A serial of biochar supported Fe catalysts (c-Fe5/L, c-Fe10/L, c-Fe20/L and c-Fe30/L) were prepared and applied to catalytic pyrolysis of wood-polyethylene composites (WPE). H-ZSM-5 and c-Fe were used as comparative catalysts. Under the influence of c-Fe20/L, pyrolysis products of WPE mainly include C5-C12 aliphatic hydrocarbons (35.4 %), monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs, 50.5 %) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, 11.2 %). C-Fe20/L exhibits excellent deoxygenation ability and gives the highest MAHs selectivity. This is related to the well-dispersed Fe0 species with high activity, uniform mesoporous pore size (2.17 nm), high specific surface area (453.58 m2/g), and high acid amount (14.55 mmolNH3/g) of c-Fe20/L. In addition, the effects of different pyrolysis conditions (catalyst dosage and pyrolysis temperature) on the distribution of WPE pyrolysis products were explored. The c-Fe20/L reusability was also studied. The c-Fe20/L still maintains high deoxygenation ability after three repeated uses.

The inherent heterogeneity, poor compatibility with polymers, and dark color of lignin limit its application in composites. In this study, original lignin (OL) was fractionated sequentially using four green organic solvents to obtain lignin fractions with different chemical structures. These well-defined lignin fractions were then blended with polybutylene succinate (PBS) to fabricate biocomposites. These composites prepared from fractionated lignin displayed improved properties. In particular, controlled tuning and selective enhancement of the composite properties were achieved by changing the lignin fraction. Benefiting from its rich phenolic acidic structure, the low molecular-weight lignin exhibited near perfect compatibility with PBS. Meanwhile, this composite had both great UV shielding properties and high visible light transmission. At a lignin content of 30 %, the elongation at break of PBS/low molecular-weight lignin remained at 315 %, while the visible light transmission reached 55.5 %. The high syringyl to guaiacyl ratio (S/G) and abundant conjugated structures of high molecular-weight lignin imparted superior rigidity and thermal stability to the composites. These findings highlight the potential of lignin fractionation as a sustainable and green strategy for the controlled preparation of lignin-based composites, offering new opportunities for UV shielding materials with high visible light transmittance.

Effectively capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) is crucial for environmental protection. In this research, we synthesized a composite aerogel (CSA-n) by integrating a bimetallic metal-organic framework (Mg/Co-MOF-74) with biomass materials (cellulose/chitosan) using an in situ mineralization approach. This composite aerogel exhibited enhanced CO2 adsorption capabilities than pure biomass aerogel. At 298 K and 100 KPa, the CO2 adsorption capacity of CSA-3 reached 6.4 mmol/g, an increase of 16.4% compared to pure MOF. The significant improvement of CO2 uptakes could be attributed to the more complex pore structure of the composite aerogel compared to pure MOF. Additionally, simulations based on the ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) showed that the separation factors of CSA-3 for CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 gas mixtures were 594.3 and 43.4, respectively. Furthermore, the composite aerogel exhibited excellent cyclic stability. After 10 cycles, the CO2 adsorption capacity of CSA-3 remained at 96.8%. The results suggest that this bimetallic metal-organic framework @biomass hybrid aerogel holds great potential for CO2 adsorption and separation applications.

Using natural renewable lignin to prepare new photothermal materials can improve the value of lignin, reduce costs, and promote sustainable development. However, the heterogeneity of lignin is an important factor limiting the stability and tunability of lignin-based photothermal materials. In this paper, lignin after fractionation treatment was blended with the Polybutylene succinate (PBS) to obtain an environmental-friendly, tunable and multifunctional photothermal material. The modulation and enhancement of the compatibility, mechanical, thermal, and photothermal properties of PBS/Lignin composites were achieved by adjusting the structure of lignin. The abundant conjugated structure and high near-infrared (NIR) light absorption capability endowed the high molecular-weight lignin with 71.34 % photothermal conversion efficiency, which led to the maximum surface temperature of the as-prepared composite reached 291 degrees C under NIR light of 0.9 W/cm2. Meanwhile, the composite exhibited favorable light-triggered shape memory behavior (98.2 % fixation rate and 92.6 % recovery rate), effective light-controlled self-healing capability (91.6 % self-repairing efficiency), and significant photothermal antimicrobial activity (90.6 % inhibition of Escherichia coli, 88.1 % inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus) under the stimulation of NIR light. This study serves as a reference for regulating and enhancing the photothermal conversion efficiency of lignin and developing environmental-friendly photothermal materials.

A novel transparent flame retardant coating was prepared using aqueous melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) as the film-forming resin and gas source, phosphoric acid-tannic acid (H3PO4-TA) as the acid and carbon source, and nano zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) as the flame retardant synergist. These coatings were applied to the surface of poplar wood panels to enhance the flame retardancy of wood. After complete drying and curing, the surface of the flame retardant coating was smooth and flat, with an overall light transmission rate exceeding 80 %, and the surface pattern of the wood was clear and visible. The large-plate combustion test showed that the maximum flame retardant time of the sample with 5 % ZnO reached 32 min. The cone calorimeter test showed that the ignition time of the 5 % nano zinc oxide sample increased from 8 s for the coated sample to 310 s, an increase of 3775 %. At the same time, the flame retardant coating, particularly with the addition of nano-ZnO, significantly reduced the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) of the wood, demonstrating excellent flame retardant properties. After combustion, the carbon layer showed that the addition of nano zinc oxide increased the graphitization degree of the carbon layer, increased the expansion height of the carbon layer, and formed a denser carbon layer. In summary, this coating has a simple preparation method, low cost, outstanding flame retardant effect, and good transparency, making it a promising application prospects in the flame retardant field of wood products.

A zinc borophosphate ammonium compound (ZBP) was synthesized by the boric acid ′flux′meth-od,the structure,morphology and composition of the sample were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, FTIR and TGA analyses.Then it was added as a flame retardant to wood flour polyvinyl chloride composites(WF/PVC),and the flame retardant WF/PVC composites were obtained by hot pressing process. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and cone calorimeter(CONE) were used to analyze the pyrolysis and combustion properties of ZBP-WF/PVC com-posites. The mechanical properties of the composites were tested by universal mechanical testing machine and com-bined impact tester. TG results showed that the addition of flame retardants improved the thermal stability of the composites and increased the residual carbon content.CONE test showed that the addition of flame retardants had lit-tle effect on the heat release of the composites,but it significantly reduced the smoke release rate of the materials and endowed WF/PVC composites with a certain flame retardance and smoke suppression capability. Mechanical results showed that the flame retardant with 10% addition had little effect on the mechanical properties of the composites.

利用煅烧法制备了改性铌酸催化剂,用裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用仪(Py-GC/MS)在650℃下对碱木质素进行了催化热解和热解产物分析,并对改性铌酸(Nb-350)进行FT-IR、BET、XPS、NH3-TPD分析表征,在铌酸作用下木质素的热裂解特性进行研究,探索催化剂用量、 热解温度、 热解时间、 升温速率对碱木质素热裂解的影响.结果表明:煅烧过程中改性铌酸中的结晶水减少;Nb-350的孔容增大,介孔比例增大,具有弱酸性位点;碱木质素的热裂解产物主要是芳香烃和酚类物质,如苯、 甲苯、 甲基苯酚、 甲氧基苯酚等;Nb-350能很好的促进酚类产物的生成,产量可达85％以上;裂解温度650℃、 时间40 s、4倍催化剂用量下更有利于提高酚类和芳香烃类产物的产率.

通过随机检测市售胶合板与细木工板,验证甲醛的释放量与时间的关系,结果表明,人造板材会不断向周围释放游离甲醛;利用酰肼类与无机盐类化合物等复配成新型甲醛捕捉剂,并用于降低胶合板、细木工板等人造板中甲醛释放量,对3 mm胶合板的降解效果最为明显,从E2级的5.4 mg/L降至0.28 mg/L,我国的E1级规定是≤0.5 mg/L.

Biomass can be converted into a variety of fuels and chemicals using different technologies. One such process is fast pyrolysis, which is convenient for the conversion of biomass primarily into liquid products known as bio-oils. These bio-oils, however, must be upgraded if they are to be used as a replacement for diesel and gasoline fuels. At present, when improving the quality of bio-oils, catalytic vapor cracking is generally considered superior to other catalytic upgrading technologies, such as hydrotreating and esterification. This review summarizes the current status of research concerning both the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass and the catalytic cracking of bio-oil using the zeolite HZSM-5, focusing on the specific catalysts employed, as well as the upgrading methods and reaction mechanisms. (C) 2013, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The smoke inhibiting property of FRW-C1 and FRW-C2, two new fire retardants in the FRW series for wood, were systematically studied using a cone calorimeter. The results show that the values of smoke ratio (SR), specific extinction area (SEA), the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the production of carbon dioxide (PCO2) of FRW-C1 and FRW-C2 treated Korean pine samples decreased when compared with the untreated samples. The FRW-C1 and FRW-C2 treatments had a minor influence on the generation of carbon monoxide.

The fire retardant properties of FRW-C1 and FRW-C2,two new fire retardants of FRW series for wood,were systematically studied by cone calorimeter.The results showed that,at a heat flux of 50 kW/m2,the values of heat Release rate and total heat release of FRW-C1 and FRW-C2 treated Korean pine decreased more considerable than the untreated;the time to ignition,Mass and fire performance index increased remarkably.The heat release and potential risk of fire were reduced efficiently by FRW-C1 and FRW-C2.Both FRW-C1 and FRW-C2 had strong fire retardancy on wood.

Wood-polymethyl methacrylate composites(WPC) were prepared by vacuum-pressure impregnation of wood veneer with methyl methacrylate and subsequent hot curing in the presence of azobisisobutyrynitrile as initiator.The combustion parameters of the prepared WPC were determined by a cone calorimeter and the combustion properties of prepared composite was compared with that of the untreated wood veneer.The results show that,compared to the untreated wood veneer,the WPC has prolonged time to ignition,and greater total heat release,while it has lower peak value of heat release rate and the more even heat release during the whole process of combustion,thus its fire performance index increases.This means that the flashover time of WPC would prolong in a fire;the total smoke production of WPC increases,while smoke releases more smoothly;the CO yield tends to decrease and its formation is somewhat delayed.

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was applied to wood-flour-HDPE composite (WF-HDPE) as a fire retardant. The burning behavior and the isothermal combustion kinetics of the composite were studied with a cone calorimeter, and the mechanical properties of the composites were tested statically. The considerable fire-retardancy was observed with the addition of APP to WF-HDPE. The combustion of WF-HDPE composites (with or without APP as fire retardant) can be described as the chemical kinetic equation of first order reaction ln (1-α) = -kt + C. The value of k is decreased and t1/2 increased by the addition of APP. The optimal loading of APP as the fire retardant of WF-HDPE composite is about 15%.

利用锥形量热仪分析了聚磷酸铵(APP)-淀粉阻燃体系在木粉/聚苯乙烯复合材料(WF-PS)中的阻燃作用.结果表明,添加APP能有效降低WF-PS的热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放量(THR),增加成炭量,延长点燃时间(TTI),表现出显著的阻燃作用;APP对WF-PS的有效燃烧热影响不大,说明APP的阻燃作用为凝聚相机理,成炭是该机理的重要方面;添加淀粉作为APP的辅助成炭剂,能够提高阻燃效率并减少APP用量,APP-淀粉是WF-PS复合材料的有效膨胀型阻燃体系.APP-淀粉的添加对WF-PS的力学性质有一定不利影响,但是当APP用量在10%以下、淀粉用量2%以下时,WF-PS可保持良好的力学性能.

The effects of transition metal oxides on the combustion properties of wood-flour/polyvinyl chloride (WF-PVC) composites were studied by cone calorimeter(CONE)and thermogravimetry analysis(TGA). The effects of transition metal oxides on the fire-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties of WF-PVC composites were discussed. It was found that the addition of transition metal oxides such as CuO、La2O3 and TiO2 to WF-PVC improved the fire-retardant performance of the composites,while compared to the other two metal oxides,better fire-retardant properties was observed in CuO treated composite which had much lower heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR). All these metal oxides promoted the yield of char residue,and the fire-retardant mechanism of the metal oxides was considered to be the condensed phase mechanism based on the analysis of effective heat of combustion (EHC) and HRR. smoke production rate (SPR) and total smoke release(TSP) of the composites was decreased as a result of the addition of the transition metal oxides,especially CuO,which was more effective than the others in the flaming phase. TGA results showed that CuO、La2O3 and TiO2 have different effects on the process of thermal degradation and decomposition of PVC/wood-flour compositions. At high temperature PVC and wood-flour interacted each other in the system of WF-PVC where PVC accelerated the degradation of wood flour while the yield of char resides was improved in the presence of wood-flour. The thermal degradation characteristics of WF-PVC composites more resembled PVC than wood flour.

Wood fire-retardant FRW-1 solution at concentration of 10% was used to impregnate poplar veneer of 2mm thickness.Impregnating process by single factor test was that poplar veneer was impregnated for 120min under room temperature(25℃).The combustion properties of poplar plywood were evaluated by cone calorimetry.The results showed as follows: at a calorific radiation of 50kW.m-2,the peak of rate of heat release(pk-HRR),the total heat release(THR),the peak of rate smoke release(pk-RSR) and the total smoke release(TSR) of the fire retardant plywood at which the chemical loading was 8~10% were declined remarkably compared with the untreated plywood.Meanwhile,the char formation yield increased remarkably compared with the untreated plywood,the fire retardancy and smoke inhibition were preferable.

The pyrolysis products of Tilia amurensis lignin treated by boron compounds and/or phosphates were analysed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py-GC-MS). Influence of the chemicals on the composition of pyrolysis products of Tilia amurensis lignin was discussed. During the pyrolysis process, a great deal of CO2, CO and H2O was produced, which was mainly attributed to the elimination of carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, methyl and the further reaction to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Most fire retardants used in this study promoted the release of CO2, CO and H2O. The pyrolysis of untreated lignin produced more volatile pyrolytic products than that of boric and organic phosphates treated lignin. Inorganic phosphates and sodium borate decreased aromatic and heterocyclic compounds in pyrolysis process. Guanylurea phosphate and boric acid in fire-retardant FRW were synergistic in influencing the pyrolysis process. Nine-four compounds in the pyrolysis products of Tilia amurensis lignin were identified.

Researches carried on to explore hygroscopicity of different fire retardant chemicals containing boron, phosphorous and both of them, and the moisture absorption rate of the fire retardant chemicals and their mixture was determined in the conditions of environment temperature (26. 7±0. 3)℃and relative humidity(92. 7±3)%, referring to the measuring method of moisture absorption ratio specified in China Public Security Ministery Standard GA 159—1997. The results showed that the moisture absorption ratio increased in accordance with the following order:boric acid,guanylurea phosphate (GUP) , mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) , diammonium phosphate (DAP) , ammonium polyphosphate(APP) ,urea phosphate and urea. The hygroscopicity of mixed fire-retardants depended on the hygroscopic property of each component,while a new P-N-B fire-retardant,FRW,was basically nonhygroscopic. Also, the relationship between the hygroscopictiy of a fire retardant and its molecular structure was discussed.

采用可控气氛锥形量热仪,在辐射功率为50kW·m-2,氧浓度为15%~21%的条件下,对磷酸二氢铵（MAP）阻燃紫椴木材及其素材的燃烧发烟性能进行对比研究。通过对烟释放速率（RSR）、总烟释放量（TSR）、比消光面积（SEA）以及一氧化碳（CO）生成速率（PCO）和CO产率（YCO）等相关动态烟参数的综合分析,总结不同氧浓度下,MAP阻燃紫椴木材及其素材燃烧时的浓烟和有毒气体CO的释放规律。结果表明:对于所有试样,有焰燃烧阶段的浓烟释放（RSR、TSR和SEA）要远大于红热燃烧阶段。当氧浓度在16%左右时,MAP阻燃木材和素材的烟释放（RSR、TSR和SEA）相当。在相同的氧浓度下,当氧浓度在16%以上时,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的浓烟释放（RSR、TSR和SEA）小于素材;而当氧浓度在16%以下时,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的浓烟释放（RSR、TSR和SEA）反而高于素材。在试验氧浓度范围内,MAP阻燃木材的CO释放（PCO和YCO）要高于素材。随着氧浓度的增加,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的烟释放（RSR、TSR和SEA）和CO释放（PCO和YCO）均降低;素材燃烧过程中的烟释放（RSR、TSR和SEA）和CO生成速率（PCO）均增加,但CO产率（YCO）降低,前者主要是由于素材燃烧过快而使体系缺氧造成的,而后者主要是由于在单位木材质量损失下热解产物更充分燃烧。总之,随着空气中氧浓度的降低,MAP阻燃木材燃烧时的烟（包括CO）释放均呈增加趋势。