【Objective】Analyzing the key physical and chemical indexes that affects the sensory quality of middle tobacco leaves (C3F grade) in Weifang, which can provide a certain theoretical basis for further improving the sensory quality of tobacco leaves in Weifang tobacco area.【Method】The key phenotypic, sensory and chemical parameters of the middle tobacco leaves of Linqu and Zhucheng from 2019 to 2021 were determined by physical measurement, chemical detection and sensory evaluation.【Result】The sensory evaluation of tobacco in middle leaves of Weifang was good, compared with Linqu tobacco area, the leaf length, leaf width, leaf weight, leaf thickness and leaf surface density of middle leaves in Zhucheng tobacco area was increased by 5.45%, 7.31%, 25.42%, 15.36% and 12.46%, respectively, while the stem content was decreased by 11.32%. The content of reducing sugar, total sugar, starch, nitrogen and chlorine in Zhucheng tobacco was increased by 9.83%, 6.23%, 26.12%, 7.9% and 291% compared to Linqu tobacco area, but the ratio of potassium to potassium chloride was significantly lower than that in Linqu tobacco area. The canonical correlation analysis of sensory quality and chemical indexes of tobacco leaves respectively obtained 1 and 0 pair canonical variables in Linqu and Zhucheng respectively, the results showed that the indexes of sensory quality which have a great influence on the canonical variables in Linqu were impurity, aftertaste and combustibility, and the chemical indexes were two-sugar ratio, chlorine content, potassium-chlorine ratio and total nitrogen content in leaves. The canonical correlation analysis of sensory evaluation and physical indexes of tobacco leaves respectively obtained 1 and 2 pair canonical variables in Linqu and Zhucheng respectively, the results showed that the indexes of sensory quality which have a great influence on the canonical variables of Linqu were aroma amount, gray amount, aftertaste amount and impurity, and the physical index was leaf length. The sensory quality which had great influence on the canonical variables of Zhucheng were combustibility, fragrance and total score, and the physical indexes was single leaf weight, leaf length and leaf width. Further correlation analysis of the above representative indicators showed that the aftertaste of Linqu tobacco leaves was promoted by nicotine content, while was inhibited by sugar-base ratio, miscellaneous gas was inhibited by chlorine content and aroma quantity was inhibited by leaf thickness and leaf surface density. The aroma of Zhucheng tobacco leaves was promoted by leaf density, and the burning ability was inhibited by the increase of leaf length, leaf width and single leaf weight.【Conclusion】The changes of physicochemical indexes of middle tobacco leaves significantly affected its sensory quality in Weifang tobacco area, in which, the representative physical indexes were leaf length, leaf weight and leaf width, the representative chemical indexes were the ratio of two sugars, chlorine, potassium/chlorine ratio and total nitrogen content, and the representative sensory indexes were impurities, aftertaste, combustibility, aroma and gray. In addition, it is suggesting that further increasing the reducing sugar, potassium content and sugar-alkali ratio of middle tobacco leaves in Weifang, and reducing the chlorine content of middle tobacco leaf in Zhucheng.

为分析山东烟叶感官质量与物理化学指标的相关性,解析烟叶品质的化学基础和物理标识,采集典型中部和上部烟叶样品,通过感官质量评价、理化检测和数理统计分析,对烟叶叶位、地域分布差异进行了比较.结果表明,山东省上中部烟叶物理指标总体适宜,化学成分总体相对协调,感官质量总体较好,地域分布差异显著.中部烟叶在适宜范围内指标的比例高于上部烟叶.感官质量评价指标与化学成分和物理指标进行典型相关分析,分别得到3对和2对显著性典型变量,对典型变量影响较大的感官质量评价指标有杂气、余味、香气质,影响较大的化学成分指标为还原糖、总糖、两糖比、氯、总氮和烟碱,影响较大的物理指标为叶宽、单叶重、叶片厚度、叶面密度和叶长.杂气与钾氯比成显著正相关,与氯、半纤维素成显著或极显著负相关;余味与钙、氮碱比、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率成显著或极显著正相关,与淀粉、烟碱、钠、硫、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度成显著或极显著负相关;香气质与钙、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率成极显著正相关,与总氮、烟碱、钠、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度成显著或极显著负相关.

为了分析山东烟叶杂气及其类型与化学成分的相关性,解析杂气形成的化学基础,采集6个主要植烟区的中部烟叶(C3 F等级),进行感官质量评价和化学检测.结果表明,山东烟叶化学成分总体协调,杂气总体稍有,杂气类型以稍明显的木质气和枯焦气为主,常稍有生青气和土腥气,偶有些微青杂气、金属气和其它杂气.经简单相关分析发现,杂气总体或各类型与还原糖、总糖、淀粉、总氮、烟碱、钾、钠、硫、氯、纤维素和半纤维素其中一个或多个指标显著相关;而典型相关分析表明,杂气、刺激性与还原糖、硫、半纤维素、钠、氯等指标关系密切,杂气类型与氯、总糖、烟碱、半纤维素、纤维素等指标关系密切.所以,影响山东烟叶杂气的主要化学成分为氯、还原糖、总糖、硫、烟碱、半纤维素和钾,今后可采取相关措施进行调控,以提升产区烟叶质量.

为进一步提高潍坊烤烟上部叶的工业可用性,研究了赤霉素不同施用浓度及不同施用时间对提高上部烟叶质量的试验研究.结果表明,赤霉素处理上部叶能明显提升其可用性,667 m2最佳施用量为200 mg,施用浓度为10 mg·L-1,于烟株打顶后当天对上部4～6片叶正面一次性喷施,施用10 mg·L-1赤霉素处理的上部叶化学质量得分为90.97,明显高于清水对照得分84.75.

为探究滴灌条件下减氮施肥对烤烟农艺性状及叶绿素的影响,本试验以NC55为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,比较分析3个减氮施肥处理效果.结果表明,滴灌条件下减施1 kg氮肥(T3)与沟灌条件下基施5 kg氮肥(CK)的株高、 茎围及最大叶面积无显著差异.滴灌分别减施2和3 kg氮肥对烤烟株高和最大叶面积影响较大,与对照差异显著.滴灌减施氮肥会降低烤烟叶绿素总量,且减施氮肥对烤烟移栽后60 d的叶绿素总量影响显著,存在叶绿素总量随减氮量增加而降低程度加大的趋势,即减施3 kg氮肥处理叶绿素含量在移栽后60 d降低程度大,减施1 kg氮肥处理叶绿素含量在移栽后60 d降低程度相对较小.减氮施肥对各处理叶绿素a含量的影响与叶绿素总量的变化趋势一致.

为研究水肥一体化条件下减施氮肥对烤烟生长及生理特性的影响,本试验以基施固态氮肥75 kg/hm2+滴灌为对照(CK),设置基施固态氮肥30 kg/hm2+滴灌(T1)、基施固态氮肥30 kg/hm2+滴灌追施氮肥15 kg/hm2(T2)和基施固态氮肥30 kg/hm2+滴灌追施氮肥30 kg/hm2(T3)3个减氮处理.结果表明,T3与CK的株高、最大叶面积和干物质积累差异不大,但两者显著高于T1、T2;成熟期CK的叶绿素含量最高,T3次之,T1最低,且各处理间差异显著.在生育后期CK的SOD、POD、CAT和NR活性最高且降低较慢;T1的SOD、POD、CAT和NR活性降低最快、活性最低;T2和T3的4种酶活性随生育期缓慢降低,并在生育后期显著降低,且叶绿素含量下降明显.水肥一体化条件下较传统施氮方式减少20％施氮量,烤烟农艺性状与对照无显著差异,且更有利于叶片干物质积累.

为探究滴灌水肥一体化条件下,不同营养元素配比对烤烟生长发育及光合特性的影响,以‘NC55’为试验材料,在大田水肥一体条件下,比较分析6种不同营养元素配比对烤烟株高、叶面积、光合速率及叶绿素等的差异.结果表明,移栽后28天滴灌追施高氮水溶肥(N∶P∶K=30∶10∶10),35天追施水溶肥(N∶P∶K=15∶15∶30),42天追施高钾水溶肥(N∶P∶K=12∶8∶38)或栽后28、35、42天追肥硝酸钾烟田,有较大的叶面积和较好的株高,干物质积累多,旺长期净光合速率高,生育前期叶绿素总量和类似胡萝卜素含量较高,后期降解明显,利于成熟收获采收.

针对基层创新现状和问题,近年来潍坊市烟草局(公司)坚持以问题和需求为导向,以打造创新型企业为目标,重点围绕氛围要浓厚、目的要明确、方法要得当、过程要受控、成果要有用等五个方面开展工作,取得较好成效,并对提高企业创新能力提出建议.

利用闲置密集烤房控制器,对其程序进行升级,配套外部设备,以期实现育苗大棚温湿度的自动控制和调节,提高资产利用率,减工降本,提高育苗质量.

According to the reality of Weifang modern tobacco agriculture, the authors expounded the significance of construction of professional tobacco-grower teams, introduced the concept and development goals of professional tobacco growers, summarized the five main aspects of specific measures and requirements on the construction of teams of professional farmers including entry criteria, working procedure, level management, right and obligations and perfect management mechanisms, showing the positive results achieved since initiating the construction of professional tobacco growers, putting forward the next step working ideas.

[目的]研究潍坊烟区土壤pH与土壤养分的关系,为该地区烟区平衡施肥提供科学依据.[方法]对潍坊烟区592份土壤样本的pH及其与土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮、交换性钙、交换性镁、水溶性硼含量的关系进行研究.[结果]潍坊烟区平均pH为6.52,变幅为4.32 ～ 7.67,总体适宜;pH处于适宜烤烟生长的5.50 ～ 6.50间的样本量占总样本的43.41％.pH与土壤有机质、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁以及水溶性硼含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤碱解氮含量呈极显著负相关;pH的变化,对土壤有机质影响最大,对交换性镁影响最小.[结论]pH为5.50～6.50时,潍坊烟区土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、水溶性硼可满足优质烤烟生产要求,碱解氮和交换性镁含量较高,交换性钙含量偏低.

In order to select new excellent flue-cured tobacco varieties suitable for planting in Weifang and optimize the variety layout,a variety comparison experiment was conducted in Weifang in 2015,nine new varieties (lines),i. e. QY201,Guiyan6,Y056,LY30605,CF232,LJ0520,Y8123,Y7478,LY2829 were used with the contrast varieties NC89 and NC55. The main growth period,botanical characters,agronomic characters,economic characters and leaf qualities of nine varieties were studied. The main economic characters of QY201,Y056,LJ0520 and LY2829 are the best. The appearance quality of raw tobacco of CF232 is the best. The comprehensive performance of QY201 and LY2829 are better than the oth-ers,and could be demonstrated and popularized in Weifang.

创新源于基层,基层活力是创新的源动力,搞好基层创新是行业科技创新体系建设的基础,是烟草行业转变发展方式、提升发展质量的根本途径.本文结合作者从事基层创新工作经历及基层调研情况,分析烟草行业基层创新存在的问题,寻求解决问题的途径,以期盘活基层创新,营造万众创新良好生态.

运用典型案例分析的方法，调研分析了潍坊平原、丘陵、山区3个有代表性的烟草农机专业合作社的经营效益，针对存在的农机配套资金不足、服务定价机制不完善、发展后劲不足等问题，提出了相关建议措施。

By investigation of 10 typical tobacco family farms and management present situation of five tobacco farmer professional cooperatives of Weifang City,this article analyzed the ascension space of tobacco production organization mode(family farm and farmer professional cooperatives),the optimization measures were put forward. The purpose was to promote development of modern agriculture management system,and further deepen management mechanism.

This paper summarized the research status of soil microorganisms in tobacco fields in recent years,mainly including the relationships between soil microorganisms and fertilizer application,soil nutrient,cropping system,rhizospheric soil nutrient.