太秋是日本国立果树研究所杂交育成的中晚熟完全甜柿品种,2011年引入鲁中南地区试栽,多年观察表明,该品种适应性强,适应范围广,对砧木要求严格,平均单果重356.1 g,果肉橙黄色、肉质酥脆、口感爽甜,可溶性固形物含量15.7％,品质极佳.总结了太秋甜柿的生物学特性,概述了关键栽培技术.

通过盆栽试验和离体叶片接种试验,研究嗜铁细菌地衣芽孢杆菌CAS20对柿树的防病促生作用.经浸种和灌根处理,CAS20可使柿树幼苗分别增高76.72％和50.00％;在对峙平板中产生的抑菌带宽为0.57cm;对柿树炭疽病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率分别为92.94％和83.91％.离体叶片接种试验结果显示,先接种CAS20菌悬液再接种菌饼和先接种菌饼再接种CAS20菌悬液,对柿树炭疽病的离体防效分别为77.01％和69.35％,说明CAS20可能通过产生诱导系统抗性提高对柿树炭疽病的防治效果.本研究结果表明,CAS20在防病促生方面具有良好的应用潜能.

采用CAS检测平板法,从柿树根际土壤中分离获得一株具有较强产嗜铁素能力的细菌菌株CAS20.根据菌株在LB固体培养基上的培养特征和生理生化特性,将其初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus);经16S rDNA序列分析,CAS20的16S rDNA基因序列(KY199559)与地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus.licheniformis)代表菌株ATCC14580的16S rDNA序列(NR_074923)具有99.93％的相似性,并且位于系统进化树的同一分枝.据此,将菌株CAS20鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis).

从重庆市采集到表现花变叶症状的中国樱桃枝条样品,利用透射电镜在感病樱桃枝条韧皮部筛管细胞内观察到直径为200～500 nm的圆形或者近圆形的植原体粒子.提取感病和健康花瓣的总DNA,利用植原体16S rRNA基因及延伸因子rp基因通用引物进行PCR扩增,从感病植株中扩增得到了长度分别为1.4 kb的16S rRNA基因和1.2 kb的rp基因.序列一致率分析表明,樱桃花变叶植原体16S rRNA基因和rp基因均与四川甜樱桃花变绿植原体相应基因的核苷酸一致率最高,分别为100％和99.8％;16S rRNA基因相似系数分析表明,樱桃花变叶植原体与四川甜樱桃花变绿植原体、枣疯植原体的相似系数均为1.00;基于16S rRNA基因和rp基因构建系统进化树时发现,樱桃花变叶植原体均与16SrV-B亚组成员聚为一簇,该植原体属于16SrV组的B亚组.

山东省柿树主要分布在鲁中南山区,种质资源丰富,栽培历史悠久.回顾了山东省柿产业的发展历史,展示了生产现状,分析了目前生产中存在的问题,提出了今后做强柿产业,提升柿综合利用水平及充分挖掘柿文化和旅游功能的发展思路.

Diospyros kaki is an important economic plant in China.In order to develop SSR markers from Diospyros kaki,we downloaded 14 198 EST sequences firom the EST database of NCBI.After redundancy processing and SSR site searching,1 320 EST-SSR sequences were screened,which could be used for primer design.In the experiment,314 pairs of primers were randomly selected for synthesis and screening.A total of 127 pairs of primers were successfully amplified polymorphic amplified bands.In addition,14 pairs of primers with high polymorphism were selected from the published persimmon SSR primers,and 141 pairs of primers were used in total.Through the analysis of SSR genotyping data,141 sets of molecular marker data of allohexaploid Diospyros kaki full-sibs family were obtained which could be used for model analysis.Diospyros kaki is a hexaploid plant variety,and the development of polymorphic markers will have many applications in genetic research and molecular breeding on Diospyros kaki.It could promote the development of genetic analysis model of hexaploid plant,and drive the researches about some important hexaploid plants (wheat,sugarcane,cotton,etc.) as well.

In this research,the inhibitory effects of 16 fungicides on Colletotrichum horri causing persim-mon anthracnose were investigated using mycelial growth and spore germination methods.The results showed that among the 16 tested fungicides,10%difenoconazole WG,33.5%copper quinolate SC,25%bromotha-lonil EC,70% mancozeb WP, 430 g· L-1tebuconazole SC, 50% prochloraz -manganese chloride, 400 g· L-1flusilazole EC,250 g· L-1hexaconazole SC,70% polyram WG,22% carbendazim+8% tebucon-azole(Fulian),and 50%thiram WP achieved better inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of C.horri with the inhibition rate of 95.63%~100%;70%polyram WG,33.5%copper quinolate SC,25%bromothalonil EC, 70%mancozeb WP,50%chlorobromoisocyanuric acid SP,50%thiram WP and 400 g· L-1flusilazole EC a-chieved better inhibitory effects on spore germination of C.horri with the germination rate of 0~3.33%.In conclusion,33.5%copper quinolate SC,25%bromothalonil EC,70%mancozeb WP and 400 g· L-1flusi-lazole EC achieved the best inhibitory effects both on mycelial growth and spore germination,so they could be used as the preference fungicides for the control of persimmon anthracnose.The fungicides of 70%polyram WG and 50%thiram WP also achieved better inhibitory effects,and they could be used as the alternative fungicides. These results could provide scientific references and data for effective control of persimmon anthracnose.

近年来,冬季极端低温和春季倒春寒对柿树造成危害时有发生,成为影响中国北方柿生产的因素之一.在现场调查和参考相关文献的基础上,介绍了柿树根系、根颈、主干、枝条、花芽受冻后的症状表现,分析了柿树冻害与品种、砧木、树势、气温及土壤干旱情况等因素的关系.极端最低气温达到-7.5℃,部分甜柿品种严重受冻,甜柿品种中耐寒性强弱顺序为:次郎﹥阳丰﹥禅寺丸﹥早秋﹥西村早生;涩柿品种耐寒性强于甜柿品种.并制定出中国北部产区有效的防冻技术措施.

概述了柿炭疽病病原的命名发展过程、病原种类的多样性、侵染过程和分子生物学研究等方面的重要成果,特别是病原侵染过程的细胞学研究与其他炭疽菌侵染过程的异同、致病相关基因的克隆与功能分析方面,并对今后柿炭疽病的研究方向进行了展望.

To investigate the control potential of Bacillus subtilis Bs-15 on persimmon anthracnose, the inhibition of Bs-15 to Colletotrichum horri was studied via dual-culture test, and the control effect of Bs-15 on persimmon anthracnose was studied via in vitro inoculation experiment.The results showed that the inhibition zone in dual-cultured plate was (0.56±0.05)cm.The in vitro inoculation experiment showed that the control effect of spraying the bacterium suspension of Bs-15 before inoculating the pathogenic disk was better than that of spraying the bacterium suspension of Bs-15 after inoculating the pathogenic disk with the inhibition ratio of 54.76% and 47.62% and the control efficiency of 78.54% and 70.04%, respectively.It indicated that Bs-15 might have better control efficiency by producing the induced resistance.The results indicated that because of good effect on persimmon anthracnose, Bs-15 could be used as a potential biocontrol bacterial strain and provide a new path and method for control of persimmon anthracnose.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is an important economic forest fruit tree species in China. Fruit, leaves and powder on the surface of a dried persimmon contain several biologically active compounds, used tradition-ally for many medicinal purposes. Persimmon plants with stems fasciation, internodes shorten, and little leaf were sampled in Zoucheng, Shandong, China. Transmission electron microscope technology was used to detect phytoplasmal cells from the tissue of symptomatic plants and a great quantity of structures resembling phyto-plasmas, about 200–600 nm, circular or elliptical, were observed in phloem sieve elements. Total DNA was ex-tracted from symptomatic plants as well as asymptomatic plants via the modiifed CTAB method. PCR was con-ducted to detect putative phytoplasma using universal primers for phytoplasmal 16S rRNA gene andtuf gene, and specific fragments of circa 1.2 kb and 0.8 kb in length were amplified from diseased persimmon tissue, re-spectively. Sequence analysis indicated that 16S rRNA gene and tuffragments shared 99.8% and 99.9% identity with that of jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma, respectively.iPhy Classifier analysis for 16S rRNA gene showed that persimmon fasciation phytoplasma has the same restriction enzyme pattern with the typical isolate of subgroup16SrV-B,and the similarity coefifcien twas1.0.Phylogenetic treebasedon 16S rRNA or tuf gene revealed that persimmon fasciation phytoplasma strain formed a sublineage with members of subgroup 16SrV-B. In conclusion, phytoplasma associated with persimmon fasciation in Zoucheng, Shandong, China was classified to the subgroup Boftheel myellows group(16SrV)and related to'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi'.

Artemisia scoparia is a faintly scented annual or biennial herb widespread and found to be used in traditional medicine and biological control of plant disease. Phytoplasma is an important pathogen associated with the symptoms of witches’ broom, lealfet, yellow, fasciation, et al., and causes great economical loss.Arte-misia scoparia plants with witches’ broom symptoms suggestive of a phytoplasma disease were sampled in Mount Tai, Shandong, China. Total DNA was extracted from symptomatic plants as well as asymptomatic plants via the modified CTAB method. Analyses by PCR using universal primer pairs R16F2n/R2 was per-formed to detect putative phytoplasma, and a fragment of 1 244 bp was ampliifed from symptomatic plants. The Blastn analysis revealed that the obtained fragment shared 99.4% and 99.8% identity with that of stolbur phyto-plasma (AF248959) and the paper lfower yellows phytoplasma (JX128698), respectively. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the 16S rDNA sequences of related phytoplasmas showed that the obtained fragment (GenBank accession No.: KT899994) was located at the same branch with stolbur phytoplasma (AF248959) and paper lfower yellows phytoplasma (JX128698). Then theiPhyClassiifer software was used to perform se-quence comparison and generate the virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) proifle, the result showed that the obtained 16S rDNA R16F2n/R2 fragment was identical (similarity coefifcient 1.0) to the refer-ence pattern of 16Sr group XII, subgroup A (AF248959). The above results indicated that the phytoplasmas as-sociated withArtemisia scoparia witches’ broom belongs toCa. Phytoplasma solani. Finally, A fragment of 1 754 bp was ampliifed from the total DNA of symptomaticArtemisia scoparia plants by using the primer pairs of STOL4f/r which were specific for stolbur group phytoplasmas (16SrXII subgroup A), while no fragment from asymptomatic plants, the obtained fragment (GenBank accession No.: KU759570) shared 99.5% identity with AF248959. RFLP proifle byiPhyClassiifer software showed that the fragment was also identical (similarity coefifcient 1.0) to AF248959, which further veriifed the amplifying result by universal primer pairs R16F2n/R2. Taken together, these results indicated that the phytoplasma accociated withArtemisia scoparia witches’ broom in Mount Tai, Shandong, China is a member of 16SrXII-A subgroup.

The leaves of 17 persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars were used to analyze total flavonoid content by using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry,and detect the contents of six flavonoids including isoquercitrin,rutin,astragalin,quercetin,kaempferide and isorhamnetin by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results showed that there was significant difference in the total flavonoid content among different cultivars,with the values ranging from 24.47 to 43.00 mg·g-1 (DW).The total flavonoid content of ‘Youloutou’,‘Jinshi’,‘Oku-gosho’ and ‘Xiangxitianshi’ were the highest with the values of 43.00,41.17,41.57 and 42.32 mg·g-1 (DW) respectively,and there was no significant difference between them.The total flavonoid content of ‘Bayuehuang’ was the lowest with the value of 24.47 mg·g-1 (DW).However,there was no obvious correlation between the total flavonoid content and different cultivar types of stock,astringent persimmon,pollination variant non-astringent (PVNA) persimmon and pollination-constant and non-astringent (PCNA) persimmon.The HPLC result showed that astragalin content was the highest in all the tested cultivars except ‘Eshi 1 ’,whereas the isorhamnetin was only detected in ‘Zenjimaru’ with the very low value of 0.075 mg·g-1 (DW).The results of this research indicated that there were rich flavonoids in the cultivars of ‘Youloutou’,‘Jinshi’,‘Oku-gosho’,‘Xiangxitianshi’,‘Uenishiwase’,‘Eshi 1’ and ‘Jiro’,which could be used for the process of persimmon leaf tea.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) anthracnose disease is one of the most devastating diseases.The resistance of 14 persimmon germplasms and 1 rootstock were evaluated by natural infection ivestigation for 3 years and artificial inoculation identification in 2016 in the field.The results showed that there was difference in the disease indexes of different germplasms.The disease index in natural infection investigation and artificial inoculation identification was 9.0~65.0 and 8.3~72.3, respectively.The disease indexes of Silvestris and Puchengfangshi were below 10.0, so they exhibited resistant to C.horii.Bayuehuang, Lushi 5 and Dateplum were medium resistant to C.horii with disease indexes between 10.0 and 30.0.Jiro, Soshu and Xiaoezi were medium resistant to C.horii in natural infection investigation, but exhibited susceptible in natural infection investigation.The other 7 samples of persimmon germplasms exhibited susceptible or high susceptible to C.horii.The results could provide theoretical foundation and new resources for persimmon breeding resistant to C.horii.

The field soil without pesticides application was added with glyphosate isopropylamine and Ba-cillus subtilis Bs -15 to detect the impacts of Bs -15 on the degradation rate of glyphosate isopropylamine and soil microbial communities and functional diversity.The results showed that the degradation rate of glyphosate isopropylamine was about 70% after inoculated with Bs -15 for 96 hours.Those were 66.97% and 71.57%respectively in sterile soil and unsterilized soil.The BIOLOG ECO microplate assay showed that the average well color development (AWCD)value and 5 functional diversity indexes (Shannon index,Shannon uniformi-ty,Simpson index,McIntosh index and McIntosh uniformity)of soil microorganism increased significantly af-ter inoculated with Bs -15.It indicated that Bs -15 could increase the soil microbial activity and functional diversity and revert the microbic system of soil contaminated by glyphosate to some extent.Thus Bs -15 had good application prospect in bioremediation of soil contaminated by glyphosate.

The effects of canopy light distribution on yield and quality of 6 -year -old persimmon culti-var Lushi 1 grafted with different rootstocks,Dateplum,Silvestris and DIL -3,were explored by detecting the canopy branch composition,light distribution,yield and quality.The results showed that the photosynthetic region proportion of Lushi 1 with 3 kinds of rootstocks,Dateplum,Silvestris and DIL -3,was 56.24%, 64.37% and 67.01% respectively.The average yield per plant was 35.20,32.42 and 41.09 kg respective-ly.The equivalent yield per 666.7 m2 was 3 410.0,2 921.6 and 2 172.1 kg,respectively.The fruit yield and quality of Lushi 1 with the rootstock of DIL -3 was the best,the second was Lushi 1 with the rootstock of Dateplum,and that of Silvestris was the worst.Lushi 1,grafted with DIL -3 and Dateplum and possessing the slender spindle -shape,could get better light,higher yield and more excellent quality.So the rootstock -sci-on combination and tree shape were worth to be popularized in production.

The HPLC method for simultaneous detection of 6 flavonoids from persimmon leaves was es-tablished by exploring the detection conditions such as wavelength,mobile phase and column temperature. The 6 flavonoids were lutin,kaempferol,isorhamnetin,quercetin,isoquercitrin and astragalin.The results showed that the 6 flavonoid standards could be detected simultaneously under the following conditions:using C18 as stuffing bulking agent,carbinol as mobile phase A and 0.5% acetic acid as mobile phase B;the sam-ples were gradiently eluted at the ratios of phase A∶B as 20∶80 in 0 ~100 minutes and 40∶60 after 105 mi-nutes;and the detection was carried out with 360 nm of wavelength,35℃ of column temperature and 1.0 mL/min of volume flow rate.The detection method was verified with the leaves of two persimmon varieties, and the expected results were obtained,which indicated that the established method was feasible.

以君迁子为嫁接砧木,以涩柿金瓶和甜柿阳丰为嫁接品种,进行春季硬枝枝接、芽接和夏季绿枝枝接、芽接试验,研究嫁接苗的成活和生长情况.结果表明,夏季绿枝嫁接比春季硬枝嫁接表现出苗较快,苗木质量整齐一致,成活率高,达86.7％以上.

Nitric Oxide ( NO) has emerged as a key signal molecule involved in physiological metabolic processes of growth and development, and induced resistance to various abiotic stresses in plants. To characterize the role of NO in drought tolerance induced by polyethylene glycol ( PEG) , sodium nitroprusside ( SNP) of 100μmol/L as exogenous NO donor was applied to study the biologically protective effects of NO at a low concentration on PSⅡfunctions in Diospyros lotus seed-lings hydroponically grown under 20% PEG stress. Under drought stress, on the first and fifth days of SNP treatment, the wa-ter potential (ψw ) and chlorophyll content were increased, the electron transport velocity (ΦPSⅡand Fm/Fo ) and potential activity of PSⅡreaction centers (Fv/Fo) were maintained in favorable level. The photochemical quenching coefficient (qp) and the transformation efficiency of light energy captured by PSⅡsystem declined under drought stress, while SNP treatment raised the proportion of captured light energy used in photochemical reaction (Pr), thus promoted the activity of PSⅡreaction center, increased the dissipation of non-radiactive energy, and consequently alleviated and avoided the destruction of photo-synthetic apparatus by excessive light energy. In conclusion, SNP may participate in the utilization of light energy in PSⅡof Diospyros lotus seedlings under drought stress by PEG.

2013年4月调查了山东省果树研究所资源圃内柿树的冻害情况.结果表明:先栽君迁子做砧木后嫁接品种建园的152份资源(品种、品系、种、类型,涩柿129份,甜柿23份)1500余株均未发生冻害;用多年生成苗建园的14个品种抗冻性不同,上西早生、西村早生、秋焰、金柿、赤柿、鄂柿1号6个品种未受冻害;早秋、兴津20、次郎、禅寺丸、阳丰5个品种抗冻性中等,存活率39.47％～84.62％;大秋、贵秋和富有3个品种全部冻枯;柿树受冻程度与品种、气候条件、砧穗亲和性及土壤干旱情况等有关.