化学诱导雄性不育是油菜杂种优势利用的重要途经.苯磺隆是一种重要的化学杂交剂.对苯磺隆诱导油菜雄性不育机理以及技术方法进行综述,并对其应用技术进行展望.

本研究对在甘蓝型油菜中发现的一种新型角果特异白化种质的形态特征、遗传及生理特性进行了研究,结果表明:该种质具经济器官特异性白化的特点,即营养器官正常,生殖生长阶段所有的经济器官如花蕾、花、角果、种子均表现为白化突变.白化株结实性差,纯合白化种子未发育成熟就干瘪萎缩.通过对该角果特异白化株与野生型油菜杂交创建的分离群体分离比进行统计,表明该性状为1对核基因控制的不完全显性突变.纯合白化株系中几乎没有叶绿素和类胡萝卜素,但有少量生育酚的合成,光合速率显著低于野生型或接近于零,超微结构观察也未发现有完整叶绿体结构.结合已有研究报道,初步推断该特异白化种质为类胡萝卜素合成调控基因或决定叶绿体发育基因发生突变所引起.因角果是油菜最重要的光合器官,对油菜产量形成起着至关重要的作用,本研究为进一步揭示叶绿体发育以及角果光合作用形成的分子生理奠定了基础.

[目的]探讨甘蓝型油菜品种对农田土壤中重金属镉与铜污染修复能力的差异.[方法]选用10个在生产上应用的主要油菜品种在重金属镉、铜污染区与非污染区种植,研究不同品种在两种不同背景土壤下生长期与植株部位对农田土壤中重金属镉与铜的吸收富集差异.[结果]甘蓝型油菜对土壤中的重金属镉与铜有较强的吸附与富集能力,但不同的甘蓝型油菜品种间与植株的不同部位对重金属的吸附富集能力有差异.油菜植株对镉的吸收富集主要集中在茎叶部位尤其是茎秆上,各部位富集能力依次为:茎秆>叶片>根>种籽;对铜吸收富集主要集中在根部和种籽上,各部位富集能力表现为:根>种籽>叶片>茎秆.10个甘蓝型油菜品种对重金属镉的富集能力表现较大差异,苗期秦优10号对重金属镉的富集能力最强,成熟期秦优11号与绵油11号表现出对镉的超富集能力;不同油菜品种对铜的富集能力也表现出差异,苗期秦优10号叶片的铜富集能力较强,成熟期秦优10号与浙油51种籽的铜富集能力较强.[结论]该研究可为重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支撑.

重金属污染农田目前已经成为农业生产上的严重问题,利用植物对重金属元素超累积吸附作用修复污染土壤是一种绿色、经济有效的方法.该研究主要从镉等重金属对油菜种子发芽与生长发育的影响、在油菜植株内的迁移分布、重金属超积累油菜资源品种鉴定、影响油菜吸附镉等重金属的其他因素以及油菜在镉等重金属污染修复中的应用前景等方面综述了近年来利用油菜种植修复重金属镉、铜等污染土壤的研究进展,为油菜种植修复重金属污染土壤可行性提供科学参考.

Recessive genic male sterility is an important way of heterosis utilization in Brassica napus.In recent years,significant progress has been made in research on genic male sterility,and a batch of genic sterility hybrid varieties has been developed using this system.To understand genic male sterility further and enhance the utilization of heterosis in Brassica napus,this paper summarized the progress of two types of genic male sterility on their genetic basis,gene mapping of related genes,and molecular mechanism of sterility.Meanwhile,prospective of this knowledge for heterosis utilization was discussed.

The study aims to strengthen the understanding of Leptosphaera maculans of rapeseed, improve the prevention and quarantine awareness, control the spread, epidemic and harm of the disease, protect the safe production of rapeseed in China and promote the healthy development of rapeseed industry. By analyzing the distribution, economic harmfulness, invasion possibility and difficulty of prevention and control of L. maculans at home and aboard, and taking into consideration the economic, ecological and social benefits of rapeseed, the authors evaluated the hazard risk of L. maculans with reference to the international pest risk analysis method. The results showed that: the risk value of L. maculans in China was 2.59, belonging to special high risk level. Since the invasion of the pathogen might bring a tremendous threat to the rapeseed production in China, we should take strategies such as import quarantine, inspection of the pathogen and resistance breeding.

New breeding strategy of temporary maintainer with the same genetic background as two-purpose line 9012AB was proposed based on the characteristics of recessive epistatic genic male sterility system in Brassica napus L.After high temperature treatment,the sterile plants with homozygous genotype was stable,and the fertility alteration was observed on the sterile plants with heterozygous genotype and the fertile alterant plants could self with certain success.Backcross was made between sterile plants from 9012AB as recurrent parent and temporary main-tainer 204TAM as donor parent.F1 ,BC1 -2 progenies were all sterile,and similar plants to 9012AB were selected and treated continuously for 15 hours at 35℃ with light.Fertile alterant plants were then backcrossed to sterile plants from 9012AB.Selfing progeny of selected fertile alterant plants was obtained from BC3.Temporary maintai-ner 9012TAM with the same genetic background as 9012AB was developed based on the offspring of selected fertile individuals from mentioned selfing progeny.

为深入了解生产中出现的微粉现象,研究了人工高温和分期播种情况下甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育纯合型不育系9012A和杂合型不育系12-204A的不育稳定性.结果表明,两种类型不育系在一定高温胁迫下,均出现育性转换现象,但对高温的敏感性有明显差异.对于9012A系,育性转换临界温度介于30 ～35℃之间;40℃持续处理16 ～32h,或者间歇处理3h/d×6d、6h/d×5d、9h/d×4d、12h/d×3d、15h/d×2-4d(累计40℃处理18～60h),或35℃间歇处理15h/d ×2-4d(即35℃累计30～60h)均发生育性转换,其中35℃时15h/d×3d(即35℃累计45h)处理育性转换最为明显,说明高温对9012A育性转换具有累加效应.自然条件下6个播期(从2014年10月16日到2015年2月9日,即秋冬播种,避开30℃以上持续高温)的不育性彻底稳定.对于12-204A系,育性转换临界温度为29℃,不低于29℃时育性发生转换,其中35℃15h连续处理育性转换效果最为明显;自然条件下6个播期均发生育性转换.当高温胁迫下育性发生转换时,9012A和12-204A均可自交结实,但是结实性差.

通过人工接种和大田自然发病调查两种方法,探讨了油菜黑胫病不同病害级别对油菜单株产量及农艺性状株高、分枝数、角果数、角粒数和千粒重的影响.结果表明:(1)不同级别间病株产量差异显著,产量损失随病害侵染程度的增加而加重,当病害级别达5级时,3个试验品种单株平均产量损失率达50.5％;(2)产量性状与病害级别间呈显著或极显著负相关,影响顺序为角粒数＞角果数＞千粒重＞分枝数＞株高.为油菜黑胫病的预测预报和抗病品种选育提供帮助.

通过对1983 ～ 2012年安徽省审定的70份油菜品种的品质和主要经济性状演变规律及其与产量的相关性进行研究,发现育成年代与生育期、一次有效分枝、单株角果数及产量间具有极显著线性回归关系,与株高、千粒重、硫苷和芥酸具有显著线性回归关系;进一步分析发现,经过30年的品种改良,产量、单株角果数、千粒重、生育期、株高和一次有效分枝数分别增加了81.22％、97.56％、11.90％、10.08％、10.03％和29.42％.而品种育成年代与每果粒数和含油量无显著线性关系,表明这些年育成品种在每角粒数与含油量方面未有明显改良.6个经济性状和产量的相关性研究表明单株角果数与一次有效分枝数、产量均表现极显著正偏相关,偏相关系数分别为0.5626和0.5190,千粒重和生育期表现显著正偏相关(0.2588).数据分析暗示品种进一步改良有可能通过提高每果粒数和(或)含油量实现.

利用分布于油菜连锁群上的33对SSR核心引物,对12个育种品系和市场上的杂交油菜品种进行鉴定,探讨取样方案、检测方法和位点判读,将样品间SSR位点类型分为相同位点、疑似相同位点和差异位点3类.分析位点类型发现,12个油菜品种/系间的差异位点数为4 ～ 22,其中同父异母杂交种(3个)间差异位点数为4～16,同母异父杂交种(4个)间差异位点数为7 ～18,市场抽样的品种间差异位点数为12 ～ 20.同一品种不同样本间的差异位点数为0～2,据此,将区分品种间与品种内的差异位点阈值设定为2,即在利用33对引物对油菜杂交种与对照样品进行SSR分析时,当两样品间差异位点数＞2时,判定为不同品种;当差异位点数≤2时,判定为近似或极近似品种.盲样鉴定实验及其与田间鉴定方法的对比实验,均证明了本研究确定的SSR鉴定方法可行.

The Recessive Genic Male Sterility is one of the most valuable resources for heterosis utilization in Brassica napus.The three-way recessive epistatic genic sterile system has been widely used in hybrid seed production for so many advantages as follows:the stability of sterility,easy transformation of sterile gene,broad spectrum of restoration and diverse cytoplasmic sources and high yield production of hybrid seeds.That sterility is controlled by two pairs of recessive duplicated sterile genes(ms1 and ms2) and one pair of recessive epistatic gene(rf).Homozygosity at the rf locus(rfrf) inhibits the expression of the two recessive male sterility genes in homozygous ms1ms1ms2ms2 plants and results in a male fertile phenotype(TAM line,ms1ms1ms2ms2rfrf).In this study,AFLP and SRAP maker system were used with Bulked segregation analysis(BSA) method to screen tightly linked markers with Rf gene.Results showed that,there were 4 markers segregating with Rf gene in 462 individuals BC1 population.Moreover,these markers also tightly linked with Rf gene in other different genetic background BC1 populations.All these markers sequenced and BLASTn with related database,and Rf gene locate in the scaffold000017(3.3Mb) of A7 chromosome of Brassica rapa.Some SSR markers were developed based on the sequence of this scaffold and polymorphic markers then genetic analysis with Rf gene.In a result,the Rf gene was restricted to 245kb region in this scaffold.SSR makers A7-10,A7-24 were segregated with Rf gene and A7-24 was codominant.

Five leaf inoculation methods at seedling stage and match stick stem inoculation method at flowering stage for assessing oilseed rape variety resistance to S. sclerotiorum were compared. The results showed that there were more differences on disease lesions between varieties using mycelium plug (Method A), petals infected by ascospore suspension (Method C) or infected leaf tissue (Method D) as inoculum than ascospores PDA plug (Method B) or petals infected by "puffing" ascospores (Method E). Method C is recommended for assessing variety resistance in oilseed rape to sclerotinia stem rot because it is close to natural infection in the fields and easy to be handled. The optimal time for assessment was day 4 and day 5 after inoculation. Method A is also thought reliable and practical, and its optimal assessment time was day 3-7 after inoculation. Match stick stem inoculation method is also recommended as a reliable method for identifying resistance in oilseed rape to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, because of its ease of use both in the field and in the greenhouse, less affected by environment.

Oleic acid is monounsaturated fatty acid,which is very important for both edible and industrial uses.Enhancing oleic acid content is an important goal of crop fat acid composition modification.The characteristics,creating methods,breeding achievement of high oleic acid in oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.),and the genetic,molecular markers,QTL mapping of high oleic acid trait were reviewed in this paper.It was proposed that heterosis utilization should be a main direction of high oleic acid rapeseed breeding.

Inhibiting effect of rfrf on ms1ms1ms2ms2 genes was evaluated using two crosses of 12-148-204-F14TAM(temporary maintainer line)×5A and 204TAM(temporary maintainer line)×5A respectively.The rfrf gene was from recessive epistatic genic male sterile line 9012A(Brassica napus L.),and the ms1ms1ms2ms2 genes were from double recessive genic male sterile line 5A(Brassica napus L.).Result showed that rfrf had no inhibiting effect on ms1ms1ms2ms2,but had specific inhibition effect on ms3ms3ms4ms4 sterile genes from 9012A.

为了能应对低温雨雪天气给油菜生产带来的不利影响,收集品种(系)41份进行室外抗寒性鉴定,通过冻株率调查、冻害指数和抗性指数分析,结果显示品种(系)间冻株率、冻害指数和抗性指数存在差异,并遵循随受冻次数增加差异增大的规律,冻害指数差异达极显著水平。试验筛选出DKWL-4、华协102、核优46、皖油25、除杂1号、秦优7号、皖油18等抗寒性较好的品种(系)7份。同时总结归纳了一些油菜抗寒栽培关键技术,建议油菜种植应合理选择品种,做好抗寒栽培管理,避免低温影响。

To search for the genetic model of high oleic acid mutations in Brassica napus for high oleic acid-breeding,this study used a low oleic acid content line'Yang6026'(P 1) and a high oleic acid content mutation line'HO05'(P 2) and their crossing Progenies(F 1,RF 1,B 1,RB 1,B 2,RB 2,F 2 and RF 2) to analyze the quantitative genetic patterns of high oleic acid.The content of oleic acid was measured by gas chromatograph using single seed method.The results show that,the oleic acid content of parents were stable;Inheritance of high oleic acid was controlled by 2 major genes and present additive-dominance genetic model,and additive-major gene effect was distinct.Two reciprocal cross(F 1,RF 1) of the two parents(P 1,P 2) revealed that high oleic acid was non-cytoplasmic.Inheritance Heritability in narrow sense(hN 2) of high oleic acid was 63.16%which caused by genotype,and 36.84%was caused by environment.

Based on SRAP markers,we studied the genetic diversity of 57 yellow seed oilseed breeding lines using 47% oilcontent as well as two Brassica rapa,"Guanzhong Turnip" and "Chaohu Yellow Seed" as controls.The clustering analysis showed that these 59 materials could be divided into 3 and 8 groups at the point 0.638 and 0.738 respectively based on similarity coefficient.The results further showed a narrow genetic difference exsisting within the yellow seed high oilcontent breeding lines.This implied that there was more possibility to make desired hybrid combinations based on the pedigree rather than on the geographical origin.

核优46系安徽省农业科学院作物研究所利用隐性上位互作核不育系Y204A作母本,与自交系049003组配育成的高油抗逆强优势杂交油菜新品种。该品种属半冬性双低甘蓝型油菜,2009年通过安徽省品种审定委员会审定。安徽省油菜区试两年平均亩产191.42 kg,较对照皖油14增产7.0%。全生育期平均230.1 d,比皖油14号早0.4 d。株高平均171.6 cm,有效分枝部位适中,平均43.6 cm,结角密,平均1.25个/cm,主花序长平均69.5 cm,有效分枝较多,一次分枝平均9.7个,二次分枝平均6.9个,全株有效角果数多,平均482个,平均每角粒数20粒,千粒重4 g,种皮褐黑色。省区试平均芥酸含量为0.45%,硫甙含量为20.38μmol/g饼,含油量为43.75%。抗病性、抗寒性强,明显优于对照;抗倒性中等。该品种地区适应性广,适宜安徽省油菜产区种植。

Genic male sterility is one of the most valuable resources for heterosis utilization in Brassica napus. The recessive epistatic genic male sterile line 9012A has been playing an increasing role in hybrid cultivar development in China. That sterility is controlled by two pairs of recessive duplicated sterile genes (ms1 and ms2) and one pair of recessive epistatic inhibitor gene (rf). Homozygosity at the if locus (rfrf) inhibits the expression of the two recessive malt sterility genes in homozygous ms1ms1ms2ms2 plants and results in a male fertile phenotype (TAM line. ms1ms1ms2ms2rfrf). In this study, 884 pairs of AFLP and 506 pairs of SRAP maker system were used for investigating the genotype of Ms1ms1ms2ms2rfrf and ms1ms1ms2ms2rfrf segregated in a NIL population of 304 individuals. As a result, we obtained 14 makers tightly linked with the Ms1 gene, of which 4 markers co-segregated. The AFLP marker E-ACA/P-CTG reported by Ke et al. has a genetic distance of 0.1 cM in our research population. BLAST analysis with sequences of tightly linked makers shows that, some of the sequences have high similarities with those genomic DNA sequences from Arabidopsis chromosome 5. Most notably, these sequences generated from the most tightly linked markers with Ms1 gene were perfectly anchored to one of the terminal of chromosome C9 of Brassica olerecea. All of these results of this study will benefit for map-based cloning and maker assistant selection of Ms1 gene. Additionally, the segregation of the markers link with Ms1 gene which has been reported by other authors was investigated and compared in our segregated population in this paper.