长了公司的应计盈余管理.因此,监管者应该借鉴美国“萨班斯法案”,加强对审计师“跳槽”行为的限制.

目的 观察p47phox在高脂血症白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌中的表达及意义.方法 40只4月龄雄性新西兰白兔随机分为实验组20只(高脂饲料喂养8周)和对照组20只.喂养前后检测血胆固醇和体重,并应用Real-time PCR和Western blot技术检测阴茎海绵体平滑肌中p47phox的表达.结果实验组新西兰白兔的体重和血总胆固醇水平明显高于喂养前(均P＜0.01);Real-time PCR和 Western blot检测结果显示p47phox在高脂血症白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌组织中表达较对照组增高(均P＜0.05).结论 p47phox在高脂血症诱导的白兔阴茎勃起功能障碍中可能发挥重要作用.

Objective To investigate the effects of pentobarbital sodium on compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) in rats.Methods Ten adult Sprague-Dawley rats (5 males,5 females),aged 8 weeks,weighing 240-260 g,were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 1％ pentobarbital sodium 40 mg/kg.The sciatic nerve was stimulated (intensity 0.50,0.55 and 0.60 V,wave length 0.05 ms,frequency 10 Hz) starting from 8 min after administration.Each intensity was repeated three times at 1 s interval.The stimulation mentioned above was repeated every 5 min.CMAPs from the gastrocnemius muscle were recorded starting from 8 min after administration (T1) and then were recorded every 5 min for 9 times (T2-10),Results The peak value of CMAP was significantly decreased at T3-5 when the intensity was 0.50,0.55 and 0.60 V,and CMAP latency was significantly prolonged at T3-6 when the intensity was 0.50 V,and at T4,5 when the intensity was 0.55 and 0.60 V as compared with those at T1 ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).Conclusion Pentobarbital sodium can inhibit CMAPs in rats.