目的 探究槐耳Trames robiniophila Murrll.发酵液乙酸乙酯部位的化学成分.方法 槐耳发酵液乙酸乙酯部位采用硅胶、ODS、HPLC进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构.结果 从中分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为尿嘧啶(1)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(2)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(3)、1-苯基-1,2-丙二醇(4)、环(亮氨酸-脯氨酸)(5)、环(苯丙氨酸-丙氨酸)(6)、环(4-S-羟基-R-脯氨酸-R-异亮氨酸)(7)、环(苯丙氨酸-甘氨酸)(8)、环(D-羟脯氨酸-L苯丙氨酸)(9)、环(L苯丙氨酸-L羟脯氨酸)(10)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(11)、对羟基苯甲酸(12)、对羟基苯甲醛(13)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸乙酯(14)、环(丙氨酸-异亮氨酸)(15)、环(D-亮氨酸-反-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸)(16).结论 所有化合物均为首次从该真菌发酵液中分离得到.

[背景]人参菌核病是人参的主要病害之一,严重影响人参的产量.[目的]探索白花蒲公英内生菌(Endomelanconiopsis microspora)发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取物对人参核盘菌的抑制机理.[方法]采用人参核盘菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发试验测定抑制效果;采用显微镜观察菌丝形态变化,通过电导率和核酸含量的变化测定细胞膜通透性,通过丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活力的变化测定膜脂过氧化程度.[结果]内生菌E.microspora发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取物能显著抑制人参核盘菌菌丝生长,最小抑菌浓度为3.75 mg/mL,培养6 d后抑制率为76.22％.该提取物能显著抑制人参核盘菌孢子萌发,15.00 mg/mL时抑制效果最好,抑制率达90.69％.提取物影响菌丝形态,增加人参核盘菌细胞膜通透性,造成菌丝内含物外渗,7.50 mg/mL处理10 h后电导率和核酸含量分别比对照组增加30.11％和62.85％.同时提取物显著增加人参核盘菌MDA含量和SOD、POD、CAT活力,7.50 mg/mL处理组呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,并在12h时达到最高值.[结论]内生菌E.microspora发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取物通过改变人参核盘菌细胞膜通透性,加剧膜脂过氧化,破坏细胞膜完整性,导致细胞内含物流失,显著抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长.

为了探讨异氟烷对老年犬心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardium ischemia reperfusion injury,MIRI)时血流动力学的影响,试验用20只健康老年比格犬建立MIRI模型,将试验犬随机分为对照组和异氟烷组,两组犬按体重30 mg/kg于前肢静脉注射戊巴比妥钠注射液.对照组犬以每隔1 h按体重2 mg/kg额外静脉注射戊巴比妥钠注射液进行维持麻醉,异氟烷组犬用全自动呼吸麻醉机吸入2％异氟烷进行维持麻醉,两组犬都以60 mL/h的速度于股静脉注射生理盐水以弥补体液流失.开胸阻断左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)血液90 min后再灌注200 min,于阻断前(给药前、给药后60分钟)、阻断后90分钟及再灌注60,120,180分钟时,分别检测心率(HR)、肺动脉压(PAP)、肺动脉楔压(PCWP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、平均动脉压(MAP).结果表明:与阻断前比较,阻断后90分钟及再灌注60,120,180分钟对照组老年犬HR显著升高(P＜0.05);各时间点异氟烷组老年犬HR均低于对照组,其中在阻断后90分钟及再灌注60,120,180分钟时两组间差异显著(P＜0.05).与阻断前比较,阻断后90分钟及再灌注60,120,180分钟对照组和异氟烷组老年犬PAP显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),但对照组和异氟烷组比较差异不显著(P＞0.05).与阻断前比较,阻断后90分钟及再灌注60,120,180分钟对照组PCWP极显著升高(P＜0.01),异氟烷组仅阻断后90分钟PCWP显著升高(P＜0.05);阻断后90分钟及再灌注60,120,180分钟时,异氟烷组PCWP与对照组比较差异显著(P＜0.05).仅阻断后90分钟时对照组MAP显著低于阻断前(P＜0.05),其他情况老年犬CVP、MAP的变化均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).说明异氟烷对老年犬MIRI所造成的心肌损伤有一定保护作用.

为比较不同金鱼品种线粒体基因组的差异,通过PCR对虎头、红头白蛋、红白文、高头红文、墨龙睛、黑水泡眼和红朝天龙共7种金鱼线粒体基因组进行扩增,利用Clustal Omega和ContigExpress等软件进行序列的比对和拼接,并利用MEGA 7.0和DNA SP 5.0等软件分析不同品种金鱼的线粒体基因组的基本特征、基因排列以及基因组序列的差异情况.结果表明:7种金鱼线粒体基因组全序列长度均为16580bp,基因排列顺序完全相同,排列紧凑,均含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA、2个rRNA、1个非编码控制区(D-loop区)和1个轻链复制起始区(OL区);ND6和8个tRNA基因在L链上编码,其他基因均在H链上编码.金鱼线粒体基因组和13个编码蛋白的基因的碱基组成具有AT偏好性,A+T含量分为57.7％和58.1％;预测了金鱼22个tRNA的二级结构,大部分tRNA基因都形成典型的三叶草结构,仅tRNA Ser(AGN)缺少DHU臂.在D-loop区中的识别出1个终止序列区(TAS)、3个中央保守区(CSB-F、CSB-E和CSB-D)和3个保守序列区(CSB-1、CSB-2和CSB-3).对线粒体基因组的全序列比对结果显示,仅存在4个变异位点,且均为非简约信息位点,其中D-loop区变异位点1个,ND2基因2个,ND5基因1个.7种金鱼的线粒体基因组缺乏简约性信息位点,因此线粒体基因组或基因在金鱼系统发育提供的遗传信息将十分有限.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of propofol on the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) in aged dogs. Eighteen healthy aged mongrel dogs (7-9 years old) were divided into C group (normal saline, 60mL?h-1) and P group (propofol, 90μg?kg-1?min-1). These dogs were administered the left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 90 min then followed reperfusion for 200 min. The parameters of heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were measured before administration (T0), at 60 min after administration, at occlusion 90 min and reperfusion 60, 120 and 180 min. The results showed that the change of HR caused by MIRI in P group was significantly smaller than that in C group. The values of MAP at T2 decreased compared with the T0 in C group (p<0.05). The values of PAP in two groups were significantly increased after occlusion and during reperfusion (p<0.05). but The values of PCWP in C group after occlusion and during reperfusion were significantly increased than the value before occlusion (p<0.01). In conclusion, propofol could protect the function of systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation during MIRI in aged dogs.Our current research could lay a foundation for further clinical trials in the use of propofol in veterinary surgery.

Canine breast tumor is one of the most serious diseases that threaten health of canine. At present, most of the treatment for breast cancer is surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but the results are more prone to relapse. As a traditional Chinese medicine extract, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been gradually revealed for its anti-tumor effect. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of DHA on the invasion of canine breast tumor cells. The CHMm cells at the logarithmic growth phase, under low (5 M), medium (10 M), high (20M) concentration of DHA treatments were cultured for 24, 48, 72 hours, respectively. Cells were collected and stained by CCK-8. Cell scratch test was made for cell migration. The invasion detection was made by transwell cells. The cytotoxicity of CHMm cells was detected by CCK-8. Compared with the blank control group, the low, medium and high test group had significant inhibition (p<0.01). Compared with the other groups, the effect of DHA on cell inhibition was very significant (p<0.01). The inhibition rate of DHA on CHMm cells was significantly dependent on drug concentration. The cell migration rate of cell scratch test showed that, in the same incubation time, compared with the blank control group, the low, medium and high test group had significant inhibitory effect on the migration of CHMm cells (p<0.01). Compared with the other groups, the effect of DHA on cell migration inhibition was very significant (p<0.01). Compared with theother groups, the effect of DHA on cell migration inhibition was very significant. Compared with the control group, low and high in the experimental group through the basement membrane staining cell number increased significantly, indicating that DHA on CHMm cells had invasion inhibition effect significantly (p<0.01). The effects of different concentrations of DHA were significantly different between groups (p<0.05). In the same concentration of DHA, with the increase of culture time, the invasion of the cells decreased, and the effect was significant (p<0.05). DHA inhibited the migration and invasion of CHMm cells in a time and concentration dependent manner.

Morphological differences in 18 morphological parameters among four populations (Anshan,Dalian,Shenyang and Panjin population) of Chinese grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sinensis) were studied using three multivariation analysis methods,including cluster analysis,principal component analysis and discriminant analysis.Cluster analysis revealed that the populations of Panjin and Anshan were clustered together due to the smallest difference in their morphology,while had a gradually increased difference with Dalian and Shenyang populations.The Mantel matrix tests showed that there was no significant relationship between geographic and Euclidean distances (r=0.576,P=0.901).Seven principal components with an accumulative variance percentage of 84.74％ were extracted by principal component analysis,and indicated the morphological differences mainly resulting from carapace characters.Four discriminant functions were obtained,with the discrimination accuracy being 66.00％-97.00％,and the integrated discrimination accuracy being 77.83％.The results provided a scientific basis for the protection and use of germplasm resources and for artificial selection breeding of Chinese grass shrimps.

如何提高大学生的创新创业能力,强化其综合素质,培养专业实践和特色创新技能,使之成为全面发展的复合型人才,是高等院校培养大学生的重要工作.沈阳农业大学畜牧兽医学院动物医学、动物科学专业通过完善大学生培养方案、扶持创新创业大赛、开展校企合作等方式,对提高动物医学、动物科学专业大学生的创新创业能力培养进行了思考与探索,以期为更多地培养具备创新创业能力的复合型应用人才提供借鉴和参考.

本研究以2010—2014年版《中国科技期刊引证报告(核心版)》收录的我国畜牧兽医学期刊为研究对象,选取了连续5年被收录的11种畜牧兽医学期刊,并对期刊总被引频次、影响因子、即年指标和他引率等8项文献计量学指标进行综合指标加权值分析.11种期刊的5年平均影响因子范围在0.1918~0.7725,平均值0.3829;并证实利用综合指标加权值或影响因子评价畜牧兽医学核心期刊学术影响力的结果虽有不同,但总体一致.通过对11种期刊影响因子的分析,以及与JASB成长模式的对比,为探究我国畜牧兽医学期刊的发展趋势以及寻求期刊持续发展的策略及有效途径提供依据.

Effects of resveratrol enriched artemia on intestinal morphology and anti-oxidative capacities of zebrafish (Barchydanio rerio) were explored. Total 240 healthy fish (0.3±0.05g) were selected and the newly hatched artemia nauplii, enriched with 4 levels (0,1,20,30mg?mL -1) of resveratrol for 12h, were used as food for zebrafish. Theresults indicated that the resveratrol significantly increased villus height and folding area of the intestine compared with the control group (p﹤0.05) after the 30-days trial. The villus height and folding area of the intestine were the highest by feeding 20mg?mL-1 resveratrol enriched nauplii (211.13 and 18789.10μm2), and have significant differences compared with the other groups (p﹤0.05). The intestinal MDA content was significantly decreased, GSH-PX activity and T-AOC level were significantly increased by feeding resveratrol enriched nauplii. MDA content was the lowest whereas the levels of GSH-PX and T-AOC were the highest by feeding 1mg?mL-1 resveratrol enriched nauplii (7.84,201.36 and 73.43nmol?mg -1). Under the condition of this experiment, the 1-20mg?mL -1 resveratrol enriched nauplii could enhance the growth of intestinal villi and promote anti-oxidative capacities of zebrafish intestine remarkably, which maintains intestinal health.

为探讨中华小长臂虾（Palaemonetes sinensis）的形态性状与体质量的相关关系,对采自辽宁和山东的580尾虾的全长、体长、头胸甲长等13个形态学指标进行测量,借助相关分析、逐步线性回归、通径分析等方法分析中华小长臂虾形态性状与体质量的关系。结果表明:中华小长臂虾的13个形态学性状与体质量的相关系数均达到极显著水平（p＜0.01）,通过计算各保留性状与体质量的通径系数和决定系数,量化各性状对体质量的影响效果,结果显示:体长（X 2 ）与体质量（Y）相关系数、决定系数均最大,是影响体质量的最主要性状;所选性状与体质量的复相关系数为0.907,表明所保留性状确实为影响体质量的关键性状。采用逐步线性回归法建立多元线性回归方程为Y=-0.526+0.014X 2+ 0.045X 4 +0.036X 5 +0.034X 12 ,其中X 2 、X 4 、X 5 、X 12 分别为体长、头胸甲宽、头胸甲高和眼窝距。本研究结果还表明,体长、头胸甲宽、头胸甲高和眼窝距是影响中华小长臂虾体质量的主要性状,可用于今后中华小长臂虾良种选育工作中体质量的估测。

随着社会的发展和进步,人们对于动物科学与医学专业有了更深刻的认识.如何提高动物科学与医学专业大学生的创新创业能力,强化其综合素质,培养专业实践和特色创新技能,使之成为全面发展的复合型人才,是高等学校动物科学与医学专业培养大学生成才的重要工作.沈阳农业大学畜牧兽医学院树立高等教育的现代理念,建立深度的校企合作机制,强化教育教学的创新创业意识,构建科学的专业人才培养方案,采用多元化创新创业实践模式,完善综合性的评价反馈机制,这一有益经验将为高等学校更多地培养具备创新创业能力的复合型应用人才提供借鉴和参考.

[目的]研究牛磺酸对投喂高脂饲料草鱼幼鱼生长、肌肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响.[方法]选取平均初始体质量为(45.13±2.78)g/尾的健康草鱼幼鱼720尾,随机分成6组(每组4个重复,每个重复30尾),第1组为基础组,饲喂基础饲料(脂肪水平为5.09％),第2组为高脂组,饲喂高脂饲料(脂肪水平为8.25％),其余4组为牛磺酸添加组,分别饲喂添加200,700,1 200和1 700mg/kg牛磺酸的高脂饲料,养殖65 d后,测定草鱼体质量和体长,并采集尾静脉血样、肝胰脏和肌肉样品,用于测定草鱼幼鱼生长、肌肉品质及抗氧化能力指标.[结果](1)与基础组相比,高脂组草鱼脏体指数(VSD、肌肉粗脂肪含量、肝胰脏和血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高(P＜0.05),空壳率(ESR)、肝胰脏和血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低(P＜0.05).(2)与高脂组相比,添加700mg/kg牛磺酸显著提高了鱼体增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER) (P＜0.05);添加1 700mg/kg牛磺酸显著降低了VSI(P＜0.05);700～1 700 mg/kg牛磺酸分别显著提高了ESR,降低了肌肉中粗脂肪含量(P＜0.05);在抗氧化酶活性方面,200～1 200和700～1 700 mg/kg牛磺酸分别显著提高了肝胰脏SOD和CAT活性,1 200和700 mg/kg牛磺酸分别显著提高了血清中SOD和CAT活性(P＜0.05);当牛磺酸添加量分别为700～1 200,200～1 700 mg/kg时显著降低了肝胰脏、血清中MDA含量(P＜0.05).[结论]在本试验条件下,投喂高脂饲料显著降低了草鱼幼鱼的肌肉品质和机体的抗氧化能力;投喂添加适宜剂量(700～1 200mg/kg)牛磺酸的高脂饲料促进了草鱼幼鱼的生长,改善了肌肉品质,提高了机体抗氧化能力.

输液疗法是通过静脉补充某些液体、电解质及药物以维持体液平衡的一种治疗方法,对于纠正电解质紊乱、酸碱平衡和体液平衡有重要意义.输液本身可延缓病情,为治疗赢得更多的时间,多数病例均可通过输液疗法达到较好的治疗目的.但输液疗法应用不当也会带来严重后果,因此如何正确利用输液疗法也是极其重要的.

[目的]研究外源性肉碱对鲤鱼幼鱼生长性能、背肌生化组成及血浆生化指标的影响,为水产饲料中肉碱的添加提供理论依据.[方法]在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组),50,100,150,200和400 mg/kg L-肉碱组成试验饲料,饲喂平均体质量(2.5±0.5)g/尾的鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)幼鱼60 d,试验结束后取样,测定增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、成活率、背肌生化组成及血浆甘油三酯、总胆固醇、白蛋白、尿素氮等指标.[结果]L-肉碱的添加量为200mg/kg时,鲤鱼幼鱼的试验末体质量、增重率和特定生长率显著提高,饲料系数显著降低(P＜0.05),成活率与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).随着L肉碱添加量的增大,背肌粗蛋白含量总体呈增加趋势,粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,当L-肉碱添加量为200 mg/kg时,与对照组相比,粗蛋白含量增加了11.18％,粗脂肪含量降低了12.65％,差异均达显著水平(P＜0.05),但其与添加400 mg/kg L-肉碱试验组相比,二者粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P＞0.05).饲料中添加L-肉碱可显著降低血浆中总胆固醇和甘油三酯质量浓度,当L-肉碱添加量为150mg/kg时,总胆固醇质量浓度最低,与对照组相比降低了36.08％,差异显著(P＜0.05);添加50mg/kg L-肉碱时,与对照组比较,甘油三酯质量浓度下降了50.28％,差异显著(P＜0.05).添加L-肉碱后,鲤鱼幼鱼血浆中尿素氮浓度显著下降,白蛋白质量浓度显著增加(P＜0.05),当L-肉碱添加量为200 mg/kg时,尿素氮浓度最低,白蛋白质量浓度最高,分别为13.49 mmol/L和9.12 g/L,与对照组相比较分别下降了17.49％和增加了32.56％,差异均达显著水平(P＜0.05).[结论]本试验条件下,外源L-肉碱可促进鲤鱼幼鱼生长,降低背肌中粗脂肪含量及血浆中尿素氮浓度,增加背肌中粗蛋白含量及血浆中白蛋白质量浓度,其中添加200mg/kg L-肉碱效果最好.

兽医临床教学实习已经成为农业院校研究的重要课题, 如何培养符合国内外需求、 具有高素质的兽医人才是兽医专业实习过程的重要环节. 通过对培养目标、 教学内容、 教学方式和手段等方面进行改革将是行之有效的方法.

水产养殖是实践性很强的专业,应建立适应水产业生产发展需要的实践教学体系.笔者分析了国内外水产养殖专业实践教学的现状及存在的问题,并提出了建立新型实践教学体系的原则和途径,通过整合实验教学环节、完善教学实习与生产实习体系、培养学生科研创新能力和抓好毕业论文写作和设计等方面提高学生的创新技能和实践能力.

[目的]研究外源肉碱对鲤鱼背肌脂肪酸组成及其CPT Ⅰ基因表达的影响,为阐明肉碱调控脂肪酸代谢的机理提供理论依据.[方法]在基础饲料中分别添加0,50,100,150,200和400 mg/kgL-肉碱,进行饲养试验,60 d后取鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)背肌样品,测定其脂肪酸组成;提取鲤鱼背肌总RNA,采用同源克隆方法扩增CPT Ⅰ基因的部分序列,Real-time PCR方法测定CPT Ⅰ基因mRNA表达水平的变化.[结果]外源肉碱对鲤鱼背肌脂肪酸组成有显著影响(P＜0.05),随饲料中L-肉碱添加量的增加,鲤鱼背肌∑SFA和∑MUFA脂肪酸含量显著升高(P＜0.05),∑PUFA、EPA、DHA、∑n-3和∑n-6脂肪酸含量显著降低(P＜0.05);同源克隆扩增获得了鲤鱼CPT Ⅰ基因的部分cDNA序列(GenBank注册号为JQ361077),长度为857 bp,同源性分析表明其与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的同源性为89％.鲤鱼饲料中L-肉碱添加量为150mg/kg时,CPT Ⅰ基因mRNA的表达丰度最高,为对照组的4倍.[结论]本试验条件下,外源肉碱添加量为150mg/kg时,显著影响鲤鱼幼鱼背肌脂肪酸组成和提高CPT Ⅰ基因mRNA表达水平.

教学方法改革是提高教学质量的关键,分子生物学课程作为高等农业院校的重要专业基础课之一,具有理论性强、内容抽象和不容易理解等特点,随着分子生物学理论体系的不断发展和完善,新知识、新概念、新技术和新应用层出不穷,而传统的教学模式不再满足大学生的学习需要.为了提高分子生物学教学质量,针对分子生物学课程体系存在的教学内容重复,课程之间的调性差,教学内容相对陈旧,教学方法单一等问题,从教学内容、模式、手段和考核方法等方面进行改革,并取得了较好的教学效果.

Effects of temperature and food concentration on population growth and reproduction of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis were studied in growth three temperatures (20℃,25℃ and 30℃) and different food concentrations (1 × 106cells/mL,10 × 106cells/mL and 20 × 106cells/mL). The culture was lasted for 10d. The results showed that there were very significant in the effects of tempera-ture and food concentration on the population density, population growth rate and egg ratio. The maximum population density decreased after the first increase with temperature and food concentra-tion increase. When the food concentration was 10×106cells/mL at 25℃, the maximum population den-sity was 74.39 ± 1.81ind/mL, which was significantly higher than that in the other groups(P<0.05). With the increase of temperature, the time of maximum peak rotifer population density also showed a gradual emergence of forward trends, the largest population growth rate increased with the in-crease of temperature and food concentration. When the food concentration was 20 × 106cells/mL at 30℃, the largest population growth rate was 0.70±0.013 which significantly higher than the other groups(P<0.05). At the same temperature, the maximum egg ratio increased with the increase of con-centration in food. When the food concentration was 20 × 106cells/mL, the maximum egg ratio was 56.43±1.07%, which was significantly higher than in the other groups(P<0.05). In conclusion, tem-perature and food concentration had significantly effects on the population growth and the repro-duction of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. It is suggested that the optimum food concentration was 10×106cells/mL and the temperature was at 25℃.