为研究烟草新型土壤调理剂在植烟沙泥田的改良效果,与传统产品进行比较,了解其对烟草的促进作用以及沙泥田土壤理化性质的影响.通过盆栽试验,比较了烟草新型土壤调理剂和其他3种产品在植烟沙泥田土壤的改良效果.结果表明:(1)新型土壤调理剂促进烟草的生长发育,与对照处理相比,新型土壤调理剂处理的有效叶片数、茎秆鲜重显著增加10.71％、54.3％;同时,单株生物量显著高于对照处理、健地调理剂处理、烟叶宝调理剂处理,达到1604.18 g.(2)新型土壤调理剂处理显著改变了沙泥田土壤理化性状,在移栽前显著提高土壤pH至7.36,土壤速效氮、磷养分含量显著提高22.5％、48.8％.(3)新型土壤调理剂处理显著提高了烟叶的还原糖、钾含量.综上所述,在盆栽试验条件下,以新型土壤调理剂对沙泥田的土壤改良和促进烟草生长效果最好.

针对部分红壤地区土壤酸性强、有效养分含量低及透气性差等特性,研究了硫酸镁和海藻渣配施对红壤理化性质及烟草生长的影响,为烟区红壤改良提供理论基础.采用盆栽试验,设置6个处理,C K:对照,不加镁和海藻渣;MS:单独施用硫酸镁,每千克土施用0.375 g;SF:单独施用海藻渣,每千克土施用50 g;C1:每千克土施用MgSO40.375 g+海藻渣50 g;C2:每千克土施用MgSO40.563 g+海藻渣75 g;C3:每千克土施用MgSO40.75 g+海藻渣100 g.烟草收获时,测定并分析不同处理对土壤pH、有机碳、矿质养分含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度,以及烟草农艺性状、烟叶矿质养分含量等的影响.结果 表明:单独施用硫酸镁或海藻渣以及硫酸镁与海藻渣配施后,烟草株高、茎粗和叶片数等农艺性状明显改善,生物量比对照显著提高;硫酸镁单施处理中烟叶的P和Mg含量比对照显著提高,海藻渣单施及硫酸镁与海藻渣配施的烟叶P、K和Mg含量比对照显著提高;C3处理土壤pH比对照提高0.38个单位,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量分别比对照提高了42.85％、60.01％、33.73％、253.02％和689.07％;C1、C2和C3处理土壤有机碳含量分别比对照提高了212.9％、385.7％和540.7％;海藻渣单施及与镁配施对土壤有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量显著提高;海藻渣单施或与镁配施能显著降低土壤容重并提高土壤总孔隙度;C3处理土壤容重比对照显著降低9.78％,总孔隙度比对照显著提高8.87％.因此,海藻渣和硫酸镁配施能促进红壤中烟草的生长,并有效改善红壤的理化性状.

[目的]研究秸秆还田和客土技术对植烟酸性白沙泥田的改良效果,为烟叶产质量提升提供有效技术措施.[方法]通过田间试验,设置不施用秸秆和紫色土(T1,CK)、仅秸秆还田(T2,3000 kg·hm-2)、仅掺紫色土(T3,225 m3·hm-2)和秸秆还田(3000 kg·hm-2)+掺紫色土(225 m3·hm-2)(T4)4个处理,研究水稻秸秆还田和客土对植烟土壤理化性状、烟叶产质量等方面的影响.[结果]秸秆还田和客土方式均能改善土壤物理性状,T2和T4处理,土壤容重分别比对照降低了6.38％ 和2.12％;土壤质地由黏壤土(CK)转变为壤土(T2)和粉砂壤土(T3、T4).与T1处理相比,T2处理显著提升了土壤pH值、有机质和碱解氮含量;T3处理的pH和速效钾含量分别比T1处理增加了1.43和19.98 mg·kg-1;对土壤化学性状的改良效果以T4处理最好,其植烟土壤pH值、有机质和速效钾含量分别是T1处理的1.21、1.26和1.28倍(p<0.05).秸秆还田和客土方式都促进了烟草生长,提高了烤烟经济效益和品质,以秸秆还田+掺紫色土处理(T4)烟叶的经济性状、C3F等级烟叶的化学成分协调性和感官评价质量最优,烤烟产量、产值和上等烟比例分别比T1处理提高了35.04％、20.64％ 和38.59％.[结论]秸秆还田+掺紫色土协同处理改良酸性植烟土壤效果最好,可以有效改善土壤物理性状,显著提高土壤pH值、有机质及速效钾含量,从而实现酸性白沙泥田的改良和烟草的提质增效效果.

为筛选出广东韶关烟区适宜的绿肥种类,以光叶紫花苕子、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿、箭舌豌豆、草木樨、田箐、紫云英、红花三叶草等8种绿肥为研究对象,通过大田试验研究了其对土壤营养和烤烟产质量的影响.结果表明,箭舌豌豆和紫花苜蓿处理的烟株株高显著高于对照18.35％以上,其农艺性状综合表现最好,二者的产量和产值均显著高于对照30％以上.所有处理的总糖和还原糖含量偏高,但各绿肥处理均提高了上部叶的钾含量.大部分绿肥种类翻压后土壤pH有下降的趋势,箭舌豌豆处理有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较对照提高4.71％、9.42％和5.36％,其土壤转化酶、脲酶和脱氢酶活性分别较对照提高55.11％、18.22％和12.09％.从提高烟叶产质量和改善植烟土壤养分状况双重角度考虑,箭舌豌豆可以作为广东烟田土壤保育的适宜绿肥种类.

为明确在烤烟生产中应用有机肥替代化肥的可行性及化肥减量的适宜比例,以烤烟的产量、品质以及土壤理化性状和酶活性为衡量指标,比较不同用量有机肥替代部分化肥对烤烟的产量、品质以及土壤理化性状和酶活性的影响.开展以有机肥替代化肥的烤烟田间试验,并对烤烟农艺性状、产质量、土壤理化性状及酶活进行调查与检测分析.试验结果表明:(1)有机肥替代化肥15％N处理在株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、有效叶片数、茎围等5个指标上均优于对照处理;(2)有机肥替代化肥15％N处理烟叶产量、产值、上中等烟比例、上等烟比例和均价均高于对照处理,特别是上等烟比例高出78.18％,具有显著性差异;(3)烤后烟叶化学成分均较为协调,有机替代处理优于对照处理;(4)与对照处理相比,有机肥替代化肥15％N处理提高了土壤速效磷、全氮、全钾、有效硅含量,其中有效硅含量显著提高了55.47％;有机肥替代化肥15％N还提高了土壤转化酶、脲酶、脱氢酶活性.综上所述,有机肥替代化肥15％N处理对促进烤烟产质量以及土壤肥力的效果最好.

为考察自育烤烟新品系在烟叶产区的特征特性,以YK1701、YK1706、YK1708、YK1723和YK1725为参试品系,以K326和云烟87为对照,通过田间试验研究了其农艺性状、经济性状和外观质量等各方面的差异.结果表明,5个参试品种/系大田生育期在115～123 d;YK1708和YK1706的农艺性状综合表现最好,其株高和最大叶面积显著大于2个对照品种;YK1723、YK1708和YK1706的产量、产值较云烟87显著高32％和35％以上,较K326显著高13％和20％以上;YK1706的烟叶化学成分相对协调;YK1708和YK1706的烟叶外观质量较好.总的来看,YK1708和YK1706生产潜力较大,下一步可进行小面积生产验证试验.

为了探讨土壤调理剂的田间应用效果,筛选出适合改良梅州烟区麻沙泥田的土壤调理剂,通过田间试验研究2种土壤调理剂对植烟麻沙泥田烟叶产质量和土壤理化性质等方面的影响.结果表明:调理剂Ⅰ和调理剂Ⅱ均显著提高了烟叶的产量、产值、上等烟比例和均价,其中调理剂Ⅰ处理的产量和产值较对照高30.42％和57.56％;调理剂Ⅰ显著降低了烟草青枯病和普通花叶病发病率;调理剂Ⅰ处理较对照提高1.42个pH单位,其速效钾、交换性镁和交换性钙含量分别较对照显著提高13.21％、63.21％和4.9倍;2种调理剂增加了土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量,其中调理剂Ⅰ显著提升了土壤转化酶、磷酸酶、脲酶和脱氢酶的活性.综上所述,调理剂Ⅰ在提高烟叶产质量、改善植烟土壤理化性质、减轻烟草青枯病和普通花叶病发生等方面的综合效果显著,有助于植烟麻沙泥田土壤的改良.

2018年春季对77份烟草种质资源进行田间鉴定及繁种更新,其中烤烟51份、晒烟26份,对参试种质进行了主要特征特性的数据采集.结果表明,参试种质间生育期、形态特征、主要农艺性状等差异较大;不同生育期变异系数为7.4％～17.0％,由高到低依次为移栽至现蕾天数、移栽至中心花开放天数、全生育期、苗龄.大埔多叶烟的全生育期最长(197.0 d),而茅天镇小鸡尾最短(126.0 d);不同品种的主要农艺性状变异系数为11.3％～26.5％,变异系数从大至小依次为节距、叶长、叶宽、茎叶角度、叶数、株高、茎围、花冠长度、花冠直径、花萼长度、主侧脉夹角;普通烟草花叶病(TMV)的田间自然发病最严重,青枯病次之,黄瓜花叶病(CMV)、黑胫病、马铃薯Y病(PVY)零星发生,广烟127、YK1085、SR1307、多抗6号等45份资源发病率为0,其余22份资源不同程度发生田间自然病害.参试67份种质种子发芽率符合入库要求.

[目的]探讨烟叶钾含量田间鉴定指标筛选,分析烟草种质间烟叶钾含量差异,筛选其田间鉴定指标,建立可靠的数学评价模型.[方法]以31份烟草种质为试材,采用田间试验,调查株高(x1)、茎围(x2)、节距(x3)、叶数(x4)、最大叶长(x5)、最大叶宽(x6)、主侧脉夹角(x7)、茎叶夹角(x8)、花冠长度(x9)、花冠直径(x10)、花萼长度(x11)11个形态特征指标,运用聚类分析、主成分分析、因子分析和多元逐步回归分析方法对烟叶钾含量进行综合评价.[结果]通过聚类分析将31份烟草种质聚类分成高钾种质、中钾种质、低钾种质3种类型.通过主成分分析将11个形态特征指标转换成5个彼此独立的综合指标,代表了全部数据84.624％的信息量.通过多元逐步回归分析建立烟叶钾含量的数学评价模型y=-1.699+0.04 1x5+0.83 1x10(R2=0.9602),估计精度在89.66％以上.[结论]叶长及花冠直径对烟叶钾含量信息有极显著的反映能力,可作为烟叶钾含量的田间鉴定指标.

[目的]筛选适合南雄烟区沙泥田土壤的改良剂.[方法]通过田间试验研究了不同土壤改良剂对植烟沙泥田烟叶产质量和土壤理化性质等方面的影响.[结果]生物碳的土壤改良效果好于矿物质调理剂,生物碳处理的烟叶产量、产值、上等烟比例和均价分别比对照高20.00％、54.02％、84.18％ 和27.54％,差异均达显著水平;生物碳处理烤后烟叶的烟碱、钾、总氮、氯、蛋白质含量均在适宜范围内,其糖碱比在8～12间,烟叶化学成分较协调;生物碳和矿物质调理剂均能提高土壤pH值,改善土壤的理化性质,增加土壤中的有效养分含量;生物碳能提高植烟土壤中的土壤酶活性,其交换性钙和交换性镁含量分别比对照高30.75％和19.33％.[结论]生物碳处理(1500 kg/hm2)对提高南雄烟区沙泥田烟叶产质量和改善植烟土壤理化性质等方面的改良效果较明显.

烟草是广东省的重要经济作物之一.近年来在我国烟叶库存偏高及全球控烟浪潮大趋势的影响下,烟叶收购计划逐年下调,烟草种植规模持续下降,烟草行业也面临新的挑战.同时,广东经济的快速增长和农业生产的提质增效对烟叶生产提出了新要求.通过查阅文献、调研烟农、合作社和烟草公司,调查广东省的烟草种植区域与植烟土壤类型、烟草主栽品种与种植技术、种植模式与政策保险、单产、均价、产值以及相关科研现状,分析烟叶生产中存在的问题并提出相应的对策建议,以实现广东烟叶生产的高质量和可持续发展.当前广东省烟叶生产中存在的主要问题为抗病品种缺乏、植烟土壤退化、劳动力短缺及自然因素制约较大,针对上述问题,提出强化烟叶生产和收购制度、重视烟草良种引进和新品种选育工作、改良土壤和提升配套栽培、加强绿色防控技术、加强科技攻关和发展烟草其他用途多方面的参考建议.

粤烟208是以MS89X为母本,98-39-1为父本配制而成的烤烟雄性不育一代杂交种,于2017年6月通过全国烟草品种审定委员会审定.该品种田间生长整齐一致,长势强,叶片分层落黄,易烘烤;中抗青枯病、黑胫病和根结线虫病,中感TMV和CMV,感赤星病和PVY,综合经济性状优于对照品种K326.烤后原烟颜色以金黄色为主,部分正黄色,结构疏松,化学成份较协调,感官质量与K326相当.粤烟208是一个较能兼顾产量、质量、烘烤性能和抗病性的优良烤烟新品种,适宜在东南烟区种植.

Reasonable tillage methods are the key factors for sustainable agricultural production. In this paper, the soil in the cultivated land was taken as the research object, the soil pore structure and penetration resistance and their correlations under different tillage methods were analyzed. Results showed that:Compared with conventional-tillage treatment, no-tillage treatment can significantly increase soil non-capillary porosity in the lower layer (10～20 cm) and total soil porosity in the bottom layer (20～30 cm) ; compaction has no significant effect on soil pore structure and penetration resistance; however, conventional-tillage treatment and compaction+conventional-tillage treatment resulted in poor soil pore structure in the bottom layer of the tillage; deep-tillage treatment and conventional+subsoiling-tillage treatment had the best effect on soil non-capillary porosity, total porosity and soil penetration resistance of the lower layer and bottom layer. The tillage method has little effect on soil capillary porosity. The results of regression analysis show that soil total porosity (R2=0.35, P<0.01) and non-capillary porosity (R2=0.42, P<0.01) demonstrate a good linear relationship with soil penetration resistance. The tillage treatment can affect the formation of soil pore structure, and thus, affect the soil penetration resistance. In general, deep-tillage treatment and conventional+subsoiling-tillage treatment is more conducive to the construction of loose, porous soil structure, which is conducive to water-harvesting, moisture-conserving and soil quality.

烟草凝集素是近年来新发现的、对病虫害具有防治作用的烟草天然产物.本文从Nictaba及其类蛋白的发现过程、结构特征和生理功能等方面综述了其研究进展,分析了Nictaba在防治虫害、病毒病害、细菌病害、真菌病害、非生物胁迫中的作用以及Nictaba结构具有特异性和多样性统一的特征,阐明了该类物质结构与功能的相关关系及其应对胁迫的基本原理为今后重要的研究方向,对充分挖掘此类物质在病虫害防治中的应用潜力具有重要意义.

Due to narrow genetic basis of bacterial wilt resistance in tobacco,leaf production usually face enormous risks.In order to find new resistance sources,increased resistance genes is imperative for tobacco bacterial wilt resistant breeding.Dayemihe is a cultivar with good quality and resistance to bacterial wilt.To understand the resistance inheritance basis of Dayemihe,quantitative trait loci(QTL)conferring resistance to bacterial wilt were mapped out and characterized.A genetic linkage map with 287 SSR marker loci was constructed from a tobacco population consisting of 152 F2 individuals from Dayemihe × Changbohuang cross.The linkage map spans tobacco genome 2691.7 cM with average interval of 10.23 cM between adjacent markers.The resistance of both parents,F1 and F2 was identified,and the QTLs were mapped.6 putative QTL for resistance to bacterial wilt were found on linkage groups 7,8,9,15 and 22,accounting for 9.2％to 15.7％of phenotypic variance.This analysis indicated that resistant genes of Dayemihe were different from other resistant sources.The results provided important reference for exploitation and utilization of new resistant source in tobacco.

In order to understand the genetic regularities of starch content in flue-cured tobacco leaves,four flue-cured tobacco varieties were used as the parents in a complete diallel mating design.Analysis of combining ability was conducted by Griffing-Ⅰ.Inheritance of starch content in flue-cured leaves in P1,P2,F1 and F2 from the cross K326× Honghuadajinyuan was investigated by the mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model of quantitative traits.The results indicated that starch content in the flue-cured tobacco was controlled by nucleolus inheritance.The significant differences in starch content of GCA and SCA effects existed among parents,and the GCA effect was mainly.The GCA of Cuibiyihao showed positive effect,the GCA of K326 showed negative effect.Starch content in flue-cured leaves of the cross K326×Honghuadajinyuan was controlled by two adding-dominanceepistatic major gene plus adding-dominance polygene model.The heritability of major gene was 49.53％.

In order to clarify the mode of inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt disease, genetic analysis was performed under major gene+polygene mixed inheritance model using the P1, P2, F1 and F2 populations of three crosses among GDSY-1, DB101 and Changbohuang. GDSY-1, a Chinese domestic sun-cured cultivar, was newly identified to have high resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. DB101 is a USA cultivar, carrying the polygenic resistance derived from T.I.448A. Changbohuang, a Chinese domestic flue-cured cultivar, was susceptible to bacterial wilt. The results indicated that GDSY-1 was considerably more resistant than DB101. The inheritance of DB101 resistance showed mainly additive effects, conforming to the two adding major genes plus additive-dominance polygene model (E-4). The inheritance of GDSY-1 was partially dominant, conforming to the two additive-dominance-epistatic major gene plus additive -dominance-epistatic polygene model (E-0). The additive and dominant effect values of the first major gene were -2.6909 and -2.6909, with the resistance being completely dominant. The additive and dominance effect values of the second major gene were -1.2194 and -0.2307, with the resistance being partially dominant. The heritability of major genes was 85.02%.

The sandy soil suffers serious tobacco bacterial wilt in Nanxiong tobacco growing areas,Field trials were conducted by blending natural weathered red sand (purple soil) at different ratios in the tillage layer of the sandy soil.The changes of soil nutrient and control effects to bacterial wilt after mixture were analyzed.The results showed that after blending red sand in the tillage layer of sandy soil (which was prone to tobacco bacterial wilt) at 150-450 m3/hm2,the pH value changed from acidic (4.78) to neutral (7.06),and the exchangeable calcium content increased by 3 to 4 times.The population of bacteria and fungi declined,while the actinomycetes increased.The bacterial wilt incidence and morbidity index decreased by 42.2％-73.5％ and 51.4％-81.1％ respectively compared with the control (sandy soil).The correlation analysis demonstrated that pH value and actinomycetes population showed a significant negative correlation with bacterial wilt incidence and disease index.In summary,mixing certain percentage of red sand in the tillage layer of the tobacco planting sandy soil (in which bacterial wilt was severe) could prevent or reduce tobacco bacterial wilt.

在红壤坡耕地进行了不同耕作方式对坡耕地花生产量影响的研究,设置了压实+耕深20cm、耕深15cm、耕深20cm、耕深30cm、深松30cm+耕深15cm、深松30cm+耕深20cm共6个处理.试验结果:红壤坡耕地耕深20cm花生产量最高,耕深30cm茎叶产量最高,耕深15cm花生和茎叶产量最低.在红壤坡耕地,耕深20cm是比较适宜的耕作方式.

Propagating and regeneration for 83 tobacco germplasm resources was counducted in the spring of2013, including 45 flue-cured tobacco and 38 air-cured tobacco, and the main characteristics of field identification were completed. The results showed that the germination rate of 68 germplasm was in accordance with the requirements of germplasm bank. Large differences were exsited in the growth period, morphological characteristics and main agricultural characters during the germplasm resources. The CV of growth period was 5.7%-16.9%,arranged from longer to shorter as: the day from transplant to budding, the day from transplant to central flower opening, the whole growth period, seedling age. ‘Hongda 11' had the longest whole growth period(192.0 days), and‘Jiangyou tobacco' had the shortest whole growth period(149.0 days). The CV of main agricultural characters was6.4%-27.1%, arranged in the following order: leaf number, node interval, angle between stem and leaf, plant height,leaf width, corolla diameter, calyx length, leaf length, stem girth, angle between main vein and lateral veins, corolla length. Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) was the most serious of natural infection in field, followed by bacterial wilt,cucumber mosaic virus(CMV), black shank, potato virus Y(PVY) sporadically occurred. The natural incidence rates of ‘Guangza 87', ‘Black leaf No.1', ‘Heshan Zhongnan', ‘Enzhong Niuli' were zero.