云麦112是云南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所采用太谷核不育群体改良获得的优异单株再通过小麦×玉米产生双单倍体技术快速纯化产生的稳定品系选育而成.该品种属弱春性,幼苗半匍匐,分蘖成穗好;株高82.2cm,株型松紧适中,生育期适中;籽粒饱满,熟相好,易落粒,属中筋小麦.产量三要素协调,高抗条锈病和白粉病,抗叶锈病,耐寒、耐旱、抗倒伏.云麦112是一个多抗旱地小麦新品种,适宜在云南省海拔1260～1900m地麦生产区种植.

利用农杆菌介导技术,以Bar基因为筛选标记,用高山离子芥的冷诱导基因Cbcor15a侵染水稻品种日本晴的愈伤组织,经分化诱导后获得了再生植株.经Cef和PPT筛选,共获得转化Cbcor15a基因的日本晴再生苗9株;经PCR检测和Basta涂抹实验,结果证明有6株再生苗呈阳性.本遗传转化体系的建立可为利用转Cbcor15a基因选育具有耐冷性的水稻新品种提供参考.

[目的]深入了解云南育成小麦品种(系)的品质性状遗传多样性水平及其综合品质,为拓宽云南小麦品质遗传基础和选育不同类型的优质小麦新品种提供理论依据.[方法]以2008—2018年参加云南省小麦区域试验的171份品种(系)为试验材料,通过Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')计算、聚类分析、相关分析、主成分分析、逐步回归分析及线性回归分析等对云南育成小麦的13个品质性状进行多样性分析与综合评价,并剖析主要品质性状的演变规律.[结果]云南育成小麦品种(系)13个品质性状的H'为1.555～2.060,平均为1.916,其中粗蛋白含量的H'最大,稳定时间的H'最小,且地麦品种(系)的品质性状遗传多样性高于田麦品种(系).在欧式距离3.0处可将171份云南育成小麦品种(系)分为六大类群,大部分供试小麦按栽培类型聚类在一起,少部分交错分布在每个类群中.小麦品种(系)的品质性状综合评价值(D)越高,其综合品质性状越优,具体排序为强筋小麦>中强筋小麦>中筋小麦>弱筋小麦.容重、粗蛋白含量、吸水率、评价值和延伸性等5个品质性状作为自变量的变化能解释D总变异的97.83％,可作为云南小麦品质综合表现的评价指标,其中,吸水率随参试年度推移呈不明显的降低趋势,容重、粗蛋白含量、评价值和延伸性均随参试年度推移呈上升趋势.[结论]云南育成小麦品种(系)品质性状具有较高的遗传多样性,容重、粗蛋白含量、吸水率、评价值和延伸性等5个品质性状可作为云南小麦品质综合表现的评价指标.综合品质性状较优的云麦109和凤1128可作为云南小麦品质育种的首选亲本资源.

[目的]利用灰色关联度分析和DTOPSIS法综合评价小麦新品系在云南省的适应性,为小麦品系综合评价及其在云南省示范推广提供理论依据.[方法]采用灰色关联度分析及基于灰色关联度分析的DTOPSIS法(以下简称为DTOPSIS法)对2018─2019年度云南省区域试验中11个小麦新品系在云南省的适应性进行综合评价,比较小麦品系不同评价方法的准确性,并筛选出综合表现较好的小麦品系.[结果]11个小麦新品系产量排序为云152-484>云麦110>临麦22>玉18-2>云麦56>蜀麦1767>德1733>云184-13>文2-396>滇麦13号>保15J-8>云杂19号,超过对照品系云麦56的品系共有4个,分别为云152-484、云麦110、临麦22和玉18-2.8个农艺性状的权重值排序为基本苗>产量>最高分蘖数>有效穗数>穗粒数>千粒重>株高>生育期.灰色关联度分析结果显示,供试小麦品系与理想品系的关联度(Gi)排序为云152-484>玉18-2>云麦110>云麦56>滇麦13号>保15J-8>蜀麦1767>德1733>文2-396>临麦22>云杂19号>云184-13.DTOPSIS法分析结果显示,供试小麦品系与理想解的Ci排序为云152-484>云麦110>玉18-2>云麦56>蜀麦1767>滇麦13号>德1733>临麦22>文2-396>保15J-8>云184-13>云杂19号.虽然2种方法评价结果整体趋势较相似,但也存在差异,与按产量表现的排名结果相比,按DTOPSIS法的排名结果较灰色关联度分析的排名结果更吻合.此外,Ci差异大于Gi差异和产量差异,且按DTOPSIS法Ci排名与按产量表现排名和按灰色关联度分析Gi排名均呈极显著正相关(r=0.811和r=0.895,P<0.01),进一步说明DTOPSIS法较灰色关联度分析和产量表现评价小麦新品系在云南省的适应性更充分、更合理.[结论]综合评价云南小麦品系时不仅要重视品系的产量,还应重视小麦的基本苗、最高分蘖和有效穗等性状的考察.云152-484、云麦1102和玉18-2在云南省适应性和丰产性均较好,可进一步试验、示范及推广.基于灰色关联度分析的DTOPSIS法更适于综合评价云南省小麦新品系的适应性.

为挖掘云南省小麦产量潜力,探寻增产途径,本研究以2005-2018年云南省小麦品种区试中产量表现最佳的地麦和田麦品种为研究对象,采用趋势回归和通径分析的方法分析小麦产量及7个农艺性状的变化趋势和产量提升途径.结果 表明:从2005-2018年,地麦品种产量、有效穗、穗粒数、千粒重、成穗率、生育期及株高呈现上升趋势,最高分蘖数呈下降趋势.地麦产量与产量三要素有效穗、穗粒数及千粒重增长幅度分别为22.83％、10.25％、31.89％和12.04％,地麦产量与有效穗显著正相关(r=0.831*),与穗粒数极显著正相关(r=0.928**),与千粒重的相关性不显著(r=0.125),表明云南地麦产量的提升主要得益于有效穗、穗粒数的提升.田麦品种产量、有效穗、穗粒数、最高分蘖数及生育期呈现上升趋势,而千粒重、成穗率与株高呈下降趋势.田麦产量与有效穗、穗粒数及千粒重的增长幅度依次为19.14％、21.42％、14.72％和-15.76％,田麦产量与穗粒数显著正相关(r=0.778*),但与有效穗的相关性却不显著(r=0.597),与千粒重负相关不显著(r=-0.209),说明田麦产量的提升主要得益于穗粒数的提升.因此,建议云南地麦的增产途径主要在稳定干粒重的基础上,进一步增加穗粒数并着重挖掘有效穗潜力;而田麦的增产途径则是在稳定千粒重的基础上,进一步增加有效穗并着重挖掘穗粒数潜力.

为筛选小麦单倍体胚得胚率高的玉米品种,用糯、甜糯、甜、超甜4种类型共8个玉米品种分别与6个小麦DH系杂交诱导产生小麦单倍体胚,研究不同玉米类型、不同玉米基因型对小麦单倍体胚得胚率的影响.结果表明,同一小麦材料用不同玉米品种授粉,其得胚率可相差1.48～3.10倍,得胚率变幅为15.43％～47.80％,筛选高得胚率玉米品种对提高小麦单倍体产生效率至关重要.4种玉米类型间平均单倍体胚得胚率以甜糯型最高(33.86％)、超甜型最低(29.59％),8个玉米品种以白甜糯的平均单倍体胚得胚率最高(38.17％),云超甜2号最低(28.63％),但相同玉米类型而基因型不同的玉米品种间单倍体胚得胚率差异大于玉米类型间单倍体胚得胚率的差异,因此筛选高得胚率玉米品种,关键是筛选玉米基因型而非玉米类型.小麦基因型与玉米基因型的互作对得胚率有极显著影响,对于小麦×玉米杂交的得胚率,玉米基因型与小麦基因型之间的组合存在"一般配合力"和"特殊配合力"的差异,因此可综合利用多个玉米品种来提高各种小麦材料的整体单倍体胚得胚率和单倍体生产效率.

盐胁迫是制约水稻产量的主要逆境因素之一,特别是对幼穗分化期的水稻产量影响尤其显著.本研究以水稻Affymetrix表达谱芯片的数据为例,应用生物信息学方法进行数据挖掘,研究幼穗分化期籼稻耐盐品种FL478和感盐品种IR29在盐胁迫处理条件下的基因差异表达情况.芯片数据分析共筛选到差异倍数在2倍及以上的基因257个,以IR29为参照,FL478中上调基因138个,下调基因119个,主要涉及到β-丙氨酸生物合成、木糖降解、脂肪酸β氧化等生物学过程.通过这些数据挖掘,初步探讨籼稻抗盐胁迫的表达调控机理.本研究为进一步揭示籼稻耐盐性分子机制提供了科学依据.

[Objective]The objective of the present paper is to provide reference for introducing resources of durum wheat into common wheat to breed new wheat varieties.[Method] 13 agronomic traits of 12 new wheat lines,which were from distant hybridization between durum wheat and common wheat by the technique of producing doubled haploid of wheat by wide hybridization between wheat and maize,were generally described and quantitatively evaluated by the grey relational analysis method.[Result] The order of comprehensive evaluation score of 12 new wheat lines from high to low was 14Y2-919,14Y2-873,14Y2-939,14Y2-838,14Y2-931,14Y2-1052,14Y2-874,14Y2-918,14Y2-988,14Y2-987,14Y2-834 and 14Y2-973.Weighted correlation degree of the grey relational analysis method could reflect the actual performance of wheat cultivars more accurately,thus it was an effective method for comprehensive evaluation of new wheat lines.[Conclusion] Based on comprehensive evaluation,it was found that 14Y2-919 was the best,followed by 14Y2-873,14Y2-939 and 14Y2-838.These new lines can be used for further breeding new wheat varieties for the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau wheat region.

[目的]为了明确硬粒小麦资源在云南高原麦区对普通小麦改良效果.[方法]以12个通过硬粒小麦×普通小麦远缘杂交获得的小麦稳定品系和19个通过普通小麦×普通小麦种内杂交获得的小麦稳定品系为试验材料,采用t测验法对2种途径获得的小麦稳定品系的产量性状与品质性状差异进行了研究.[结果]通过硬粒小麦与普通小麦远缘杂交选育的小麦新品系小区产量和有效穗高于通过普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,小区产量差异极显著(t=3.311**),有效穗差异极显著(t=2.157*);硬粒小麦与普通小麦远缘杂交选育的小麦新品系的千粒重和穗粒数低于普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,但是千粒重和穗粒数差异均不显著;通过硬粒小麦与普通小麦远缘杂交选育的小麦品系在标准吸水率、容重、稳定时间和硬度值高于通过普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,而蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、形成时间、沉降值和出粉率却低于通过普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,但9个品质性状差异不显著.[结论]在云南高原麦区,硬粒小麦资源在普通小麦改良中可以通过改进普通小麦有效穗进而提高产量,然而对普通小麦品质性状的改良效果却不显著.

为深入了解云南省建国以来普通小麦育成品种(系)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成情况,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对152份云南省1950s以来普通小麦育成品种(系)HMW-GS组成和变异进行了分析.结果表明:(1)云南省普通小麦在Glu-A1位点具有N(56.58％)和1(43.42％)2种亚基类型,在Glu-B1位点具有7+8(42.11％)、7+9(34.87％)、6+8(0.66％)、14+15 (7.24％)、17+18(13.16％)和13+16(1.97％)6种亚基类型,在Glu-D1位点具有2+10(5.26％)、2+12 (54.61％)、5+10(24.34％)和5+12(15.79％)4种亚基类型;(2)云南省普通小麦HMW-GS组合类型比较丰富,共出现27种亚基组合类型,其中“N,7+8,2+12”、“N,7+9,2+12”、“1,7+8,2+12”与“1,7+9,5+10”较多,出现频率分别为20.39％、9.87％、7.89％和7.89％;(3)云南省各个时期育成品种(系)的HMW-GS品质评分基本维持在4.50左右,1990s以后育成的品种(系)中优质亚基5+10出现的频率随普通小麦育成时期的推移而逐渐增加.由此可见,云南省普通小麦的HMW-GS在Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点上表现出丰富的多态性,共有12种HMW-GS等位变异,包括13+16、2+10和5+12三种稀有亚基类型和27种亚基组合类型;对加工品质具有正效应的优质亚基17+ 18和5+ 10频率较小,缺乏优质亚基2*.因此,在云南省普通小麦的品质改良中应加强优质亚基2*、17+18和5+10引入及合理应用.

[Objective] This study was conducted to understand the relationship between yield-related traits and yield of Yunmai 52 which is a high-quality high-yield multi-resistant new wheat variety,and make contribution of yield-related traits to the yield of Yunmai 52 clear.[Method] Wheat variety regional trial data in Yunnan Province in 2005-2007 were subjected to correlation analysis and path analysis in the paper.[Result] Correlationanalysis showed that the yield of Yunmai 52 was invery significant positive correlation with spikelet number per ear,maximum tiller number and grains per ear (r=0.726**,0.717** and 0.695**,respectively),in significant positive correlation with 1 000-grain weight (r=0.491*),but in significant negative correlation with sterile spikelet number per ear,and in non-significant correlation with basic seedlings,effective ears and percentage of ear bearing tillers.Partial correlation analysis showed that the yield of Yunmai 52 was in very significant positive correlation with spikelet number per ear (r=0.711 **),significant positive correlation with 1 000-grain weight (r=0.641*),but in non-significant correlation with other 6 traits.Path analysis showed that spikelet number per ear (P=0.595),maximum tiller number (P=0.462) and 1 000-grain weight (P=0.263) had more contribution to yield of Yunmai 52.[Conclusion] Therefore,in extension and application of Yunmai 52that is a high-quality high-yield multi-resistant new wheat variety,supply of fertilizer and water should be increased in tillering stage and jointing stage,to ensure its characteristics of high tillering ability and large ear,as well as high 1 000-grain weight,and coordinated development of other yield-related traits is beneficial to improvement of yield of Yunmai 52.

The technique of producing doublehaploid of wheat by distant hybridization between wheat and maize has characterized with better inducing effect, shorter inducing period, easy operation, and so on. At present, it is the most efficient and has great potential of application in breeding of wheat. This article reviewed principle and production process of the technique, research situation of the three key indicators of the technology(embryo rate, seedling rate and success rate of doubling)in recent years, and application of the technology in breeding, genetics, germplasm improvement of wheat. At last, both the achievements and the direction of further improvement and development of the technology in our program were discussed.

云麦52系1992年用6AL/6VS易位系92R149作抗病亲本,2007年审定并推广应用的小麦品种,目前仍高抗条锈病、对白粉病表现免疫。为了解其抗病基因,以云麦52为父本与感条锈病和白粉病的小麦不育系K78S杂交构建了F 2 群体,对双亲、杂种F 1 和F 2 群体的抗性鉴定结果表明,杂种F 1 对条锈病和白粉病均表现免疫,F 2 群体的白粉病和条锈病抗、感分离比经卡方测验均符合3:1,表明云麦52携带1个条锈病显性抗性基因和1个白粉病显性抗性基因。进一步用白粉病抗性基因Pm21的共分离标记SCAR 1400 和与条锈病抗病基因Yr26紧密连锁的标记XWe173和Xbarc181检测,亲本间和抗、感基因池间在相同位点上都扩增出多态性条带,用已知表型单株验证,表型与基因型极显著相关,SCAR 1400 、XWe173和Xbarc181检测准确率分别为100%、97.91%和92.70%,因此,云麦52的抗白粉病基因为Pm21,抗条锈病基因为Yr26,均来自于6AL/6VS易位系92R149。此外,该研究结果也证明Pm21和Yr26是具有持久抗性的抗病基因。

本研究以不同成胚率的3个小麦DH株系与同一玉米品种杂交,探讨简化去雄方法对成胚率的影响.2年的试验结果表明,常规去雄方法与剪药+喷水、剪颖不去雄、剪药+剪伤部分柱头等3种简化去雄方法的平均成胚率分别为26.53％、26.49％、27.84％和25.60％,4种处理间差异不显著;平均自交结实率分别为1.44％、2.35％、6.13％和3.12％,剪颖不去雄的自交结实率显著高于其他3种处理,自交结实率低的原因与授粉偏迟有关.与常规去雄相比,3种简化去雄方法的去雄效率高5倍以上且单倍体胚成胚宰相同,可作为小麦×玉米杂交中批量产生小麦单倍体的高效去雄方法单独或组合使用.

不育系的柱头外露是提高小麦异交结实率的关键因子之一.该研究以高柱头外露率的小麦温光敏核不育系K239S与低柱头外露率的不育系K92S杂交构建DH群体,对亲本、正反交F1和DH群体进行柱头外露率鉴定,结果正反交F1柱头外露率差异不显著,表明柱头外露受细胞核基因控制;DH群体低柱头外露率与高柱头外露率的分离比符合3:1,推测该小麦温光敏核不育系的柱头外露由1对隐性主基因控制.

A DH population derived from C49S-87 /01Y1-1069 was used to analyze the inheritance of wheat haploid embryo production frequency( EPF) in wheat × maize cross with the mixed major gene plus polygene genetic model of quantitative traits. The results showed that the EPF of wheat × maize cross was controlled by two dominant epistatic genes and polygene,with the gene effects of 1. 95 for the first major gene,6. 69 for the second one and 2. 80 for the polygene. The heritability of major genes was as high as 72. 09 %,suggesting that the differences of EPF among wheat materials were mainly influenced by genotype. However,non-genetic factors were still important,especially for wheat materials with low EPF.

84 hybrid F1 were produced with 14 thermo-photo-sensitive genic male sterile wheat lines and 6 restorers by 14×6 incomplete diallel cross,for the purpose of evaluating the combining ability of male sterile lines.The general combining ability（GCA） and special combining ability（SCA） of male sterile lines were investigated on 7 traits.The results showed that the variances of GCA in grains per spike,1000-grains weight,spike length and spikelet per spike were significant at 0.01 level,suggesting that these four traits were mainly determined by additive effects,while the variances of GCA and SCA in yield per plant,spikes per plant and plant height were both significant at 0.01 level,indicating both additive and non-additive effects played important roles for these three traits.Parents with better GCA were generally characterized as having bigger GCA values in yield and yield components,and more yield components with positive GCA value,such as male sterile lines S1,S6,S7,S9,S12,S13 and S14.According to the analysis on SCA effects of yield component from top ten combinations with the highest SCA value for yield component,grains per spike was the most important component for combination with strong heterosis,then the spikes per plant and 1000-grain weight.The result is helpful not only for selecting combination,but also for breeding sterile lines and restorers.Moreover,the phenotypic values of spikelet per spike and plant height of male sterile line,spikes per plant,grains per spike,1000-grain weight and plant height of restorer,were all positively and significantly correlated with their GCA values,which meant the phenotypic values of these traits could be directly used as a guide to combination selection.

Effects of incising the tillering node of haploid seedling before treated with colchicine on the frequency of chromosome doubling were investigated.Results indicated that the pre-treatment of incising tillering node obviously increased the doubling frequency from 74.3 %(CK) to 90.3 %. According to the analysis of ear order beginning seed-set in 560 doubled haploids,only 31.1 % doubled plants begin seed-set from the main stem,most from the tiller ears,varying from the first to the thirteenth tiller,the total proportion of seeding from the top five ears were 82.1 %,that from the top seven ears were 94.3 %,suggesting that developing as many tillers and tiller ears as possible for haploid through cultivation before and after doubling was the guarantee of getting higher doubling frequency.

制种技术不够成熟是制约杂交小麦实现大面积生产应用的主要因素之一.云南省1997年以来的制种技术研究与生产实践表明,不育系的制种特性是建立温光敏两系杂交小麦制种技术的决定性因素；云南以选育具有优良制种特性的不育系为重点,将温光敏两系法制种程序简单的技术优势与优良不育系选育、组合筛选、制种栽培技术以及云南有利的自然条件紧密结合,建立了一套较简易、高效、实用的杂交小麦制种技术:即父母本同期分播、分收+人工辅助赶粉+常规小麦高产繁种技术；较好地解决了杂交小麦制种这一技术瓶颈问题,为杂交小麦较大面积的示范应用奠定了技术基础.