Infection by the Schistosoma japonicum can result in acute, chronic and late-stage manifestations. The latter often presents with severe organ failures and premature death. Importantly, infection can also produce autoimmune phenomena reflected by the development of autoantibodies. We wished to explore and profile the presence of autoantibodies in sera of patients with different stages of S. japonicum infection with the added aim of providing a reference assisting diagnosis. Blood samples from 55 patients with chronic and 20 patients with late-stage schistosomiasis japonica together, with a control group of 50 healthy people were randomly investigated against a microarray of 121 different autoantigens. In addition, the frequency of antibodies against Schistosoma egg antigen (SEA) was examined. In the sera from patients with chronic schistosomiasis japonica, 14 different highly expressed autoantibodies were detected, while patients with late-stage schistosomiasis were found to express as many as 43 autoantibody specificities together with a significantly higher frequency of antibodies against SEA compared to the control group. The findings presented suggest that autoantibody-based classification of schistosomiasis japonica represents a promising approach for the elucidation of subtypes of the disease. This approach may reflect differential disease mechanisms, which could ultimately lead to better treatment.

To explore and profile the level of cytokines in the sera of patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum to explore the helper T-cell response of patients either at the chronic or advanced stage of the disease. We randomly selected 58 subjects from several areas endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in China and collected serum samples to be tested for 18 different cytokines secreted by (1) Th1/Th2 cells (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18 and TNF-α) and (2) Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg cells (IL-9, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and IL-27). The Th1/Th2 cytokines in chronic patients were not significantly different from those in healthy people, while patients with advanced schistosomiasis had higher levels of IL-2, IL-23 and IL-27 and lower levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ. With respect to the Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg cell cytokines, there were higher levels of IL-23. Thus, a limited variation of the cytokine response between the three patient groups was evident, but only in those with advanced infection, while there was no difference between chronic schistosomiasis infection and healthy subjects in this respect. The cytokine expression should be followed in patients with advanced schistosomiasis who show a cytokine pattern of a weakened Th1 cell response and an increased Th17 response.

BACKGROUND:The Hubei province is one of the most schistosomiasis-epidemic-prone provinces in China. A series of strategies were adopted by the government to curb the rebound schistosomiasis endemic status that has prevailed since the early 2000s. This study aimed to elucidate the trends of schistosomiasis transmission and to appraise the effectiveness of the integrated control strategy in lake and marshland areas. METHODS:Surveillance data of schistosomiasis in the Hubei province between 2005 and 2018 were analyzed, including conventional health control measures, integrated strategies, and measures that focused on the infection source. According to the local annual plan for schistosomiasis control in endemic counties, previous measures were human and snail control and surveillance. Residents aged 6-65 years were screened by an immunological detection method called indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) after the transmission season each year. All residents who tested positive were then asked to provide a fecal sample for examination by the miracidium hatching technique (MHT) to detect the presence of schistosomes. Moreover, systematic snail surveys were conducted as a part of the combined environmental sampling method. The latter included integrated strategies and measures that focused on the infection source. Bovine stool samples were also collected and concurrently assessed using the MHT by the agriculture department, river-hardening slope protection was constructed by the water conservancy department, and forestation promotion was conducted by the forest department. The effectiveness of the integrated control strategy was assessed using two indicators of resident and livestock infection rates and three indicators of snail epidemics across all endemic areas. RESULTS:From 2005 to 2018, a total of 28. 46 million and 2. 05 million residents were assessed by immunological (IHA) and etiological (MHT) detection techniques, respectively. Snail surveys and molluscicide application were performed in 2. 26 hectares and 0. 37 hectares, respectively. Moreover, 2. 60 million bovines were assessed by etiological detection techniques (MHT). The river-hardening slope protection project was implemented in 503 places, and 46 thousand hectares in endemic areas underwent environmental modification. Forestation was implemented at an area of 0. 15 million hectares. Between 2005 and 2018, the epidemic indicators, including resident and livestock infection rates and the infested areas and infection rate of snails, all presented downward trends. The resident infection rate decreased from 3. 78% in 2005 to 0% in 2016, which persisted through 2018. The livestock infection rate decreased from 5. 63% in 2005 to 0% in 2013, which also persisted through 2018. From 2005 to 2018, the snail-inhabited area was slightly reduced, but the area of infected snails decreased to 0 in 2012; this persisted through 2018. All counties met the goal for schistosomiasis infection control, transmission control, and disruption of schistosomiasis activity in 2008, 2013, and 2018 separately. That means the goal has been achieved in each stage. CONCLUSIONS:The decline of the schistosomiasis epidemic rate demonstrates that the Chinese government was successful in meeting its public health goal in Hubei province. In the next decade, precision interventions must be implemented in endemic counties with a relatively low epidemic status to achieve the goals of the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. A similar strategy can be applied in other countries to eliminate schistosomiasis globally.

目的 了解湖北省临床治愈类晚期血吸虫病人基本情况,为晚期血吸虫病救治管理提供科学依据.方法 根据《晚期血吸虫病诊断标准》和《晚期血吸虫病临床治愈标准》筛查出湖北省临床治愈类晚期血吸虫病人,收集整理病人基本情况、救治情况及现状,采用描述性分析方法进行统计分析.结果 共收集整理临床治愈类晚期血吸虫病人3 258例,其中男2 059例(63.20％),女1 199例(36.80％),平均年龄(63.40±12.41)岁,63.38％的病例分布在荆州.临床分型以腹水型患者为主,共2 231例(68.48％),巨脾型967例(29.68％).确诊病例610例(18.72％),临床诊断病例2 648例(81.28％);行脾脏切除术者有485例(14.89％),有211例曾有消化道出血史(6.48％),平均内科救治次数(4.03±3.05)次,外科救治次数(1.61±1.46)次.结论 湖北省晚期血吸虫病免费救治工作效果显著,对临床治愈类晚期血吸虫病人加强监测和随访管理尤为必要.

Predictive models for prognosis of small sample advanced schistosomiasis patients have not been well studied. We aimed to construct prognostic predictive models of small sample advanced schistosomiasis patients using two machine learning algorithms, k nearest neighbour (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) utilising routinely available data under the government medical assistance programme The predictive models were derived from 229 patients from Xiantao and externally validated by 77 patients of Jiayu, two county-level cities in Hubei province, China. Candidate predictors were selected according to expert opinions and literature reports, including clinical features, sociodemographic characteristics, and medical examinations results. An area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate the models' predictive performances. The AUC values were 0.879 for the kNN model and 0.890 for the SVM model in the training set, 0.852 for the kNN model, and 0.785 for the SVM model in the external validation set. The kNN and SVM models can be used to improve the health services provided by healthcare planners, clinicians, and policymakers.

目的 湖北省省级疟疾诊断参比实验室对各级疟疾实验室上送的输入性疟疾病例留存血样进行复核,并对诊断和复核结果进行分析,评估全省各级疟疾实验室的检测能力.方法 收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统中2016-2020年湖北省报告的输入性疟疾病例诊断单位、诊断结果和留存样品,对诊断单位进行描述性分析,并由省级疟疾诊断参比实验室对疟疾病例样品采用血涂片镜检和巢式PCR进行复核,比较各级疟疾实验室诊断结果与省级疟疾诊断参比实验室复核结果的阳性和虫种符合情况,分析不同疟原虫虫种诊断符合情况,应用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 2016-2020年湖北省共报告疟疾病例608例,疟疾病例诊断单位医疗机构占89.5％ (544/608),疾病预防控制中心占10.5％ (64/608),其中地市级医疗机构诊断病例占54.6％ (332/608).2016-2020年医疗机构占疟疾病例诊断单位的比例分别为84.1％ (132/157)、84.4％ (92/109)、90.4％ (122/135)、95.2％ (157/165)和97.6％ (41/42) (x2=16.815,P＜ 0.05).省级疟疾诊断参比实验室共复核604例留存样品,其中92.4％ (558/604)的病例被各级疟疾实验室确诊为疟疾,88.5％ (494/558)感染虫种判定正确.不同年份疟疾病例诊断疟原虫阳性符合率为82.9％ (34/41) ～96.2％ (151/157)、虫种符合率为79.4％ (77/97) ～94.4％ (118/125),差异均有统计学意义(x2=9.273、13.787,P＜0.05).医疗机构的诊断疟原虫阳性符合率(93.2％,503/540)和虫种符合率(89.5％,450/503)均高于疾病预防控制中心的(85.9％,55/64)和(80.0％,44/55),省、市、县、乡级医疗机构诊断疟原虫阳性符合率分别为100％ (74/74)、93.3％ (308/330)、90.2％ (110/122)、和11/14,虫种符合率分别为100％ (74/74)、88.3％ (272/308)、86.4％ (95/110)、9/11,呈现级别越高诊断正确率越高的趋势(x2=13.092、15.598,P＜0.05).恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫、三日疟原虫、卵形疟原虫、混合感染诊断虫种符合率分别为96.9％ (373/385)、96.0％ (72/75)、10/16、48.8％ (39/80)和0,差异有统计学意义(x2=132.880,P＜0.05).结论 湖北省疟疾病例的诊断单位主要是医疗机构,各级疟疾实验室检测能力总体较高,对非恶性疟原虫的虫种鉴别能力有待提高.

目的 了解当前湖北省人群血吸虫病抗体水平与变化趋势,评估人群血吸虫病传播风险.方法 于2016-2018年每年的9-12月,收集湖北省人群血吸虫病查病中血清抗体阳性者血清,采用间接血凝试验检测血清抗体滴度,记录抗体效价结果和阳性者基础信息;收集湖北省血吸虫病防治工作年报表中全省各疫区县(市、区)2016-2018年查病情况和达标进展资料,将血清抗体阳性报告数、血清抗体阳性率、阳性血清抗体效价构成比和流行区类型等4项指标设立为传播风险评估具体指标.以县为单位,评估各流行地区的人群病情传播风险等级,并用ArcGIS 10.5软件制作湖北省人群血吸虫病传播风险等级可视化地图.采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件分析2016-2018年血清抗体阳性者基础信息,评估重点防控人群分布特征.结果 2016-2018年湖北省血检人数分别为1728300、1531611、1498039人,血清抗体阳性数分别为41154、31532、22124例,血清抗体阳性率分别为2.38％、2.06％、1.48％,全省血清抗体阳性数呈逐年减少,血清抗体阳性率逐年下降(x2=3410.81,P＜ 0.01).2016、2017年以传播控制地区报告为主,分别占当年总血清抗体阳性数的95.47％ (39290/41154)、63.68％ (20081/31532) (x2=773.88,P＜0.01);2018年以传播阻断地区报告为主,占当年总血清抗体阳性数的99.84％ (22088/22124).其中2016-2018年血清抗体效价≥1:40者分别为4459例、4498例、2482例,占血清抗体阳性数的10.83％、14.26％、11.22％,3年间差异有统计学意义(x2=217.46,P＜0.01).人群血吸虫病传播风险等级分析结果显示,全省1级风险区5个,分别为公安县、沙市区、江陵县、松滋市和潜江市;2级风险区10个,分别为阳新县、洪湖市、嘉鱼县、荆州区、荆州开发区、汉南区、石首市、蔡甸区、汉川市和仙桃市;3级风险区10个;其余38个流行地区均为4级风险区.血吸虫病传播风险重点人群分析结果显示,2016-2018年血清抗体效价≥1:40人群中,均以男性和44～65岁年龄组人群为主,分别占血清抗体阳性数的62.43％ (7141/11439)和71.09％ (8132/11439).结论 2016-2018年湖北省人群血吸虫病血清抗体阳性数呈逐年减少,当前人群血吸虫病传播风险以4级风险区域为主,总体传播风险较低,1级风险、2级风险区域仍需加强防控,以男性和44～65岁年龄组人群为重点防控人群.

PURPOSE:This study aimed to examine the prevalence of psychological distress and the corresponding risk factors among patients with breast cancer affected by the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).METHODS:This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study was conducted from March 14 to March 21, 2020. An online survey was used to collect the basic characteristics of patients with breast cancer. The degree of depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires, respectively. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to identify factors associated with psychological distress outcomes.RESULTS:Among the 834 patients with breast cancer included in the study, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia was 21.6%, 15.5%, and 14.7%, respectively. No statistically significant difference in the prevalence of these symptoms was observed between patients in Wuhan and those outside Wuhan. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that comorbidity, living alone, deterioration of breast cancer, and affected treatment plan were risk factors for psychological distress including depression, anxiety, and insomnia. When stratified by location, living alone was associated with depression and insomnia only among patients in Wuhan, but not those outside Wuhan.CONCLUSIONS:This study shows an elevated prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among patients with breast cancer during part of the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with comorbidity, living alone, deterioration of breast cancer, and whose treatment plan was affected should be paid more attention to prevent mental disorders.

目的 了解在湖北省山丘型血吸虫病重点防控地区,人群病情小尺度空间聚集性探测的应用价值.方法 以松滋市2016—2018年血吸虫病血清学检测阳性抗体效价在1:80及以上(血阳高)病例、血吸虫病粪便检查阳性病例(粪阳)为研究对象.以该市村级小尺度为研究单元,采用Flexible不规则空间扫描统计量,分别设定参数K=2、K=6、K=10时,对人群病情进行空间聚集性探测分析.结果 松滋市2016—2018年未查出粪阳病例,血阳高病例分别为74人、206人、83人;2016—2018年血阳高病例均存在空间聚集性.Flexible不规则空间扫描统计分析探测到的聚集区域随着设定不同K值的变化而发生变化.不同参数下扫描探测结果显示松滋市血吸虫病人群病情聚集区域主要集中在老城镇、陈店镇、王家桥镇等最大似然聚集区的3个流行乡镇40个流行村.结论 Flexible不规则空间扫描统计量探测出湖北省山丘型血吸虫病流行区的人群病情在村级小尺度上存在空间聚集性,今后需继续保持与巩固血吸虫病监测、防控工作力度,早日实现全省血吸虫病消除目标.

Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are the bridge between natural and adaptive immunity. In the present study, peripheral blood was collected from 13 patients with advanced schistosomiasis (schistosomiasis group) and 13 uninfected people (control group) to investigate the γδ T cells and their subtypes in human schistosomiasis. Compared with the control group, the proportion of Vδ1 cells and CD27+ Vδ1+ cells in the schistosomiasis group increased significantly, while CD27- cells and CD27- Vδ1- cells decreased. Only the level of IL-17A differed between the groups, being significantly decreased in the schistosomiasis group. In the schistosomiasis group, there were no correlations between the liver fibrosis and subsets of γδ T cells, or the level of cytokines. Additionally, the level of IL-17A correlated positively with the proportion of CD27- Vδ1- cells. Thus, there was a higher frequency of circulating Vδ1 γδT cells in patients with advanced schistosomiasis. The decreased IL-17A might be related to the reduction in CD27- Vδ1- cell.

目的 分析湖北省重点县人群血吸虫病乡村级尺度空间聚集性,为下阶段血吸虫病防控工作提供决策支持.方法 以湖北省公安县、江陵县为代表,以乡村级尺度为研究单元,选取两县2015年血吸虫病粪便检查阳性病例(粪阳)和2016—2018年血吸虫病血清学检测阳性抗体效价在1:80及以上(血阳高)病例为研究对象.采用Kulldorff圆形扫描统计量对人群血吸虫感染情况进行空间聚集性分析.结果 公安县2015年粪阳病例,2016—2018年血阳高病例均在乡村级尺度上存在空间聚集性,其中以公安县沿长江流域分布的东北区域麻豪口镇、闸口镇、杨家厂镇、夹竹园镇、斗湖堤镇等5个流行乡镇覆盖的86个流行村最为突出.江陵县2015年粪阳病例,2016、2018年血阳高病例在乡村级尺度上均存在空间聚集性,其中以江陵县沿长江流域分布的西南区域普济镇、熊河镇等2个流行乡镇覆盖的57个流行村最为突出.结论 湖北省公安县、江陵县的人群血吸虫病病情在乡村级尺度上存在空间聚集性,与以往研究相比,人群病例聚集性呈现缩小与下降趋势.故疫情现况对各地在推进血吸虫病消除工作进程中实施精准防治提出了更高要求.

目的 分析湖北省腹水型晚期血吸虫病患者住院费用及其构成,探究住院费用的影响因素.方法 从《湖北省晚期血吸虫病救治绩效评估管理系统》中随机抽取3个县(市)定点医院,对其2011-2013年所有腹水型晚期血吸虫病人中无夹杂症者1129例的住院费用及其构成进行描述性分析,对住院费用的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 2011、2012、2013年湖北省腹水型晚期血吸虫病的平均住院费用分别为6221、6158和6550元.抽取的1129例住院费用构成中,以药品费占比最高,三年占比分别为52.09％、50.95％、53.17％;其次为检验费,三年的占比分别为13.10％、13.85％、13.16％.Logistic回归分析显示,合并巨脾为住院费用较高的正相关因素(b>0,OR>1);腹水程度轻、住院天数少、进入临床路径为负相关因素(b<0,OR<1).结论 控制住院费用应从尽可能纳入临床路径管理、规范药物使用、合理开展检验以及缩短住院天数等方面进行综合干预.

目的 通过对日本血吸虫虫卵分泌物(egg secreted products,ESP)的小RNA进行高通量测序,分析、鉴定已知miRNA的表达水平.方法 提取日本血吸虫虫卵ESP miRNA进行高通量测序;通过对数据分析包括统计长度分布与比对注释,鉴定已知miRNA的表达水平.结果 将构建文库中日本血吸虫虫卵ESP表达的miRNA与最新miRBase数据库中的miRNA比对,发现在鉴定的12个miRNAs中,sja-miR-3488为表达量最高的miRNA,其次为sja-miR-36-3p和sja-miR-71a,上述三种miRNA表达量占比91.8％.结论 日本血吸虫虫卵ESP三个miRNAs(sja-miR-3488、sja-miR-36-3p和sja-miR-71a)的鉴定为下一步探寻血吸虫病诊疗新靶标奠定了基础.

目的 了解湖北省并殖吸虫病的流行现状.方法 选取湖北省兴山县、恩施市、郧西县、保康县、南漳县、随县、竹山县、巴东县8个县(市)作为监测点,开展主动监测.包括采集溪蟹检测囊蚴感染情况,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测人群血清并殖吸虫特异性抗体IgG和IgM.结果 2012-2017年在8个监测点共调查3 561人,总体阳性率1.42％(52/3 651),男性阳性率1.22％(21/1 716),女性阳性率1.68％(31/1 845),差异无统计学意义(x2=1.287,P＞0.05),其中兴山县4次调查共1 128人,阳性率2.57％(29/1 128);共调查溪蟹760只,平均重量9.81 g,阳性率25.00％(190/760),感染度7.15个/只,其中兴山县共调查340只,阳性率27.94％(95/340).结论 湖北省并殖吸虫病的传播流行风险依然存在,应持续开展监测防控和健康教育宣传,以免出现暴发流行.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of clinical pathway (CP) on the implementation of advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites. METHODS Totally 1 129 cases of advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites but without other complications were selected randomly from the Performance Evaluation and Management System for Medical Treatment of Advanced Schistosomiasis Patients in Hubei Province from year 2011 to 2013. Among the patients, 754 cases were treated by CP (CP group), and 375 cases were treated with traditional methods (NCP group), and the hospitalization days, hospitalization expenses, medicine proportions, treatment outcomes and degrees of satisfaction and health knowledge rates of the two groups were compared. Meanwhile, the variation of CP was calculated. RESULTS The average length of hospital days of the CP group and NCP group were (13.85 ± 5.60) d and (17.92 ± 5.80) d, respectively, and the average hospitalization costs of the two groups were (4 699.14 ± 1 520.59) Yuan and (5 692.01 ± 1 616.66) Yuan, respectively, both the differences were statistically significant (both P ＜ 0.05). Also the hospitalization cost structures of the two groups were remarkably different, the composition ratios of the inspection fee and accommodation fee in the CP group were lower than those in the NCP group, but the constituent ratios of the examination fee, diagnosis and treatment fee, drug charges and other expenses were higher than those in the NCP group (all P < 0.05). The awareness rate of health knowledge in the CP group was higher than that in the NCP group (P < 0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences in the treatment outcome and the degree of satisfaction between the two groups (both P > 0.05). The variation rate of CP was 9.02% (68/754). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of CP can decrease the days of hospital stay and medical expenses, improve the awareness rate on health knowledge of the patients. The CP treatment with low variation rate is applicable to advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites but without complications.

Background In order to better assist medical professionals, this study aimed to develop and compare the performance of three models—a multivariate logistic regression (LR) model, an artificial neural network (ANN) model, and a decision tree (DT) model—to predict the prognosis of patients with advanced schistosomiasis residing in the Hubei province. Methodology/Principal findings Schistosomiasis surveillance data were collected from a previous study based on a Hubei population sample including 4136 advanced schistosomiasis cases. The predictive models use LR, ANN, and DT methods. From each of the three groups, 70% of the cases (2896 cases) were used as training data for the predictive models. The remaining 30% of the cases (1240 cases) were used as validation groups for performance comparisons between the three models. Prediction performance was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Univariate analysis indicated that 16 risk factors were significantly associated with a patient’s outcome of prognosis. In the training group, the mean AUC was 0.8276 for LR, 0.9267 for ANN, and 0.8229 for DT. In the validation group, the mean AUC was 0.8349 for LR, 0.8318 for ANN, and 0.8148 for DT. The three models yielded similar results in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Conclusions/Significance Predictive models for advanced schistosomiasis prognosis, respectively using LR, ANN and DT models were proved to be effective approaches based on our dataset. The ANN model outperformed the LR and DT models in terms of AUC.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the space-time patterns of schistosomiasis after the stage of transmission controlled in Hubei Province, so as to provide the reference for precise controlling.METHODSThe data of human schistosomiasis cases in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2016 and basic information of human schistosomiasis cases and serum antibody titer of human schistosomiasis cases in 2016 were collected and analyzed. The spatial clustering of human schistosomiasis was detected by the Flexible spatial scan statistics and Kulldorff circular scan statistic, respectively.RESULTSTotally 64 819 serological positive cases from 51 counties and 1 504 stool hatching positive cases from 17 endemic counties were reported in Hubei Province in 2015, and 39 365 serological positive cases were reported from 48 counties in 2016. All of them were identified as the research objects. No stool hatching positive cases were reported from the routine work in the whole province in 2016. There were 1 603 cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more), with the proportion of 4.07%. According to the results of Kulldorff spatial clustering analysis, there were eight and six spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of the highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were eight and five in 2016, respectively. According to the results of Flexible spatial clustering analysis, there were three and two spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and stool hatching positive cases in 2015, respectively. The numbers of spatial clustering areas in the distribution of serological positive cases and the cases of highest antibody titer (1∶80 or more) were two and one in 2016, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe distribution of human schistosomiasis cases is not balanced, and there is spatial clustering in Hubei Province. So the key area for prevention and control is on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the future.

Objective To introduce a technique for preparing the slide specimens of adult Schistosoma ja-ponicum and its eggs obtained from the sentinel mice.Methods Slide specimens for the adult worms were prepared by fixation, staining, dehydration, transparency and mounting, whereas specimens for eggs were prepared by doub-le slides.Results By reference to related literatures and relevant laboratory practice guidance, standard procedures for preparing the specimens of adult Schistosoma japonicum and its eggs obtained from the sentinel mice were suc-cessful y established.Conclusion Specimens for the adult Schistosoma japonicum and its eggs obtained from sentinel mice can be prepared in standard manner, which may contributes to effective preservation of the worms for use in scientific research and class teaching in the context of gradually declined prevalence of schistosomiasis.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological data of the sentinel surveillance in the suspected high-risk waters in Wuhan, Hubei Province from 2014 to 2016,and explore the role of the sentinel mice technique in the monitoring and warning for the key waters of schistosomiasis. Methods According to the method of "Surveillance Program of Sentinel Rats in Schistosomiasis Endemic Area of China",the Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River,the Fu-Lun River System,the Dongjing-Tongshun River System and Jingshui River System were chosen as the surveillance sites. The water infectivity was tested by using the sentinel mouse method during the flood season. Results The recovery rate of sentinel mouse in 2014 and 2016 was 100. 00%,and the recovery rate in 2015 was 90. 56%. No positive sentinel mice was detected in 3 years. Conclusion The water infection in the key waters of schistosomiasis from 2014 to 2016 in Wuhan,Hubei Province was at a low level. The sentinel mice method was of great significance in the monitoring and early warning of schistosomiasis,and should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the water infectivity in key water areas of Hubei province in 2015,analyze the potential transmission risk of schistosomiasis in environments at high-risk for the prevention of human and livestock schistosomiasis infection in flood season.Methods Schistosomiasis endemic areas along the Yangtze River,Hanbei River and the Fuhe River were selected as the surveillance sites.The water infectivity was detected by using the sentinel mice during flood season from June to July and from September to October.The infection status of people in the villages around the surveillance sites and the activities of human and domestic animals were surveyed.The mice were dissected after being raised for 35 days.Results Among the first 14 surveillance areas,1 positive area with infected mice was found,accounting for 7.14％.Among 302 sentinel mice,and 285 were re-captured.After dissection of these mice,5 infected mice were detected (1.75％).Totally 21 adult schistosoma worms were collected,with mean worm burden of 4.20 worms per infected mouse.The emergency response mechanism was initiated when infected areas were detected and no epidemic occurred.In the 5 areas for the second round surveillance,105 sentinel mice were used,and 103 mice were re-captured and dissected,but no positive mice were found.Conclusion Surveillance by using sentinel mice can play an important role in analyzing the schistosomiasis transmission risk.