Ruminants have the ability to convert agricultural byproducts into valuable resources. However, the influence of functional roughage with medicinal value on production performance and rumen function in ruminants remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the role of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EUL) in the growth performance and rumen microbiome of sheep. Twenty-one healthy female sheep were randomly divided into three groups, in which the EUL feeding amounts were 0

To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of lipid metabolism in the longissimus dorsi muscle and meat quality in Hu sheep following the addition of extruded linseed to the diet. Extruded flaxseed was incorporated into the diets of Hu sheep as a feed additive. Thirty-six healthy male Hu sheep of similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into three groups: a control group (CON) and groups supplemented with 2.5% Extruded flaxseed (EF2.5) and a group supplemented with 5% Extruded flaxseed (EF5). Lipidomic analysis indicated that glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolic pathways exhibited the most significant changes. The addition of extruded flaxseed to the diets synergistically optimized the ω-6/ω-3 ratio by integrating the glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolic networks. This induced a metabolic shift in the levels of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and promoted compensatory membrane lipid remodeling to improve flavour quality and overall meat texture.

Introduction:To elucidate the effects of fluctuating dietary crude protein (CP) on Holstein dairy cows, this study investigated lactation performance, rumen bacterial communities, and metabolome profiles. Methods:In a 60-day trial, twenty-four Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a fluctuating CP diet (FCP), high CP diet (HCP, 18.05% CP), or intermediate CP diet (ICP, 16.05% CP). FCP alternated between high (18.05%, FCP-HCP) and low CP (14.04%, FCP-LCP) every 48 h, forming a 96-h cycle. During the final cycle, blood, milk, and urine samples were collected to measure plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and urine urea nitrogen (UUN). Rumen bacterial diversity and metabolomic profiles were also analyzed. Results:Fluctuating CP did not significantly affect lactation performance (p > 0.05). PUN in FCP was lower than HCP on Day 1 (p < 0.01), while MUN in ICP was lower than HCP and FCP on Day 2 (p < 0.01). On Day 3, PUN and UUN in FCP exceeded HCP and ICP (p < 0.05), and on Day 4, PUN in FCP was again lower than HCP (p < 0.01). FCP had lower Proteobacteria on Day 2 (p < 0.05) and lower Patescibacteria on Days 3-4 (p < 0.05). Metabolomics indicated shifts mainly in amino acid, energy, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism. Discussion:These findings show that short-term CP fluctuations induce dynamic changes in nitrogen excretion, rumen bacterial composition, and key metabolic pathways without affecting milk production. This suggests that dietary CP variation primarily influences nitrogen metabolism and rumen bacterial dynamics rather than lactation performance.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) could be utilized as an effective strategy to promote growth performance of calves and to further study its impact on decreasing diarrhea. A total of 18 healthy Holstein calves (age 8 ± 3 days, weight 42.48 ± 1.04 kg) were raised in a centralized manner to minimize differences and then divided into two groups: one group received LGG supplementation (1 × 1010 CFU per calf per day), while the other served as the control (CON). Each group consisted of 9 replicates, with 1 calf per replicate. The experimental period spanned 6 weeks. The experimental results demonstrated an increase of the average daily growth (P = 0.094) and a highly significant reduction in diarrhea (P = 0.001) for the LGG group compared with the CON group. The supplementation of LGG resulted in an increased abundance of endogenous beneficial bacteria in the gut including Lysinbacillus (P = 0.012) and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (P = 0.041) while reducing levels of pathogenic bacteria in the Escherichia-Shigella (P = 0.066). These particular groups could serve as biomarker bacteria for calf diarrhea and gut health. The alteration of metabolite production and metabolic pathways were also closely associated with the variation of bacterial composition in the gut microbiome of calves, of which included enrichment of biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid and steroid biosynthesis. Overall, LGG administration had a positive impact on improving the intestinal homeostasis, alleviating diarrhea, and enhancing growth performance by modulating gut bacteria and metabolites in pre-weaning calves. Thus, LGG could be a potential alternative to prophylactic antibiotic treatment that would lower associated costs and provide new insights into preventing and treating calf diarrhea.

This study aimed to assess the impact of Aspergillus oryzae supplementation on CH4 emissions and the production performance of beef cattle. Sixteen healthy Simmental crossbred steers (552.4 ± 35.5 kg) were randomly assigned to either a control group (CG, basal diet) or an A. oryzae group (AO, basal diet + 6 g A. oryzae per head daily). CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and manure, growth performance, nutrient and energy digestibility, rumen fermentation variables, and microbial populations were evaluated. A. oryzae supplementation did not affect average daily gain (ADG) or dry matter intake (DMI), though ADG increased by 11.1

Neonatal calves' diarrhea, which can be severe enough to cause death, has a significant impact on the global cattle industry. In this study, alfalfa polysaccharides and seaweed polysaccharides were found to significantly improve the diarrhea condition in neonatal calves. To explore the underlying mechanisms, further microbiomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted. This study investigated the impact of alfalfa polysaccharides and seaweed polysaccharides on growth performance, serum metabolites, gut microbiota, and metabolomics in neonatal Holstein calves. A total of 24 newborn calves were randomly assigned to three groups, with 8 calves per treatment group. The control (CON) group was fed a basal diet, the alfalfa polysaccharide (AP) group received a basal diet supplemented with alfalfa polysaccharides (4 g/calf/day), and the seaweed polysaccharide group (SP) received a basal diet supplemented with seaweed polysaccharides (4 g/calf/day). These polysaccharides were plant extracts. Compared to the CON group, the results indicated that SP significantly enhanced the body weight, height, chest circumference, and average daily gain of Holstein calves (p < 0.05), while also reducing the diarrhea rate and improving manure scoring (p < 0.05). Compared to the CON, AP also reduced the diarrhea rate (p < 0.05). In terms of serum biochemistry, supplementation with AP and SP increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Both AP and SP elevated serum catalase (CAT) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC) levels, indicating enhanced antioxidant status (p < 0.05). Regarding immune responses, supplementation with AP and SP significantly increased serum complement component 3 (C3) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, while significantly reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Microbiota analysis revealed that AP modulated the abundance of Firmicutes, while SP influenced the abundance of Prevotella and Succiniclasticum. AP and SP differentially influenced intestinal metabolites compared to the CON group, leading to enrichment in pathways related to immunity, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory functions. These pathways included the biosynthesis of alkaloids from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor canothersis/antagonists, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and alkaloid biosynthesis from histidine and purine, thus alleviating intestinal inflammation. Therefore, by supplementing with AP and SP, the diarrhea rate in calves was reduced, and the immune function of Holstein calves was enhanced, while simultaneously promoting a higher relative abundance of beneficial gut bacteria and suppressing the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, gut pathways associated with immune response and inflammation were modulated by AP and SP. This study provided valuable insights and theoretical underpinnings for the use of AP and SP in preventing diarrhea in neonatal calves.

Providing an exercise paddock may improve the behavior and health of cows in their dry period. We compared a control group of cows in a shed with no exercise paddock and an experimental group in the same shed but with access to an exercise paddock. Both groups had ad libitum total mixed ration (TMR) indoors combined with access to a paddock (Group EX). The other group was just offered TMR indoors (Group IN). Total lying time was longer for cows without the exercise paddock (859 min/d) than for those with the paddock (733 min/d) (p = 0.012). Lying bouts were shorter, there were more allogrooming bouts, and drinking time was longer if an exercise paddock was provided. Cows with the paddock spent on average 76 min/d in paddock activity. Non-esterified fatty acids in the blood were increased by providing the exercise paddock. No significant differences in postpartum milk yield and calf weight of dry cows with or without access to exercise paddock were observed. However, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were increased by providing the exercise paddock. The results suggest that providing an exercise paddock for cows in their dry period increased activity, including allogrooming, reduced lying, and improved digestibility of some major nutrients in the feed.

Alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) is a powerful antioxidant, which can reduce oxidative damage and inflammation in the host. In previous research, we found that 600 mg/kg α-LA supplemented in the diet could improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes and regulate the secretion of inflammatory factors in rumen of sheep. However, the mechanism of α-LA driving the antioxidant capacity in rumen of sheep remains unknown. The aim of this current research was to investigate the role of α-LA in antioxidant and inflammatory processes in the rumen of sheep. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to assess the variation of genes and metabolites of rumen epithelial tissue in sheep induced in the LA (600 mg/kg α-LA) group compared with the CTL (0 mg/kg α-LA) group. The results showed that some discovered core genes in the rumen epithelial tissue were negatively correlated with antioxidant activity. G6PD and HK2, the downregulated and upregulated core genes in the comparison of LA/CTL, were enriched in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the pathways of mannose and oligosaccharide metabolism, respectively. The PPP is a metabolic pathway within cells, primarily functioning to produce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ribose-5-phosphate. The differential metabolites were enriched in the pathway of 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, which improves the antioxidant capacity of the rumen epithelium by increasing enzymatic activities of SOD. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that α-LA improved antioxidant activity by regulating PPP and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the application of α-LA in the raising of sheep.

This study aimed to assess the impact of Aspergillus oryzae supplementation on CH4 emissions and the production performance of beef cattle. Sixteen healthy Simmental crossbred steers (552.38 ± 35.48 kg) were randomly assigned to either a control group (CG, basal diet) or an A. oryzae group (AO, basal diet + 6 g A. oryzae per head daily). CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and manure, production performance, nutrient and energy digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, and microbial populations were evaluated. The results showed that A. oryzae supplementation did not significantly affect average daily gain (ADG) or dry matter intake (DMI), though ADG increased by 11.11%. The AO group exhibited a 36.41% increase in apparent NDF digestibility (P < 0.05), a significant reduction in ammonia-N (P < 0.05), and elevated rumen fungi and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens populations while reducing protozoa and methanogens; CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and manure decreased by 18.78% (P < 0.05) and 56.55%, respectively. In summary, supplementation with A. oryzae effectively lowers CH4 emissions both enteric fermentation and manure without compromising beef cattle production performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of alpha-lipoic acid (alpha-LA) indairy cows and its metabolic mechanism. Thirty Holstein cows weighing 550 +/- 25 kg, 200 +/- 15days of lactation and calving 2-3 times were randomly divided into three groups, ten cows ineach group. Different doses of alpha-LA were added based on body weight: 0 (CTL), 30 (LA-L)and 60 (LA-H) mg/kg per head per day; 7 days adaptation period, 30 days formal period. Milk production was recorded daily during the test period. Milk and blood samples were col-lected on the last day. ELISA kits and automatic biochemical analyser were used to detect the indicators in blood; serum metabolites were detected and analysed by non-target metabolomics. The results of the study showed that the addition of alpha-LA significantly increased milk yield; blood concentrations for HDL, triglyceride, cortisol and triiodothyronine were sig-nificantly elevated; and levels of glutathione reductase and nitric oxide synthase were significantly reduced in LA-L group as compared to CTL group. The concentrations of IL-1 beta, IL-2,TNF-alpha, IgG and IgA were significantly higher after supplementation with alpha-LA.Metabolomics analysis revealed 13 and 15 differential metabolites each in positive or negative modes. Methylmalonic acid levels were significantly higher following alpha-LA supplementation compared to CTL group, as were D-lactose, D-maltose and oleanolic acid levels in LA-Lgroup. In summary,alpha-LA can enhance milk production, improve antioxidant capacity and immunity, and is more beneficial for animal production and economic benefits at 30 mg/kg.

试验旨在研究α-硫辛酸(α-LA)、酵母铬(CY)对绵羊激素水平、免疫功能和抗氧化性能的影响.选取28只体重为35～40 kg、5～6月龄的健康杜×湖杂交公绵羊(杜泊♂×湖羊♀),采用2×2完全随机试验设计,随机分成4组,每组7个重复,每个重复1只羊,对照组饲喂基础饲粮(CTL组),试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加600 mg/kgα-LA(α-LA组)、0.5 mg/kg CY(CY组)、600 mg/kgα-LA和0.5 mg/kg CY(MIX组),预试期7 d,正试期60 d.结果表明:α-LA组、CY组、MIX组生长激素(GH)含量均高于CTL组(P<0.01);与CTL组相比,α-LA组皮质醇(CORT)含量降低(P<0.05);α-LA和CY对绵羊血浆总蛋白(TP)、GH有互作效应(P<0.05、P<0.01);α-LA组、CY组、MIX组中白介素-1β(IL-1β)含量均低于CTL组(P<0.01);与CTL组相比,CY组和MIX组中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量降低(P<0.01),而α-LA组升高(P<0.01);α-LA和CY对绵羊血清中热休克蛋白90(HSP90)、IL-1β和IgG均有互作效应(P<0.05、P<0.01);α-LA组、MIX组中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量略高于CTL组(P>0.05).由此可见,饲粮中添加α-LA和CY对绵羊的生长发育有一定促进作用,并对绵羊的代谢和免疫功能有一定影响.

反刍动物主要通过瘤胃进行消化,由于瘤胃内存在一些微生物,因此其能够将动物采食的物质通过发酵转化为其他物质,瘤胃上皮细胞(Rumen Epithelial Cells,RECs)吸收这些物质后,能够为动物机体提供能量,所以动物RECs发育良好才能更好地进行一系列生理活动.体外培养RECs与活体试验相对比,前者的操作技术更简单、可控性更高、成本较低并且能够解决试验个体之间存在差异的问题,为体外研究瘤胃组织生长发育规律、营养机制、瘤胃疾病等提供良好的细胞模型.体外培养RECs时,炎症介质含量增加会使细胞炎症因子表达增强,诱导炎症反应,本综述通过介绍瘤胃上皮的结构功能以及RECs的体外分离培养、纯化、鉴定技术,及RECs在炎症反应中的应用进展,以期为RECs的研究及应用提供参考.

为研究日粮中添加牛至油对夏季荷斯坦牛产奶性能和乳体细胞数的影响,选取14头体况良好、胎次、体重及产奶性能相近的泌乳中期荷斯坦牛,按单因子完全随机设计分为2组,每组7头,对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮上添加10 g/(头·d)牛至油.结果表明:日粮中添加牛至油显著提高了夏季荷斯坦牛乳脂率(P＜0.05),可缓解因热应激引起的产奶量下降;日粮中添加牛至油有降低夏季荷斯坦奶牛乳体细胞数的趋势.可见,日粮中添加牛至油可提高牛奶乳脂率,缓解奶牛因热应激引起的产奶量降低及降低乳体细胞数的趋势.

本试验旨在研究在西藏高原环境下,舍饲与半舍饲模式对娟姗牛乳品质、瘤胃发酵以及血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响.试验选择 12 头健康高原娟姗牛,随机分成 2 组,6 头放牧并补饲精料为放牧+补饲的半舍饲组,另 6 头饲喂全混合日粮(TMR)为舍饲组.预试期 14 d,正试期 41 d.结果表明:1)舍饲组采食量高于半舍饲组,舍饲组乳糖、乳蛋白质和非脂乳固体含量显著高于半舍饲组(P＜0.05).2)舍饲组瘤胃乙酸、丙酸和氨态氮浓度显著高于半舍饲组(P＜0.05).3)半舍饲组瘤胃菌群alpha多样性指数中的Chao1 指数显著高于舍饲组(P＜0.05),舍饲组瘤胃放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度显著高于半舍饲组(P＜0.05),舍饲组瘤胃瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)相对丰度有高于半舍饲组的趋势(P＞0.05).4)2 组间血清总抗氧化能力、丙二醛含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性没有显著差异(P＞0.05),半舍饲组血清细胞白介素-6、免疫球蛋白M和肿瘤坏死因子-α含量显著高于舍饲组(P＜0.05).综上可知,在西藏高原环境下采用TMR舍饲能够为娟姗牛提供均衡的营养,提高瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮浓度,提高产奶量,改善乳品质,但降低了瘤胃菌群的丰富度;舍饲和半舍饲对娟姗牛血清抗氧化指标没有显著影响,半舍饲组娟姗牛免疫力高于舍饲组.

试验探讨日粮中添加酵母铬对绵羊肝脏转录组的影响.选择5～6月龄、体重相近、健康状况良好的杜湖杂交绵羊14只,随机分为对照组与酵母铬组,每组7只.对2个组得到的147348445和148419153个数据进行筛选,将筛选出的821个差异基因进行GO功能注释和KEGG富集分析,选择差异表达基因进行实时荧光定量PCR验证.结果显示:日粮中添加酵母铬可改善绵羊的屠宰性能.酵母铬可上调CD80,并显著抑制CD86,进而对T细胞产生免疫调节作用,提高机体对热应激的适应能力.研究表明,日粮中添加酵母铬可对绵羊机体起到一定的保护作用,保护肝脏免受损伤.

本研究旨在探明转录因子GATA结合蛋白2(GATA2)在奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞中对尿素转运因子-B(UT-B)基因启动子的作用.首先构建UT-B基因的启动子载体与GATA2真核表达载体,二者共转染奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞,通过荧光素酶报告基因研究GATA2过表达对UT-B基因启动子转录活性的调控作用.不同浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol/L)尿素作用下,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测氮转运相关基因UT-B、GATA2、水通道蛋白3(AQP3)的基因表达量,Western blot检测其蛋白表达量.结果表明:1)1.0 mmol/L尿素可显著提高体外培养条件下奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞UT-B、GATA2及AQP3基因和蛋白表达量(P＜0.05).2)奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞中,GATA2显著上调UT-B-1、UT-B-2基因启动子活性(P＜0.05).由此可见,GATA2影响氮转运相关基因(AQP3、UT-B)转录变化且对UT-B基因启动子具有调控作用,这对探明奶牛瘤胃氮再循环的机制,丰富奶牛氮素营养理论具有重要意义.

本试验旨在利用体外产气法研究花生秧不同粉碎粒度对奶牛瘤胃发酵效果的影响.试验选用花生秧作为体外发酵底物,将其粉碎后分别取过18～20目(L组)、20～30目(M组)和30～40目(S组)的双层标准筛中间的花生秧样品,采集荷斯坦干奶牛(瘘管牛)瘤胃液,以不同粉碎粒度花生秧作为发酵底物进行体外产气法试验.试验设置3个试验组,每组3个重复.结果显示:M组的花生秧干物质(DM)降解率高于L组和S组6.79％、3.16％(P>0.05),粗蛋白质(CP)降解率高于L组和S组18.25％、25.73％(P>0.05),M组的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度高于L组和S组(P>0.05),氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度低于L组和S组20.00％、24.40％(P>0.05),体外发酵24 h的产气量(GP24)高于L组和S组6.73％、2.51％(P>0.05).综上所述,花生秧的粉碎粒度会影响奶牛瘤胃发酵的效果,其粉碎后过20～30目的双层标准筛中间的花生秧粉料营养物质瘤胃发酵和瘤胃降解率效果更好,适宜将花生秧粉碎为该粒度作为日粮粗饲料来源,但其具体粉碎粒度仍需在实际生产中进一步探究验证.

Background Previous studies have discussed the effects of grazing and house feeding on yaks during the cold season when forage is in short supply, but there is limited information on the effects of these feeding strategies on Jersey cows introduced to the Tibetan Plateau. The objective of this study was to use genomics and metabolomics analyses to examine changes in rumen microbiology and organism metabolism of Jersey cows with different feeding strategies. Methods We selected 12 Jersey cows with similar body conditions and kept them for 60 days under grazing (n = 6) and house-feeding (n = 6) conditions. At the end of the experiment, samples of rumen fluid and serum were collected from Jersey cows that had been fed using different feeding strategies. The samples were analyzed for rumen fermentation parameters, rumen bacterial communities, serum antioxidant and immunological indices, and serum metabolomics. The results of the study were examined to find appropriate feeding strategies for Jersey cows during the cold season on the Tibetan plateau. Results The results of rumen fermentation parameters showed that concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and ammonia nitrogen in the house-feeding group (Group B) were significantly higher than in the grazing group (Group G) (P < 0.05). In terms of the rumen bacterial community 16S rRNA gene, the Chao1 index was significantly higher in Group G than in Group B (P = 0.038), while observed species, Shannon and Simpson indices were not significantly different from the above-mentioned groups (P > 0.05). Beta diversity analysis revealed no significant differences in the composition of the rumen microbiota between the two groups. Analysis of serum antioxidant and immune indices showed no significant differences in total antioxidant capacity between Group G and Group B (P > 0.05), while IL-6, Ig-M , and TNF-α were significantly higher in Group G than in Group B (P < 0.05). LC–MS metabolomics analysis of serum showed that a total of 149 major serum differential metabolites were found in Group G and Group B. The differential metabolites were enriched in the metabolic pathways of biosynthesis of amino acids, protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporters, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, mineral absorption, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. These data suggest that the house-feeding strategy is more beneficial to improve the physiological state of Jersey cows on the Tibetan Plateau during the cold season when forages are in short supply.

【Background】Circadian rhythm is a common natural phenomenon undergoing in the biological world. With the change of day-night cycle, there are plenty of diverse reactions and changes taking place in living cells. So does it in animals, circadian rhythm affects the metabolism and physiological function inside the body, and further affects the growth, production, and reproductive of animals. Milk is the popular and near-perfect food in the world. On account of technological limitation, the knowledge on milk is just rested on the nutrition, ignored the physicochemical property and physiological function, especially physicochemical property and physiological function of day and night milk responding to circadian rhythm.【Objective】Through the research on the physical and chemical characteristics and physiological function of milk in day and night, it was proposed to collect milk according to the physiological function of milk in different periods, which could lay a theoretical basis for the classification, processing and scientific drinking of milk in day and night.【Method】This research collected night milk (5:00, produced from 21:00 to 5:00) and day milk (13:00, produced from 6:00 to 13:00) to detecte milk nutrients composition and fatty acids composition by lipidomics. The tiny molecular composition were investigatued by metabonomics and physicochemical properties antioxidation ability, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), gluathione reductase (GR), malondialdehyde (MDA), and metabolism related hormones, such as melatonin (MT), growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T3), insulin (INS) and glucagon, as well as immune factors, such as immune globulin A (IgA), immune globulin G (IgG), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferons-γ (IFN-γ), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) etc.【Result】The milk fat, protein, lactose, and total milk solids were not different between night milk and day milk, but the small molecules, metabolites, lipids, hormones and cytokines differed between day milk and night milk. Night milk was differ from day milk in physicochemical property, for antioxidant activity and immunity activity of night milk were significant high than that of day milk. The content of MT and IFN-γ in night milk were markedly higher than those in day milk, and the content of MDA, heat shock protein (HSP70, HSP90) were significantly increased. The result of metabolomics revealed that there were 36 differential metabolites were detected between night-milk and day-milk. Except 3 of them in night-milk were lower than that of day-milk, the rest 33 in night-milk were higher than that of day-milk. These metabolites were belonging to carbohydrate (such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-lactose, 2-ethoxyethanol, dihydroxyacetone, acetyl phosphate, acamprosate, alpha-D-glucose, D-galacturonic acid, raffinose, D-sorbitol, cis-aconitate, etc.), lipid (such as DL-α-hydroxybutyric acid, cis-9-palmitoleic acid, stearidonic acid, myristoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, cholic acid, tridecylic acid, myo-inositol, DL-2-aminoadipic acid, etc.), amino acids (such as L-citrulline, D-ornithine, D-proline, taurine, N6-acetyl-L-lysine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, lys-leu, L-alanine, etc; N6-methyl-L-lysine, etc.) and other aromatic compounds (such as S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine, 2'-O-methylcytidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, etc.). Lipidomics analyses showed a total of 21 lipid classes and 1 094 lipid species were detected in the milk samples. The majority of the lipid species were TGs (379), accounts for 34%. These lipids included triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), sphingomyelin (SM), ceramide (Cer), O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acid (OAHF), and diacylglycerol (DAG) categories. The composition of the lipids was very different between night milk and day milk.【Conclusion】Based on these differents, this research put forward a strategic method on milk classifying, processing, selling and drinking, in an attempt to meet the demands of people at different period and physiological status. This could make full use of the milk physiological property and better serve for human health at the time of providing nutrition and better serve the health of human beings.

为充分挖掘牛生产学课程的思政元素,更好地实施学生主动课程思政,该文阐明牛生产学课程思政教学目标整体规划,从教学理念、教学方式方法、教学载体和手段、课程教学内容及组织实施、课程考核方式和教学评价等全方位构建牛生产学课程思政教学体系.该文重点阐述河南农业大学牛生产学课程思政创新与特色及其课程思政改革成效,并对牛生产学课程思政进一步发展方向进行展望.通过充分挖掘课程的思政元素,将思政元素融入到教学中,在课程高阶性、创新性、挑战度方面进一步提高,以促进课程目标的达成,实现全员、全程、全方位育人.