调酸型复合肥料作为一种新型功能性复合肥,整体pH呈碱性,并添加特定增效物质,突破了传统复合肥自身pH呈酸性的特点,具有改良酸化土壤和提高作物产量的双重功效.本研究通过进行调酸复合肥料研发,并在大田花生中进行试验和应用,旨在探明调酸型复合肥料在酸性土壤中的作用效果,为我国新型肥料的发展和酸性土壤改良提供技术支撑.试验结果表明,调酸型复合肥料可有效提高花生叶绿素含量约2.2～2.5个单位,土壤pH提高0.08～0.14个单位,有效激活碱解氮、有效磷等土壤养分的有效性,花生产量较普通复合肥增产约5.8％～7.5％,效果显著,可尝试在酸性土壤区域进行推广和应用.

It has been proposed strategy that acidic soil quality can be improved by addition of alkaline byproduct amendments containing silicon, calcium, magnesium and potassium. The effects of amendments and three different forms of nitrogen [(NH2)2CO, NaNO3 and NH4Cl] on quality of acidic soil were investigated in Jiaodong Peninsula of China. A 120-day incubation test was carried out to assess the effect of amendments and nitrogen on soil physicochemical properties, soil carbon (C) mineralization and enzyme activities. The results showed that the addition of alkaline amendments can increase soil pH from 5.93 to 6.99 at the beginning of cultivation, while when amendments combined with urea or NH4Cl, soil pH decreased with incubation time. The response of C mineralization was inversely proportional to soil pH value. The addition of amendments could improve soil C content via decreasing soil C-CO2 emissions, and the mineralization rate was reduced by 26%. Addition of amendments in combination with urea or NH4Cl, which could decrease soil pH, stimulated soil C mineralization and increased soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions in acidic brown soil. However, when amendments were applied with NaNO3, the soil C mineralization could be inhibited. The addition of amendments or combination of amendments and nitrogen increased the soil invertase and phenol oxidase activities, and inhibited soil urease activity. Therefore, the chemical and biological properties of the acidic brown soil in Jiaodong Peninsula of China might be better improved by combination of amendments and NaNO3.

为掌握和了解长期使用控释BB肥在提高水稻产量和土壤养分含量方面的效果,以单季稻"宁88"为试验材料,于2016年—2019年连续4年在大田试验条件下,研究了包膜控释BB肥(CRBBF)对水稻产量、植株地上部吸氮量和土壤养分含量的影响.结果表明,与习惯施肥相比,2016年—2019年连续4年,水稻产量均以CRBBF 100％处理最高,产量为8.60～9.68 t/hm2,较习惯施肥处理增产7.56％～12.95％、增收5622～5929元/hm2;CRBBF 100％处理的水稻植株地上部吸氮量显著高于其他处理,达157.61 kg/hm2;对土壤全氮含量和有效硫含量的提高效果,均以CRBBF 100％处理表现最好,土壤全氮含量和有效硫含量分别较习惯施肥处理提高23.49％和32.57％.

氮素在小麦-玉米轮作体系中占据重要地位.施用与小麦、玉米各生育时期需氮规律相吻合的控释氮肥,可改善作物生长特性及提高氮素利用效率,保障其高质稳产,并降低氮素淋溶污染风险.概述了控释氮肥性质和施用控释氮肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系作物产量、氮素利用效率、农艺学性状和土壤氮素含量及酸碱性等方面的影响,探讨了控释氮肥应用研究中存在的问题,并对未来控释氮肥的研发提出了建议和展望,以期为控释氮肥在我国小麦-玉米轮作体系中的进一步推广应用提供理论依据.

Cotton is an important cash crop with an indeterminate growth characteristic. The labor costs of multiple management practices, including repeated foliar applications of mepiquat chloride (MC) and topdressing with potassium (K) fertilizers, restrict its planting area and benefits. To help address this problem, a field experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of controlled-release potassium chloride containing mepiquat chloride (CRKMC) on soil K forms and cotton yield. CRKMC, 70%CRKMC (30% reduced K dosage), CRK (coated potassium chloride), KCl and no K fertilizer used treatments were carried out. Results showed that MC and K from CRKMC exhibited a trend of slow release, followed by fast release and eventually stabilization. Soils maintained more non-exchangeable K than available K. The contents of all soil K forms for the CRKMC treatment were significantly higher than these for KCl. Plant heights, SPAD values and stem diameters in CRKMC and 70%CRKMC were larger than those in KCl. Cotton yield, K use efficiency and net profit in the CRKMC treatment were increased than KCl. The successive release pattern of MC and K from CRKMC corresponded well to the demands of cotton, sufficiently manipulated the plant canopy and provided adequate K nutrition.

At present, excessive fertilization in vegetable production not only leads to the decline of vegetable quality and yield, but also causes environmental pollution. In this study, a liquid urea-formaldehyde slow release fertilizer (LUFF) was synthesized by using formaldehyde, urea and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. The effects of LUFF on yield, quality, root growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and nutrient absorption of spinach were studied in a pot experiment. Five treatments with four replicates each were established as follows: (1) Control, no fertilizer; (2) CWSF1, conventional water-soluble fertilizer; (3) CWSF2, conventional water-soluble fertilizer reduced by 25%; (4) LUFF1, liquid urea-formaldehyde slow release fertilizer; (5) LUFF2, liquid urea-formaldehyde slow release fertilizer reduced by 25%. Normal N-P2O5-K2O application rate of 2.83-2.73-3.94 g/pot and 25% reduction N-P2O5-K2O of rate (2.12-2.05-2.96 g/pot) were set up. The fertilizer was applied five times-split for CWSF while the equivalent rates of LUFF used as twice-split fertigation. The results showed that the yield of LUFF treatments was significantly increased by 31.81%-77.31% compared with CWSF. Root indexes, such as root length, root projection area and root surface area, were significantly improved by LUFF treatments compared with CWSF. The vitamin C (Vc) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of spinach in LUFF were significantly increased by 7.34%-30.07% and 23.83%-42.52% compared with CWSF. It can be observed from the above results, the LUFF could increase the yield of spinach, improve the quality of spinach, while reducing the frequency of fertigation. Therefore, LUFF may have high application value in agriculture.

Abstract Resulting from the positive effect on rice productivity, the application of biochar and controlled-release urea in the form of polymer-coated urea (PCU) in crop production attracts more and more interest. However, field studies considering the combined effect of biochar and PCU are rare. This 2-year study examined the combined effects of biochar and PCU on yield, yield components, plant height, plant nitrogen concentration and nitrogen recovery efficiency in a waterlogged rice field. Experimental treatments combined two biochar rates (0 and 2800 kg ha−1) and three nitrogen rates (0, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1). The results showed a yield decrease under biochar application without nitrogen fertilizer. The application of 120 kg N ha−1 PCU and biochar had the highest yield in 2017. No significant differences of grain yields were indicated between 120 and 180 kg N ha−1. High grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency was obtained with 120 kg N ha−1 PCU. Therefore, 120 kg N ha−1 PCU can be recommended for rice production in this area.

氮素是小麦生长发育所需的营养元素之一,合理施用氮肥可以增加小麦产量,改善籽粒品质,提高氮肥利用率.控释氮肥可以持续供应小麦生长所需的氮素营养,减少后期追肥次数和劳动强度,简化栽培技术,减少对环境的污染.综述了控释氮肥的定义和释放类型以及施用控释氮肥对小麦产量、品质、生理特性和土壤无机氮变化等的影响,提出控释氮肥在小麦上应用存在的问题和进一步的研究方向和展望.

为了提高磷钾肥的利用率,减少磷、钾在土壤中的固定,提高其有效性,达到增产增收的目的,将普通磷钾肥料与四种磷活化剂按不同比例掺混并进行细微化处理,研制出高效细微化磷钾—活化剂肥,并采用盆栽试验方法,研究细微化磷钾—活化剂肥对小白菜生长及其品质的影响.结果表明,小白菜施用细微化磷钾—活化剂肥料能增产提质.与氮磷钾常规施肥处理相比,添加腐殖酸与沸石粉(FF)、腐殖酸与硅藻土(FG)处理的小白菜分别增产8.13％和10.27％,可溶性糖含量分别提高5.90％和9.55％,土壤有效磷含量分别增加15.87％和32.72％,土壤有效钾和可溶性钙含量也有不同程度的增加;磷肥利用率分别提高76.43％和91.00％,钾肥利用率分别提高15.95％和32.26％.处理中,以细微化磷钾-腐殖酸-沸石粉在小白菜上的效果最优.

本文阐述硒对作物影响的研究进展,包括硒对作物生长及生理特性的影响、硒对作物产量与品质的影响、硒元素在作物中吸收与累积的动态变化、硒与其他元素配施的效果等方面内容,以期为硒的研究与利用提供参考.

Bentonite was modified by introducing humic acid (HA) into interlayer space of bentonite. The structural and physicochemical properties of modified bentonite were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that HA could enter the bentonite interlayer and increase the interlayer distance. Moreover, we were also investigated the high adsorption capacity and thermodynamics of modified bentonite to NH4+ cations in solutions. Under the same conditions, the NH4+ adsorption efficiency of modified bentonite (96.4%) was 69.2% higher compared with the natural bentonite (57.0%). The pseudo-second order kinetic model well fit the adsorption kinetics of NH4+ on modified bentonite, indicating that the adsorption type was chemical adsorption or chemisorptions. The isotherms fit well with Langmuir model, and the separation factor revealed that NH4+ on modified bentonite belonged to favorable adsorption. Compared with the natural bentonite, the modified bentonite exhibited a much lower leaching loss of NH4+-N and NO3−-N in soil. Meanwhile, the loss of nitrogen caused by NH3 volatilization and N2O emission from soil could also be significantly attenuated by the combined application of modified bentonite and urea. The slower nitrogen release in the treatment combining modified bentonite and urea resulted in a greater yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat. Collectively, the modified bentonite could be used as nitrogen fertilizer synergist to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency.

A field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer type combined with different potassium fertilizer rates on the soil fertility and growth of Italian ryegrass. The main plots were assigned to controlled-release urea (CRU) and common urea, while low, moderate and high potassium chloride (KCl) rates (150, 300 and 450 kg ha −1 , respectively) were assigned to the subplots. The results showed compared with the common urea, the CRU significantly increased the SPAD value, plant height, leaf area, and photosynthetic index. Moreover, the dry and fresh yields of the CRU increased by 10.9-25.3% and 11.8-17.7%, respectively. At the same time, compared with the KCl150 and KCl450 treatments, the KCl300 treatment resulted in better plant growth. Overall, the CRU×KCl300 maximized the soil inorganic nitrogen and different soil potassium forms. The root length, volume, surface area, average diameter, tips and branches were also improved, and there was a significant N×K interaction effect on the tips. Our analysis corroborated the CRU combined with 300 kg ha −1 KCl fertilization enhances crop growth by improving leaf photosynthesis, soil fertility, and yield and should be recommended as the best fertilizer ratio for Italian ryegrass production.

为探究新型肥料纳米控释氮肥、控释钾肥、添加剂增效磷钾肥、黄腐酸复合肥、黄腐酸液体肥对水稻生长、产量及肥料利用率的影响,以习惯施肥为对照,开展了大田小区试验.结果表明,与常规施肥相比,几种新型肥料在氮素施用量减少25％、磷素和钾素施用量相同的条件下,均可提高水稻产量及经济效益,增产6.01％～18.50％,增收895.80～3250.69元/hm2.在试验条件下,纳米控释掺混氮肥+黄腐酸液体肥、黄腐酸复合肥+黄腐酸液体肥的施肥效果突出;以磷钾肥、腐殖酸、海泡石、硅藻土配制成的添加剂增效磷钾肥效果较好;单施纳米控释掺混氮肥或控释钾肥的施肥效果优于纳米控释掺混氮肥+控释钾肥的施肥效果;纳米控释掺混氮肥、黄腐酸复合肥配合施用黄腐酸液体肥可以提高肥料效果.

研究硅钙钾镁肥对烟草根系发育及烟叶质量的影响,探讨硅钙钾镁肥在改良酸化土壤中的作用,为指导烟叶优质高效生产管理提供依据.以'NC55'为试材,在大田条件下,设置硅钙钾镁肥不同用量梯度(0、750、1500、2250 kg/hm2)处理,按植株各个不同器官进行系统取样,并测定植株农艺性状、根系形态、根系生理活性等各指标.结果表明,在试验梯度范围内,硅钙钾镁肥的施用促进了烟草根系的发育和烟叶质量的提高,表现为根系形态更加优良,根系生理活性更强,烟草农艺性状明显改善,烟叶外观质量提高,化学成分更加协调,经济效益明显提高.随着硅钙钾镁肥用量的增加,各指标呈现先升后降的趋势,其中硅钙钾镁肥1500 kg/hm2处理效果最好,与不施用硅钙钾镁肥比,根系形态指标平均提高25.06％、根系生理活性指标平均提高28.62％,叶片钾含量提高0.35个百分点、总植物碱降低0.35个百分点,产值增加3486.88元/hm2、均价提高1.23元/kg、上等烟比例提高个6.9百分点,实际应用中还需要根据土壤具体pH进行合理调整.

The pulp black liquor accounts for about 90 percent of pollution of the whole paper and pulp industry. The clean production technology of extracting useful bio-based substances from pulp black liquor can increase wastewater utilization and benefit the environment. This paper examines chemical characteristics and biological activities of fulvic acid-like substance extracted from leonardite (FA1), which serves as the benchmark, and from pulp black liquor (FA2). Instrumental analyses with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, C-13-nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13-NMR) spectroscopy and H-1-nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1-NMR) spectroscopy indicated that FA1 and FA2 shared common functional groups existed in typical fulvic acid. A series of rice seed germination bioassays proved that FA2 had the same growth promotion function as FA1. The optimal concentration for water absorption and seed germination was 5 mg/L for FA1 and 60 mg/L for FA2. FA1 and FA2 treatments also increased the activity of alpha-amylase under the action of hydrolytic enzymes and promoted root development by increasing cell size and cell division. The study implied that pulp black liquor can be used for bio-renewable and ecofriendly production of fulvic acid for wide applications in agriculture. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

为了筛选出适合章丘大葱—小麦的缓控释尿素（CRU）与普通尿素（U）掺混比例,实现缓控释肥的一次性施用增产增效。采用田间定位试验方法,探讨CRU与U不同掺混比例对章丘大葱—小麦产量、氮肥表观利用率、经济效益和土壤氮素等指标的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥相比,50%CRU+50%U、70%CRU+30%U处理两季大葱总产量提高2.2%～6.0%,两季小麦总产量提高4.3%～5.2%;大葱季50%CRU+50%U、70%CRU+30%U氮肥表观利用率分别提高3.44～8.48,2.74～3.77个百分点,小麦季50%CRU+50%U、100%CRU氮肥表观利用率分别提高6.41～6.96,3.00～6.98个百分点;大葱季50%CRU+50%U、70%CRU+30%U效益分别增加10 783.93,5 823.04元/hm~2;小麦季50%CRU+50%U、70%CRU+30%U效益分别增加2 035.33,1 448.24元/hm~2;0—20 cm 100%CRU、70%CRU+30%U土壤硝态氮含量高于习惯施肥,20—100 cm土层含有缓控释肥处理的土壤硝态氮的累积高于习惯施肥,而且呈现缓控释肥掺混比例越高,保留的养分量越高。综合各项指标,50%CRU+50%U是应用在章丘大葱—小麦上的最佳配比,其次为70%CRU+30%U,这2个配比能够实现缓控释肥一次性施用,同时提高氮肥表观利用率,增加经济效益,延长土壤供氮能力。

介绍了硅钙钾镁肥研发生产的背景、意义及现状,分析了目前几种硅钙钾镁肥的研发和生产工艺技术,简述了硅钙钾镁肥在果树上的应用,并展望了硅钙钾镁肥的发展前景,以期为磷钾资源的高效开发利用和硅钙钾镁肥等新型土壤调理剂的进一步研究和应用提供依据.

The wide application of pesticides ensures the safety of food production, but it also has a serious impact on soil ecosystem. Although sulfoxaflor as a pesticide has great potential for application due to its excellent insecticidal activity and low crossresistance, little is known about its soil environmental safety risks. In this study, the effects of sulfoxaflor on N2O emissions and microorganisms in greenhouse vegetable soils were studied by indoor simulation culture experiments. Dynamic changes of soil main inorganic N and N2O emission rate were tested, and the abundance and community of total bacteria and microorganisms related to N cycle were analyzed. The results indicated that soil microorganisms rapidly degraded sulfoxaflor, and the N2O emissions rate and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content significantly increased, while nitrate nitrogen (NO3-–N) content was significantly decreased. Sulfoxaflor significantly changed the abundance and community of total bacteria, nitrite reducing and nitrous oxide reducing bacteria, but had no significant effect on ammoxidation microorganisms. The N2O emission rate was positively correlated with gene abundance of denitrifying microorganisms. Under 65% soil maximum water holding capacity, sulfoxaflor may broke the dynamic balance of N2O production and consumption in the denitrification process, which caused a significant increase in N2O emission. Therefore, the application of sulfoxaflor had a certain effect on N cycling and utilization in greenhouse vegetable soil.

A split-plot field experiment was conducted in 2018–2019 to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer types and fulvic acid (FA) rates on soil nitrogen and cotton growth. The nitrogen fertilizers included controlled-release urea (CRU) and urea, which were applied combined with three FA rates (90, 180 and 270 kg ha-1). The main plot was the nitrogen fertilizer type, and the subplot was the FA rate. The results showed that the lint yield of the FA180 treatment was 5.2–8.6% higher than the FA90 and FA270 treatments. Moreover, moderate FA application markedly improved the cotton leaf SPAD value (chlorophyll relative value), photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters compared with low and high FA rates. Replacing urea with CRU significantly increased the soil inorganic nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency and also improved cotton fiber quality parameters. Meanwhile, the boll weight and seed yield of the CRU treatments were 1.5–8.4% and 3.3–19.1% higher, respectively, than the urea treatments. The interaction between nitrogen type and FA rate had a positive effect on cotton growth. Thus, the application of CRU combined with 180 kg ha-1 FA on cotton can not only improve the fiber quality and delay leaf senescence but also increase the yield and economic benefit.

To determine the best fertilization ratio for the growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), a potted experiment was performed to study the effect of polymer-coated nitrogen fertilizer combined with different potassium fertilizer dosages on the growth characteristics and yield of ryegrass. Compared with common urea, the polymer-coated nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the SPAD (soil plant analysis development) value, plant height, leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, prolonged the green stage, and prevented the premature senescence of ryegrass (P < 0.05). Using the same amount of potassium fertilizer, the SPAD values of four grass cuttings increased by 11.2%, 6.9%, 33.6%, and 195.2%, respectively, and the plant height increased by 14.1%, 6%, 25.1% and 85.4%, respectively. Compared with urea treatment, polymer-coated nitrogen fertilizer increased the dry mass weight of ryegrass by 12.4%～25.0%. The leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate of ryegrass increased maximally following polymer-coated nitrogen fertilizer with moderate amounts of potassium fertilizer. Thus, it is recommended as an optimal fertilization ratio, providing a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in ryegrass production.