Objective To explore the characteristics of operational psychological quality of pilots and establish a model. Methods The operational psychological quality questionnaire was produced on the base of working analysis and expert′s experience and was distributed to 99 pilots who participated in a military exercise for the investigation.A five-level affirmative importance measure fuzzy evaluation was used to recalculate the survey results , and the indicators for evaluating the operational psychological quality of pilots were extracted.According to the index connotation and exploratory factor analysis , the indicators were classified , summarized and summarized to form a pilot′s operational psychological quality model. Results ① In the fuzzy evaluation of the five-level affirmative importance measure ,136 items with the importance greater than 0.477 could be used as the evaluation indicators of operational psychological quality of pilots.Seventy-one indicators with relatively clear attribution were classified into 22 basic psychological ability indicators , 15 basic physiological ability indicators ,and 34 flight operational theory knowledge indicators ,including 25 basic theoretical knowledge and 9 flight-related knowledge.②In the exploratory factor analysis ,the principal component analysis was used to obtain the 3-factor structural model from 65 indicators , including 32 indicators of flight operational mental ability , 17 indicators of flight operational psychological mental power ,and 16 indicators of flight operational personal trait.③By classifying the items of the first-level indicators ,an operational psychological quality model of pilots was established , consisting of 4 first-level indexes that including flight operational mental ability ,flight operational personality characteristics ,flight operational mental power and flight operational theory knowledge , and 22 second-level indicators. Conclusions This study provides a theoretical basis for training and evaluating the psychological quality of pilots to perform operational missions.

Objective To study the practical effect of psychological stress protection training on the pilots in over sea fight missions , and to provide pilots with feasible techniques and training methods for the flight over sea. Methods Forty pilots who performed the flight missions over sea were chosen as the research objects.Their physiological and objective indexes ,including heart rate variability (HRV) ,EEG ,self-rated scale of stress degree were collected within half an hour after the flight mission.Then ,30-min psychological stress protection training was carried out.The above indicators were collected again as the training finished.The physiological indexes were compared between the states of pilots before and after psychological stress protection training to assess the training effectiveness.Similar comparison was done between the states of pilots before and after psychological stress protection training in over sea flight simulation. Results ① The HRV analysis in time domain indicated that the percentage of mormal adjacent NN interval difference ＞ 50 ms (PNN50) of pilots after psychological stress protection training was significantly higher than that before training(t＝ 2.198 ,P＜ 0.05).② The HRV analysis in frequency domain indicated that the normalized HF (HFnorm ) of pilots after psychological stress protection training was significantly higher than that before training (t＝ 7.102 ,P＜0.01),the normalized LF(LFnorm) of pilots after psychological stress protection training was significantly lower than that before training (t＝ 7.102 , P＜0.01).③The EEG analysis showed that α wave index of pilots after psychological stress protection training was significantly higher than that before training (t＝3.909 ,P＜0.01) ,but β wave index was significantly lower (t＝2.966 ,P＜0.01).④As compared with the data from flight simulation task the values of standard deviations of all NN intervals (SDNN) ,standard deviation of successive difference between adjacent NN intervals and very low frequency were significantly lower before stress protection training (t＝3.149 ,2.266 ,2.471 ,P＜ 0.01 or 0.05).β wave index was significantly increased (t＝5.067 ,P＜0.01).SDNN ,β wave indexes and HFnorm of pilots were significantly increased by stress protection training (t＝2.621 ,3.062 ,4.757 ,P＜0.05 or 0.01) while LFnorm significantly decreased (t＝2.621 ,P＜0.05).⑤The self-rated scale of stress degree of pilots were significantly decreased by the training (t ＝ 7.833 , P ＜ 0.01). Conclusions Psychological stress protection training is an effective way for the pilots performing over sea flight missions.

Objective To investigate the effect of autonomic nervous stability training on military flight personnel in order to provide data for future applications and studies.Methods Fifty military pilots were randomly divided into the experimental group (n =26) and control group (n =24).The indexes of HRV (time domain and frequency domain) in completing the flight simulation task were measured before training.Autonomic nervous stability training was performed in the experimental group for 30 minutes while respiratory training of the same length was performed in the control group.The indexes of HRV of each pilot in completing the flight simulation task were measured a second time.The experimental group completed the training assessment questionnaire and the effect of training was analyzed.Results (1) HRV time domain indexes:there was no significant difference between or within the two groups after training.(P＞0.05).(2) HRV frequency indexes:there was no significant difference between the two groups before training (P＞0.05).Compared with the control group,the experimental group gained a significant increase in 0.1 Hz,LF and LF/HF(P＜0.05,P＜0.01) after training.The experimental group gained a significant increase in TP and LFnorm,but a significant decrease in VLF and HFnorm (P＜0.05,P＜0.01) after training.After training,the control group gained a significant increase in LF/HF(P＜0.05).(3) The necessity and effectiveness of autonomic nervous stability training was 92％ according to the result of the training assessment questionnaire.Conclusion The autonomic nervous stability training can effectively regulate the balance of sympathetic-vagus nerve function in military flight personnel while helping maintain good work performance.

Objective To investigate the effects of floating feedback training capsule in defending psychological stress on military flight personnel for providing basis to further applications and studies. Methods Forty six military flight personnel were divided into 2 groups randomly: the experiment group(n=26) and the control group(n=20). All persons underwent psychological stress(additive mental calculation & flight simulation operation) and then their indexes of HRV and brain wave were measured. Floating feedback training was performed to defend psychological stress in the experiment group for 30 min, while deep breathing and relaxation training was performed in the control group for 30 min. All persons' indexes of HRV and brain wave were measured again and training assessment questionnaire was filled in. Results ①HRV time domain indexes: compared with control group and before training, experiment group gained significant increase in PNN50(P<0.05,P<0.01).②HRV frequency domain indexes:compared with control group and before training's, experiment group gained significant increase in HFnorm and significant reduction in LF/HF&LFnorm(P<0.05,P<0.01).③The necessity and effectiveness of psychological stress defense training is 96% according to the result of assessment questionnaire. Conclusion Floating feedback training capsule is an effective and popular tool for military flight personnel to defend psychological stress reaction.

Objective To investigate the effects of psychological stress defense training on military flight personnel for providing basis on further applications and studies.Methods 46 military flight personnel were divided into 2 groups randomly:the experiment group (n=26) and the control group(n=20).All person underwent psychological stress(additive mental calculation and flight simulation operation) and then their indexes of heart rate variability(HRV) and brain wave(α&β) were measured.Floating feedback training was performed to defend psychological stress in the experiment group for 30 minutes,while deep breathing and relaxation training was performed in the control group for 30 minutes.All person's indexes of HRV and brain wave(α&β) were measured again and training assessment questionnaire was filled in.Results (1) HRV time domain indexes:compared with control group((15.06±15.03)％) and before training's,experiment group gained significant increase(P＜0.05,P＜0.01) in PNN50((24.29± 17.02) ％).(2) HRV frequency domain indexes:compared with control group and before training' s,experiment group gained significant increase(P＜0.05,P＜0.01) in HFnorm ((22.35± 13.32) ms2) and significant reduction(P＜0.05,P＜0.01) in LF/HF(5.11 ±3.45) and LFnorm((77.65± 13.32) ms2).(3) Brain wave indexes:compared with control group and before training's,experiment group gained significant increase(P＜0.05,P＜0.01) in α waves index(11.08±2.47) and significant reduction(P＜0.05,P＜0.01) in β waves(5.66±4.46).(4)The necessity and effectiveness of psychological stress defense training was 96％ according to the result of assessment questionnaire.Conclusion Psychological stress defense training is an effective and popular way to regulate the psychological stress reaction of military flight personnel.

目的:研制一种能有效提高军人心理健康水平、缓解军事应激反应,并具备良好便携性的心理训练设备.方法:综合运用限制环境刺激疗法技术、漂浮疗法技术、生物反馈技术和虚拟现实技术,设计一种新型的多功能心理保障设备,并设定适宜的生理反馈指标,实时准确地评估心理训练效果.结果:研制的系统样机包含心理学知识学习、心理状态测评、表象训练、音乐治疗和生物反馈训练等5个功能模块,心理训练过程中人机交互操作界面简洁方便,为受训者生成了具有良好“临境感”的虚拟现实环境.结论:军用漂浮放松反馈训练太空舱在理论和实践上都是一次较大的创新,且设备可折叠,携行方便,满足部队作战过程中“随队保障”的要求.

目的:通过考察心率变异性与模拟飞行成绩的相关性,探讨心率变异性作为情绪调控能力生理指标的可行性.方法:选取42名飞行员进行模拟飞行任务,同时记录心电信号,分析其在完成3种难度水平任务时的频域参数.结果:随着模拟飞行任务难度的增加,心率变异性指标中的校正低频功率和低/高频功率比值呈上升趋势,而校正高频功率呈下降趋势;心率变异性的变化趋势在低分组表现得较明显,高分组较为平缓,并与模拟飞行成绩之间有显著的曲线关系.结论:心率变异性与模拟飞行成绩有明显的相关性,可以作为评价情绪调控力的客观指标.

Objective To explore the effect of subliminal music on college students'emotion and further discuss how subliminal audi-tory stimuli influence mood .Methods Two pieces of traditional Chinese music were used as SAS ,and the unheard music was played in a continuous loop ,which was different from the commonly used priming paradigm .53 college students were randomly divided into two groups;participants in one group were exposed to the subliminal happy music ,and in the other group were exposed to the subliminal sad music.During the experiment their galvanic skin response (GSR) and subjective ratings were recorded .Results A before-and-after self-paired design was used to assess the emotion of all the subjects .The results showed that SAS caused the obviously change on human's GSR(P<0.05),but there was no obvious difference found in their subjective ratings of emotional valence (happy-unhappy)(P>0.05). Conclusion Unheard music ( both happy music and sad music ) can cause significant change to human's skin resistance , but people themselves can't consciously feel their change of mood .So,we believe that SAS affect people's emotion,and this kind of affective priming isn't perceived consciously by people themselves .

Objective To explore the application effect of interpersonal communication group mental training on high-powered battleplan pilots for providing basis on further studies.Methods 80 high-powered battle plan pilots were selected and divided into 2 groups by random number:the experimental group (n=50) and the control group (n=30).Interpersonal communication group mental training was performed in the experimental group for 5 sessions,while only common mental health education and relaxation training were performed in the control group.All of the 80 pilots were tested by DIRS,SCL-90,SCCS before and after training,and experimental group assessed the effect of the group mental training half a year later.Results The results after interpersonal communication group mental training as follows:(1) Compared with control group and pre-training' s,experimental group gained significant reduction (t=2.27-4.76,P＜0.05,P＜0.01) on all factors' score of DIRS ((3.07± 1.26),(3.31± 1.24),(1.92±0.89),(3.01± 1.14),(11.83±3.95)),and significant reduction (t=2.97-4.62,P＜0.01) in somatization (1.27± 0.33),obsessive-compulsive (1.54 ± 0.35),interpersonal sensitivity (1.47 ± 0.42),depression (1.45±0.36),anxiety (1.34±0.51),phobic anxiety (1.25±0.41),general mean (1.34±0.31) and positive items of SCL-90 (23.98± 15.46).Significant reduction (t=4.52-6.81,P＜0.01) on all factors' score of SCCS((33.87± 7.35),(25.71±6.94),(12.65±3.78),(76.81 ± 13.35)).(2) After half a year of interpersonal communication group mental training,pilots felt the best outcome with help of "Kind and Love to Each Other" (90％) among the five designed training sessions,and the best outcome with satisfaction of "enjoy each other" (98％).Conclusion Interpersonal communication group mental training is an effective and popular activity to improve the capacity of high-powered battle plan pilots to deal with problems about interpersonal relationship.

军事飞行人员所从事的飞行活动是现代社会中最复杂的劳动类型之一,由于其职业的特殊性使他们在平时的工作和生活中存在许多可能影响身心健康的因素,如训练任务重、安全压力大、人际交往少和职业认同不高等,由此容易产生焦虑、抑郁、敌对等心理问题.这些问题若得不到及时的处理,会影响他们的心理健康水平,重者还可能成为飞行安全隐患,因此需要对这些问题进行有针对性的心理训练.目前许多国家的空军把心理训练也纳入军事训练当中,作为军事训练的一项重要内容.据资料显示,每年心理训练的时间和内容占整个军事、政治训练的比例,美军达到14％,英军为13％,前苏军为12.8％,法军为9％,日军为7.8％.但传统的心理训练存在耗时长、见效慢、人员要求较高等问题,不符合飞行部队的现状.因此迫切需要寻找一种受众面广、耗时少、见效快的心理训练方式.

目的 探讨团体心理训练在高性能战机飞行员心理健康维护中的应用效果,为进一步开展有针对性的研究提供依据.方法 以2008-2012年间的110名现役高性能战机飞行员为研究对象,随机分为干预组(n=60)和对照组(n=50),干预组接受5个单元的团体心理训练,对照组进行普通的放松训练,训练前后采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、应付方式问卷、缺陷感量表(FIS)以及团体成员主观评估表分别对两组的全部飞行员进行施测,评估团体心理训练的干预效果.结果 经过团体心理训练后测评结果如下:①与对照组及自身训练前相比,干预组飞行员SCL-90的躯体化(t=3.01,4.74)、强迫(t=3.57,3.05)、人际关系(t =3.78,3.57)、抑郁(t=3.81,3.41)、焦虑(t=3.11,4.21)、恐怖(t=3.63,3.25)、总均分(t=3.71,3.43)和阳性项目数得分(t=3.43,3.99)明显降低,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01)；②与对照组及自身训练前相比,干预组飞行员的解决问题(t=5.11,5.40)、求助(=6.89,6.25)等成熟应付方式得分明显增加,自责(t=3.64,3.67)、幻想(t=3.89,3.77)、退避(t=5.25,7.33)等不成熟应付方式得分则明显降低,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01)；③与对照组及自身训练前相比,干预组飞行员缺陷感量表的自尊(t=6.69,6.67)、社交能力(t=7.28,6.89)、学习能力(t=2.45,3.38)、体能(t=2.07,2.13)和总分值(t =5.11,5.88)都有增加,差异有显著统计学意义(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01)；④与自身训练前相比,干预组飞行员的10个自我评估项目均发生正向变化(t=5.63,4.67,5.22,2.86,4.53,3.15,2.38,7.47,4.74,3.75),差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05或＜0.01).结论 团体心理训练可以有效地提升高性能战机飞行员的心理健康水平,是一种有效的、受欢迎的心理训练方式.

Objective To investigate the relationship between personality factors and job burnout and stress in military (student) pilots in order to suggest the intervention and the researches on job stress.Methods Totally 167 military pilots,who were divided into fighter pilot (67),helicopter pilot (37),transporter pilot (19) and helicopter student pilot (44) groups,were examined by Maslach burnout inventory (MBI-GS),job stress questionnaire (JSQ),revised Eysenck personality questionnaire-short scale for Chinese (EPQ-RS),hardy personality questionnaire (HPQ) and aviation safety locus of control scale (ASLOCS).One-way ANOVA analysis was used to test differences of job burnout and stress among groups and Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between personality factors and job burnout and stress.Results All questionnaires were available.The α coefficient of MBI-GS was 0.710 which was acceptable in psychometrics.One-way ANOVA analysis indicated that MBI-GS sub-dimension scores (exhaustion and cynicism) among different aircraft groups were significantly different to each other (F-5.864,3.726; P＜0.01,0.05).Exhaustion and cynicism negatively correlate (r=-0.380--0.278,P＜ 0.01) to EPQ extroversion,HPQ and ASLOCS total score respectively,and positively correlate (r=0.229-0.526,P＜0.01) to EPQ neuroticism score and external score of ASLOCS.Conclusions Personality factors may indicate (student) pilot's job burnout.External controlled and emitionally unstable pilots are prone to feel high level of job burnout and stress.Internal controlled and hardy individuals may feel less job stress.Such (student) pilots with insufficient safe controlled sense will have stronger burnout feeling and this is the feature of the people employed in high risk job like flying.

Objective To study the effects of autonomic nervous biofeedback training on heart rate variabitity (HRV) and blood pressure of the military personnel stationed on plateau and to supply them with psychological support.Methods Seventy-one male military personnel (average age:27.6±6.5 yr) were selected as subjects.They were stationed on plateau of 3780 m for 60 d.Autonomic nervous biofeedback training that combined deep breath with HRV biofeedback was performed on them.HR,HRV and blood pressure of subjects were collected at sitting state and biofeedback state.Only 47 subjects' blood pressures were collected becauseof experimental condition limitation.Results ①Mean heart rate under autonomic nervous biofeedback state was significantly lower than that under sitting state (t=2.010,P＜0.05).Subjects' standard deviation of HRV in N-N interval and low frequency under autonomic nervous biofeedback state were significantly higher than those under sitting state (t 3.700,5.401,P＜0.01).②Ratio of diastolic pressure higher than 90 mm Hg was 31.91％under sitting state.Both systolic pressure and diastolic pressure under biofeedback state were significantly lower than those under sitting state (t=4.062,7.632,P＜0.01).The level of blood pressure was positively correlated to age under both states (r=0.363-0.605,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Autonomic nervous biofeedback training can reduce heart rate and blood pressure,but increase HRV of the subjects on plateau.It is suggested to strengthen psychological support for the military personnel stationed on plateau because of its benefits on moderating the hypoxia effects on physiology and improving mental state.

Objective To study on the improvement of cognitive performance in mental fatigue state through biofeedback relaxation at 3780m altitude.Methods Experiments were conducted in 12 male testees who have stayed at 3780 m altitude for 50 d.Mental fatigue state was induced by 90 min successional simulative flight.Then in experiment 1,cognitive performance including multi-task performance,memory scanning,visual reaction time,visual choice reaction time and target tracting were tested after 15min rest.In experiment 2,cognitive performance were tested after 15min biofeedback relaxation.Results In experiment 2,cognitive performance including multi-task performance,visual choice reaction time and memory scanning ((73.28 ± 16.29) scores,(0.54 ± 0.11) s,(0.50 ± 0.12) s,respectively) were significantly better than those in experiment 1 ((68.66 ± 13.14) scores,(0.60 ± 0.13) s,(0.63 ± 0.17) s,respectively) (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Biofeedback relaxation can improve cognitive performance in mental fatigue state at 3780m altitude.

Objective Aviation is one of the occupations with the most serious stress.Feeling of job pressure is an intervening variable between job stress and stress reaction.Personality plays an important role in stress defense.So in the study,we examined the relationship between feeling of job pressure and personality among the pilots in order to provide guidance for the study and intervention of occupational stress.Methods A total of 166 pilots,including 67 fighter pilots,36 helicopter pilots,44 helicopter student pilots and 19 transporter pilots,were examined with job stress questionnaire(JSQ),rivised Eysenck personality questionnaire-short scale for Chinese(EPQ-RS),aviation safety locus of control inventory(ASLOCI)and hardy personality questionnaire(HPQ).The relationship between feeling of work pressure and personality was analyzed.Results The coefficient of internal consistency of JSQ is 0.710 which is acceptable in psychometrics.The ANOVA indicates that the difference between lack of control and JSQ sub-dimension scores among different plane groups is of statistic significance(P<0.05).JSQ negatively correlates to EPQ-E,HPQ and ASLOCI total score respectively(r=-0.402,-0.480,-0.409,P<0.01),and positively correlates to EPQ-N and external control dimension score of ASLOCI(r=0.543,0.375,P<0.01).Conclusion JSQ is an acceptable measurement in pilots.There is difference in job stress among pilots on different aircrafts.External control and emotionally unstable pilots are prone to have high level of job stress while internal control,extrovert and hardy individuals may feel less job stress.All results can be used in guiding job stress study and intervention among pilots.