Abstract Background Doubled haploid (DH) lines generated via the wheat × maize system represent an effective technology for accelerating wheat breeding. However, achieving low-cost, large-scale DH production remains a core technical challenge. Results In this study, we conducted flowering-synchronization experiments to determine the hybridization window between wheat and maize. Wheat was sown year-round in the field, while maize was planted both in the field and in high tunnels. We also evaluated a novel pollination method, four new nutrition solutions for cut-tiller culture, and a newly designed optical device for screening embryo-containing caryopses prior to embryo rescue. The results are as follows: (i) spring wheat, as well as vernalized facultative and winter wheat can be naturally grown year-round in Kunming, a plateau region in China with a mild climate. The hybridization window between wheat and maize is five months (June-October) in natural conditions, but can be extended to 10 months (April-next January) through high-tunnel maize cultivation in January-February and August-September; (ii) compared with commonly used brushing pollen pollination, the rolling pollination method increased pollination efficiency more than tenfold, and raised the haploid embryo formation frequency (EFF) by 1.9 times; (iii) one new nutrient solution (A) for cut-tiller culture performed significantly better than the currently used nutrient solution B. It achieved the highest EFF (46.39%), caryopsis setting rate (97.20%), and 1000-caryopsis weight (28.49 g) among five solutions. Solution A, without sulfurous acid and silver nitrate (both present in solution B), is also more cost-effective and environmentally friendly; (iv) pre-screening caryopses using a newly designed optical device prior to embryo rescue demonstrated a 98.6% accuracy rate and a 3.46% false-negative rate in selecting embryo-containing caryopses. This method doubles the efficiency of embryo rescue and remarkably reduces the use of sterilants and labor in mass DH production. The optimized protocols were validated from 2022 to 2024, yielding over 137,080 DH lines from 1,039 diverse wheat materials. Conclusions The optimized protocol significantly improved doubled haploid production efficiency and reduced its cost, providing a more efficient and cost-effective system for mass production of wheat doubled haploids via wheat × maize. It is expected that the optimized protocol for wheat DH production will be applicable in regions with similar climates.

Hybrid breeding is a promising technology for improving wheat yield potential and stability, especially in marginal environments. However, creating hybrids with strong heterosis is challenging. This study screened T307 restorer lines and seven thermo-photosensitive genic male sterile (TPGMS) lines genotyped by a 15K SNP array. Subsequently, based on the genetic distances (GDs) among parental lines, two male sterile lines and 16 restorer lines representing close, middle, and distant genetic distances relative to each sterile line were selected for production of 18 hybrids. The hybrids were subjected to a two-year field trial for assessment of 27 agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. We found that the GDs among the selected 2 sterile lines and 16 restorer lines ranged from 0.04 to 0.66, with an average of 0.47. The 18 parental lines are divided into five groups based on the phylogenetic tree. The relationship between GDs and the mid-parent heterosis showed a weak negative correlation for a majority of characteristics. Likewise, for the grain yield per plant, non-significant negative correlations were observed between GDs and the mid-parent heterosis (MPH), better parent heterosis (BPH), and commercial check heterosis (CCH). However, hybrid S003*R080 with the genetic distance of 0.36 and hybrid S005xR084 with the genetic distance of 0.44, demonstrated superior performance across all tested attributes. This study suggests that SNP marker based genetic distance is a poor predictor of heterosis and high heterosis can be obtained in hybrids of moderately distant parental lines.

Wheat hybrids have been widely demonstrated to have remarkable heterosis or hybrid vigor in increasing yield potential and stability since the 1960s. Two-line hybrid wheat can achieve higher yields than local varieties, especially in marginal environments. However, the commercial application of hybrid wheat is hindered by higher seed costs, primarily due to lower yields in hybrid seed production. Stigma exsertion has been verified as a decisive factor in increasing rice’s hybrid seed yield, but more investigation is needed in hybrid wheat breeding and production. In this study, four thermo-photo-sensitive genic male sterile lines, including K41S, K64S, K66S, and K68S, with different stigma exsertion rates (SERs) were used to compare the differences in floral architecture relative to stigma exsertion over two growing seasons. The results revealed that the K41S and K64S exhibited a relatively higher SER at 21.87% and 22.81%, respectively. No exserted stigma was observed in K66S, and K68S had an SER of only 0.82%. This study found that the stigma length, glume width and the length–width ratio of the glume were significantly correlated with the SER, with correlation coefficients of 0.46, −0.46 and 0.60, respectively. Other stigma features such as the branch angle, stretch width and hairbrush length, as well as the glume length, also had a weakly positive correlation with SER (r = 0.09–0.27). For K41S and K64S, the SER was significantly affected by the differences in the stigma branch angle and stigma stretch width among florets. A cross-pollination survey showed that the out-crossing ability of florets with an exserted stigma was about three times as high as that of florets with a non-exserted stigma. As a result, the stigma-exserted florets that accounted for 21.87% and 22.81% of the total florets in K41S and K64S produced 46.80% and 48.53% of the total cross-pollinated seeds in both sterile lines. These findings suggest that a longer stigma combined with a slender glume appears to be the essential floral feature of stigma exsertion in sterile wheat lines. It is expected that breeding and utilizing sterile lines with a higher SER would be a promising solution to cost-effective hybrid wheat seed production.

杂交种纯度鉴定是温光敏两系杂交小麦杂交种生产和应用的关键环节,目前主要通过田间种植杂交种进行表型鉴定,该方法耗时较长.以田间种植表型鉴定和SSR荧光标记分析2种方法同时对2个优良组合K64S/20Y4-5和K64S/MR1238的杂交种进行纯度鉴定,比较2种方法对纯度的鉴定效果.结果表明,2个杂交种的田间种植表型鉴定纯度分别为98.84％和97.93％;从8对SSR荧光标记中筛选出3对标记(barc164、gwm161和gwm610)在双亲间存在多态性,用barc164检测2个杂交种的纯度分别为97.73％和97.21％,略低于田间种植表型鉴定结果,两者差异不明显.此外,SSR荧光标记不仅能区分杂交种中混杂的温光敏不育系自交单株和父本单株,还能准确鉴定父本不纯和制种中父本间"串粉"等导致的伪杂种.因此,SSR荧光标记检测可代替田间种植表型鉴定,可快速准确地鉴定温光敏两系杂交小麦杂交种的纯度.

双单倍体(DH)技术可使杂合育种材料在一个世代纯合稳定,被广泛用于作物遗传育种.小麦×玉米杂交是产生小麦DH的主要途径之一,但小麦和玉米一般在不同季节种植,制约了该技术的广泛应用.春性和经春化处理的半冬性、冬性小麦材料在云南昆明 自然条件下一年四季均可播种、收获,为每年4月至12月进行小麦×玉米杂交提供了便利条件.本团队前期建立了平均得胚率为25％(15％～70％)、成苗率为62％(50％～80％)以及加倍率为62％(50％～90％)的小麦DH批量生产技术规程.并于2015年以来,利用国内外共1 900余份不同遗传背景的春性、半冬性和冬性小麦材料进行验证,共获得10.5×104个小麦DH株系;构建了 64个DH遗传群体;育成了云麦110、云麦112等小麦新品种;创制了 24个优良小麦温光敏核不育系及一批抗病优良品系,初步实现了该DH技术在小麦育种中的应用.后续还需继续完善规模化DH生产技术规程,提高得胚率、成苗率、加倍率等关键技术指标和DH生产效率,降低成本,促进该技术在小麦遗传育种中更广泛地应用.

文章归纳了云南省小麦产业发展概况,分析了小麦产业所面临的问题,并针对当前所面临的问题思考了小麦产业发展的策略,以期为云南省小麦产业健康发展提供参考.

文章主要阐述了云南省小麦育种进展,并通过分析云南省小麦品种所面临的问题,探讨了云南省小麦育种策略与思考,以期为云南省小麦品种改良和选育高产稳产、多抗、耐逆等方面具有突破性的小麦品种应用于生产提供参考.

Wheat is one of the most important food crops in Yunnan Province. Drought and yellow rust are the main limiting factors to wheat productivity. Utilization of heterosis is expected to be a promising way to increase resistance to stress and yield potential. In 1992, photo-thermo sensitive genic male sterile wheat "ES" and thermo-photo sensitive genic male sterile wheat "C49S" were developed by Hunan Agricultural University and Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, respectively, which provided a new way for heterosis utilization in China by conducting two-line hybrid wheat breeding. ES and C49S were sterile under low-temperature and short-day conditions, and fertile under high-temperature and long-day conditions. During 1993-2000, ten sterile lines of ES and C49S were introduced into Yunnan for sterility identification, while only C49S-87 from Chongqing showed stable sterility in three special locations of Yunnan when sowed in middle October, with 15-20 d of sterile heading duration (bagged seed-set rate <1%). In 2002, hybrid cultivar Yunza 3 from C49S-87 was released in Yunnan and increased yield by 11.4% over the inbred CK in regional tests, but was planted only 12400 ha in Yunnan due to the loss of resistance to yellow rust after 2004. Given that C49S-87 was poor in out-crossing ability (40%-50%) and susceptible to yellow rust, an improved sterile line K78S was developed from C49S-87 in 2001. K78S had 26-44 d of sterile heading duration in all regions with altitudes from 1530 to 2400 m when sowed from middle October to early November, as well as better out-crossing ability (70%-80%) and higher resistance to yellow rust. In 2004 and 2005, Yunza 5 and Yunza 6 developed from K78S were separately released in Yunnan. Both cultivars showed higher yield increase by >15% in regional tests. Meanwhile, high cross-pollination ability of K78S markedly raised the yield of hybrid seed production from 1500-1800 kg/ha of Yunza 3 to 3900-4500 kg/ha of Yunza 5 and Yunza 6 when the same techniques of mechanized seed production were applied. These cultivars have been totally planted about 700000 ha in Yunnan and parts of Vietnam till now. However, since 2005, no hybrid cultivar has been released in Yunnan. The main reasons are as follows: (1) Only two sterile lines were practically used for test-crossing before 2020 but became susceptible to yellow rust ten years ago, which greatly reduced the opportunities of creating high heterotic hybrids although thousands of restorers were test-crossed. In 2020, 24 elite sterile lines were developed by using doubled haploid (DH) breeding, and have been used in hybrid wheat breeding now. (2) Most restorers were "by-products" of developing inbred cultivars, thus the combining ability between the sterile line and the restorer was never tested during the developing of restorers, resulting in completely random or accidental emergence of heterotic hybrids. Therefore, it might be necessary to re-construct the restorer breeding program by using dwarf-male-sterile wheat with reference to maize inbred line breeding. In addition, exploitation of nucleo-cytoplasmic heterosis might be another way to increase heterosis both in yield potential and resistance to stress, as suggested by Kihara in 1979. Generally, some promising progress in two-line hybrid wheat breeding based on thermo-photo sensitive genic male sterility has been achieved in Yunnan during past 30 years. However, more efforts should be made in breeding and basic research to efficiently create hybrids with higher yield increase and better resistance to drought and diseases, and this will improve the current system and promote the wider application of hybrid wheat in Yunnan.

为了探明小麦新品种'云麦110'产量和品质相关性状对种植密度的响应,以该品种为试验材料,采用6个种植密度的单因素随机区组设计,考察该品种在不同密度下的产量与品质相关性状并进行方差分析.结果表明:种植密度对产量及产量三要素均影响显著;对第三、四、五、六、七叶期的茎蘖数均影响显著,但对八叶期的茎蘖数影响不显著;对籽粒周长影响显著,但对其余4个粒型性状影响不显著;对容重影响显著,但对其余8个品质性状影响不显著.当基本苗为270×104/hm2时产量最高(6435.00 kg/hm2),茎蘖消长最平缓,成穗率最高(25.39％),籽粒周长最大(18.07 mm),容重最高(798.00 g/L).因此,小麦新品种'云麦110'产量和品质相关性状对不同种植密度的响应较大,其中基本苗为270×104/hm2时该品种产量最高,产量三要素最协调,茎蘖消长最合理,株高适宜,且综合品质性状最好,适宜在该种植密度下推广种植.

云麦112是云南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所采用太谷核不育群体改良获得的优异单株再通过小麦×玉米产生双单倍体技术快速纯化产生的稳定品系选育而成.该品种属弱春性,幼苗半匍匐,分蘖成穗好;株高82.2cm,株型松紧适中,生育期适中;籽粒饱满,熟相好,易落粒,属中筋小麦.产量三要素协调,高抗条锈病和白粉病,抗叶锈病,耐寒、耐旱、抗倒伏.云麦112是一个多抗旱地小麦新品种,适宜在云南省海拔1260～1900m地麦生产区种植.

Background: Two-line hybrid wheat system using thermo-photo sensitive genic male sterility (TPSGMS) is currently the most promising approach for wheat heterosis utilization in China. However, during past twenty years only few TPSGMS lines were developed in hybrid wheat breeding, which has been the main limiting factor to create heterotic hybrids. Application of doubled haploid (DH) breeding provides a useful strategy to efficiently develop practically usable TPSGMS lines. Results: F 1 s and selected F 2 and F 3 sterile plants of eight crosses made from two commercial TPSGMS lines were used to produce DH lines. We developed a total of 24 elite DH sterile lines with stable sterility, good outcrossing and yield potential, resistance to yellow rust and powdery mildew, as well as desirable plant height (50-60 cm). These DH lines were developed within 4 years through at least one year of evaluation. The stability of male sterility was confirmed for most (20/24) of these elite DH sterile lines by multiple tests in two or three years. These lines are expected to be used in hybrid wheat breeding. The percentage of elite lines developed from the tested DH lines produced from filial generations was in the order of F 2 > F 3 > F 1 . Conclusions: We demonstrate that coupling DH techniques with conventional breeding is an efficient strategy for accelerating the development of more practical wheat TPSGMS lines. Generation of DHs from F 2 generation appeared to be the better choice considering the balance of shortening breeding time and overall breeding efficiency.

[目的]进一步挖掘云南省小麦育成品种(系)中的优异资源,进而为云南省的小麦育种实践提供一定的理论依据.[方法]采用91对SSR标记对云南省20世纪50年代以来育成的159个小麦品种(系)进行遗传多样性分析.[结果]①91对SSR引物扫描159个云南省小麦育成品种(系),共有360个等位变异被检测到,单个SSR标记检测到1～9个等位变异,平均每个SSR标记检测到3.96个等位变异;各位点的多态性信息指数最低为0,最高为0.8408,所有位点多态性信息指数平均值为0.4677;云南省80年代小麦育成品种(系)的多态性信息指数最高(0.461).②基于Nei§遗传距离的UPGMA聚类可将云南省小麦品种(系)划分为14个类群,类群分类主要与选育年代、栽培类型及种植区域有关.(③云南省小麦育成品种(系)的穗粒数和千粒重连锁标记的优异等位变异的频率随着其育成年代的推移而逐渐增长,但穗粒数性状相比千粒重性状改良效果更强.[结论]云南省小麦育成品种(系)遗传多样性较好,特别是20世纪80年代育成品种(系),且不同年代小麦育成品种(系)的穗粒数和千粒重的遗传背景具有不同程度的改良.

[目的]利用灰色关联度分析和DTOPSIS法综合评价小麦新品系在云南省的适应性,为小麦品系综合评价及其在云南省示范推广提供理论依据.[方法]采用灰色关联度分析及基于灰色关联度分析的DTOPSIS法(以下简称为DTOPSIS法)对2018─2019年度云南省区域试验中11个小麦新品系在云南省的适应性进行综合评价,比较小麦品系不同评价方法的准确性,并筛选出综合表现较好的小麦品系.[结果]11个小麦新品系产量排序为云152-484>云麦110>临麦22>玉18-2>云麦56>蜀麦1767>德1733>云184-13>文2-396>滇麦13号>保15J-8>云杂19号,超过对照品系云麦56的品系共有4个,分别为云152-484、云麦110、临麦22和玉18-2.8个农艺性状的权重值排序为基本苗>产量>最高分蘖数>有效穗数>穗粒数>千粒重>株高>生育期.灰色关联度分析结果显示,供试小麦品系与理想品系的关联度(Gi)排序为云152-484>玉18-2>云麦110>云麦56>滇麦13号>保15J-8>蜀麦1767>德1733>文2-396>临麦22>云杂19号>云184-13.DTOPSIS法分析结果显示,供试小麦品系与理想解的Ci排序为云152-484>云麦110>玉18-2>云麦56>蜀麦1767>滇麦13号>德1733>临麦22>文2-396>保15J-8>云184-13>云杂19号.虽然2种方法评价结果整体趋势较相似,但也存在差异,与按产量表现的排名结果相比,按DTOPSIS法的排名结果较灰色关联度分析的排名结果更吻合.此外,Ci差异大于Gi差异和产量差异,且按DTOPSIS法Ci排名与按产量表现排名和按灰色关联度分析Gi排名均呈极显著正相关(r=0.811和r=0.895,P<0.01),进一步说明DTOPSIS法较灰色关联度分析和产量表现评价小麦新品系在云南省的适应性更充分、更合理.[结论]综合评价云南小麦品系时不仅要重视品系的产量,还应重视小麦的基本苗、最高分蘖和有效穗等性状的考察.云152-484、云麦1102和玉18-2在云南省适应性和丰产性均较好,可进一步试验、示范及推广.基于灰色关联度分析的DTOPSIS法更适于综合评价云南省小麦新品系的适应性.

S IX selected bread wheat double haploid genotypes with same heading time and different genetic background and eight maize genotypes belonging to four maize types (waxy, sweet waxy, sweet and super sweet maize types) were used in this study.The six wheat genotypes pollinated with the eight maize genotypes to produce wheat haploid embryos.The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of different maize genotypes of distinct types on the wheat haploid embryo ratio.The results showed that the same wheat material when pollinated with different maize genotype, the embryo rate differed between 1.5 to 3 times and ranging from 15.43% to 47.80%.Screening high induction rate maize varieties was essential to improve the efficiency of wheat haploid production.The average haploid embryo induction rate among the four maize types was highest in sweet type (33.24%) and lowest in super sweet type (29.59%).The wheat genotype A6 recorded the highest embryo rate percentage (34.11%),while A5 recorded the lowest rate (29.36%).Baitiannuo SQW-1 (B4) found to be the highest for embryo rate, followed by the Yuntianyu 6 (B5) and Zhenhenuo 1(B1), while the lowest was recorded by Yunchaotian 2 (B8) genotype.The maize genotypes in the same type differed significantly regarding the haploid embryo induction rate of wheat genotypes and thus maize types were not consistent in their behavior.So, the key was to select maize genotypes with high induction rate for wheat haploids and not the maize type.The interaction between wheat genotype and maize genotype has a significant effect on the embryogenesis rate.Therefore, if the rate of embryo induction of some wheat materials with a common maize variety is low, it may be possible using the pollination of other maize genotypes to increase the embryogenesis in wheat x maize hybridization.

为筛选小麦单倍体胚得胚率高的玉米品种,用糯、甜糯、甜、超甜4种类型共8个玉米品种分别与6个小麦DH系杂交诱导产生小麦单倍体胚,研究不同玉米类型、不同玉米基因型对小麦单倍体胚得胚率的影响.结果表明,同一小麦材料用不同玉米品种授粉,其得胚率可相差1.48～3.10倍,得胚率变幅为15.43％～47.80％,筛选高得胚率玉米品种对提高小麦单倍体产生效率至关重要.4种玉米类型间平均单倍体胚得胚率以甜糯型最高(33.86％)、超甜型最低(29.59％),8个玉米品种以白甜糯的平均单倍体胚得胚率最高(38.17％),云超甜2号最低(28.63％),但相同玉米类型而基因型不同的玉米品种间单倍体胚得胚率差异大于玉米类型间单倍体胚得胚率的差异,因此筛选高得胚率玉米品种,关键是筛选玉米基因型而非玉米类型.小麦基因型与玉米基因型的互作对得胚率有极显著影响,对于小麦×玉米杂交的得胚率,玉米基因型与小麦基因型之间的组合存在"一般配合力"和"特殊配合力"的差异,因此可综合利用多个玉米品种来提高各种小麦材料的整体单倍体胚得胚率和单倍体生产效率.

This study was conducted to identify desirable wheat germplasm for superior hybrid cross combinations through 1) identifying the best parents with high combining ability (CA) and 2) estimating heterosis effects. Two thermophoto-sensitive-genic-male-sterile lines (K456s and K78s) as female parents and 60 restorer lines as males were crossed according to line × tester hybridization method. The observed variation for most of the nine studied characters and <1 ratio for general (G)/specific (S) CA suggested governance of non-additive gene action. The GCA for K456s was higher than K78s in six out of nine characters, while restorers 2016Y2-2776 and 2016Y2- 4117 had the highest in five characters. The crosses K78s/R31 and K456s/R2 had highest positive SCA values in five and six characters, respectively. The crosses K78s/R43 and K456s/R21 had the overall highest significant positive heterosis estimates for the best cross with respect to yield plant-1and has the potential for utilization in hybrid wheat breeding program.

Background: Two-line hybrid wheat system using thermo-photo sensitive genic male sterility (TPSGMS) is now a dominant and promising approach of wheat heterosis utilization in China. However, during past twenty years only several TPSGMS lines have been capable of practical application in hybrid wheat breeding and production, which reduced the opportunities and efficiency of creating hybrids with strong heterosis. Introducing doubled haploid (DH) breeding could be a helpful strategy to efficiently develop practically usable TPSGMS lines. Results: F 1 s and selected F 2 and F 3 sterile plants from eight crosses made from two commercial TPSGMS lines were used to produce DH lines by using the wheat × maize system. Twenty four elite sterile lines possessing stable sterility, good outcrossing and yield potential, resistance to yellow rust and powdery mildew, and desirable plant height (50-60 cm) were obtained within 4 years through at least one year evaluation. Twenty from twenty four elite lines showed stable sterility in repeated tests of two or three years, will be selected for hybrid breeding. The percentage of elite lines within total tested DH lines produced from filial generations was in the order of F 2 > F 3 > F 1 in this study. Conclusions: Our study shows that DH breeding is more efficient for the selection of traits controlled by recessive gene(s) compared with conventional breeding, especially for the sterility of TPSGMS wheat. Coupling DH techniques with conventional breeding would be an efficient strategy for developing practically usable wheat TPSGMS lines in respect to number and saving time, which is helpful for further improving the efficiency of wheat hybrid breeding. Producing DHs from F 2 generation appeared to be the better choice considering the balance of shortening breeding time and overall breeding efficiency.

[Objective]The objective of the present paper is to provide reference for introducing resources of durum wheat into common wheat to breed new wheat varieties.[Method] 13 agronomic traits of 12 new wheat lines,which were from distant hybridization between durum wheat and common wheat by the technique of producing doubled haploid of wheat by wide hybridization between wheat and maize,were generally described and quantitatively evaluated by the grey relational analysis method.[Result] The order of comprehensive evaluation score of 12 new wheat lines from high to low was 14Y2-919,14Y2-873,14Y2-939,14Y2-838,14Y2-931,14Y2-1052,14Y2-874,14Y2-918,14Y2-988,14Y2-987,14Y2-834 and 14Y2-973.Weighted correlation degree of the grey relational analysis method could reflect the actual performance of wheat cultivars more accurately,thus it was an effective method for comprehensive evaluation of new wheat lines.[Conclusion] Based on comprehensive evaluation,it was found that 14Y2-919 was the best,followed by 14Y2-873,14Y2-939 and 14Y2-838.These new lines can be used for further breeding new wheat varieties for the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau wheat region.

[目的]为了明确硬粒小麦资源在云南高原麦区对普通小麦改良效果.[方法]以12个通过硬粒小麦×普通小麦远缘杂交获得的小麦稳定品系和19个通过普通小麦×普通小麦种内杂交获得的小麦稳定品系为试验材料,采用t测验法对2种途径获得的小麦稳定品系的产量性状与品质性状差异进行了研究.[结果]通过硬粒小麦与普通小麦远缘杂交选育的小麦新品系小区产量和有效穗高于通过普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,小区产量差异极显著(t=3.311**),有效穗差异极显著(t=2.157*);硬粒小麦与普通小麦远缘杂交选育的小麦新品系的千粒重和穗粒数低于普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,但是千粒重和穗粒数差异均不显著;通过硬粒小麦与普通小麦远缘杂交选育的小麦品系在标准吸水率、容重、稳定时间和硬度值高于通过普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,而蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、形成时间、沉降值和出粉率却低于通过普通小麦与普通小麦种内杂交选育的小麦新品系,但9个品质性状差异不显著.[结论]在云南高原麦区,硬粒小麦资源在普通小麦改良中可以通过改进普通小麦有效穗进而提高产量,然而对普通小麦品质性状的改良效果却不显著.

为深入了解云南省建国以来普通小麦育成品种(系)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成情况,利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对152份云南省1950s以来普通小麦育成品种(系)HMW-GS组成和变异进行了分析.结果表明:(1)云南省普通小麦在Glu-A1位点具有N(56.58％)和1(43.42％)2种亚基类型,在Glu-B1位点具有7+8(42.11％)、7+9(34.87％)、6+8(0.66％)、14+15 (7.24％)、17+18(13.16％)和13+16(1.97％)6种亚基类型,在Glu-D1位点具有2+10(5.26％)、2+12 (54.61％)、5+10(24.34％)和5+12(15.79％)4种亚基类型;(2)云南省普通小麦HMW-GS组合类型比较丰富,共出现27种亚基组合类型,其中“N,7+8,2+12”、“N,7+9,2+12”、“1,7+8,2+12”与“1,7+9,5+10”较多,出现频率分别为20.39％、9.87％、7.89％和7.89％;(3)云南省各个时期育成品种(系)的HMW-GS品质评分基本维持在4.50左右,1990s以后育成的品种(系)中优质亚基5+10出现的频率随普通小麦育成时期的推移而逐渐增加.由此可见,云南省普通小麦的HMW-GS在Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点上表现出丰富的多态性,共有12种HMW-GS等位变异,包括13+16、2+10和5+12三种稀有亚基类型和27种亚基组合类型;对加工品质具有正效应的优质亚基17+ 18和5+ 10频率较小,缺乏优质亚基2*.因此,在云南省普通小麦的品质改良中应加强优质亚基2*、17+18和5+10引入及合理应用.