近年来,上海市崇明区通过实施水稻绿色生产技术,促进了当地水稻产业提质增效.为进一步推进崇明区水稻绿色生产,现从种植基地选择、品种选择、大田准备、种子处理、播种与移栽、肥水管理、病虫草害综合防控、收割等环节,对集成的水稻绿色生产技术(尤其是"两无化"水稻生产技术)进行了总结介绍,以供当地水稻种植户参考借鉴.

通过设置氮肥量和基蘖肥与穗肥氮素配比试验处理,研究氮肥运筹对杂交粳稻‘申优17’主要品质性状的影响.结果表明:增加氮肥能提高稻米的加工品质,但等氮(240 kg/hm2 ,下同)条件下提高后期穗肥氮则会降低加工品质.氮肥与稻米粒长、粒宽呈正相关,与长宽比呈负相关,而等氮条件下穗肥氮与稻米粒长和粒宽呈极显著和显著正相关.施氮量增加会显著降低稻米垩白率,后期增加穗肥氮施用会增加稻米垩白率和垩白度.增加氮肥和在等氮条件下,氮肥后移处理均极显著和显著降低直链淀粉含量.由氮素与直链淀粉拟合方程可知,施氮量在318 kg/hm2 时,直链淀粉理论值最低(15. 04% ).稻米胶稠度与氮肥使用量无明显规律,但在等氮条件下可随穗肥氮同步递增,至穗肥氮占比为30%时,胶稠度值达到峰值(78. 33 mm),之后缓慢下降.增加氮肥和后期穗肥氮占比有效地提高了稻米蛋白质含量,并显著地降低了稻米食味值.当氮量为257 kg/hm2 时,食味理论值最低(84. 45).在等氮条件下,穗肥氮占比为30%时,食味达到了最高值(83. 0).综上,杂交粳稻‘申优17’稻米品质易受氮肥调控影响,在实际生产中应适当控制总氮量和优化后期穗肥氮比例以提高稻米品质.

通过不同氮肥施用量和氮素穗肥占比的处理,研究了氮肥运筹对申优17产量及其相关农艺性状的影响.结果表明,氮肥运筹方式影响申优17产量构成和农艺性状,形成产量差异.总氮施用量240 kg/hm2、穗肥氮占比30％时,能够协调有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率等产量因素之间的关系,有利于大穗的形成,从而获得高产.在水稻生产中,通过控制氮肥用量和优化穗肥占比,可以获得最优农艺性状,达到高产的目标.

The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is an essential enzyme involved in branched amino acids. Several herbicides wither weeds via inhibiting AHAS activity, and the AHAS mutants show tolerance to these herbicides. However, most AHAS mutations are residue substitutions but not residue deletion. Here, residue deletion was used to engineering the AHAS gene and herbicide-tolerant rice. Molecular docking analysis predicted that the W548 of the AHAS was a residue deletion to generate herbicide tolerance. The AHAS-ΔW548 protein was generated in vitro to remove the W548 residue. Interestingly, the deletion led to the tetramer dissociation of the AHAS, while this dissociation did not reduce the activity of the AHAS. Moreover, the W548 deletion contributed to multi-family herbicides tolerance. Specially, it conferred more tolerance to sulfometuron-methyl and bispyribac-sodium than the W548L substitution. Further analysis revealed that AHAS-ΔW548 had the best performance on the sulfometuron-methyl tolerance compared to the wild-type control. Over-expression of the AHAS-ΔW548 gene into rice led to the tolerance of multiple herbicides in the transgenic line. The T-DNA insertion and the herbicide treatment did not affect the agronomic traits and yields, while more branched-chain amino acids were detected in transgenic rice seeds. Residue deletion of W548 in the AHAS could be a useful strategy for engineering herbicide tolerant rice. The increase of branched-chain amino acids might improve the umami tastes of the rice.

通过总结近十年来上海郊区水稻产业发展概况,梳理水稻生产面临的新问题.新形势下水稻生产中出现了稻田生态服务功能削弱、农机与农艺深度融合不紧密、稻田生态绿色防控效果不显著等一系列新情况,严重制约了水稻绿色发展.围绕“绿色、生态、高效、质量”发展目标,提出水稻绿色发展的技术对策和政策建议,以促进水稻产业提质增效、产能稳定、生态保护利用的良性发展态势,引领都市农业高质量绿色可持续发展.

回顾总结了近10年来上海优质稻米产业发展概况,围绕“生态优先、绿色发展”指导思想,促进优质稻米产业提质增效、产能稳定、生态保护利用的良性发展态势,展望本地区优质稻米产业绿色发展前景.

水稻起源于热带和亚热带地区,因此水稻对低温胁迫比其它农作物更加敏感。低温可以影响水稻生长发育的各个时期。特别是在温带和高纬度地区,低温冷害是影响水稻生产的重要环境因素之一。培育种植耐低温的水稻品种是解决低温冷害的一个重要手段。水稻耐冷基因COLD1编码一个G蛋白信号调节因子,该基因中起源于中国野生稻的SNP2位点,使粳稻具有更强的耐寒性。本研究根据COLD1中SNP2的序列多态性,开发与耐低温基因COLD1共显性的dCAPS分子标记,并利用7个水稻品种和96个籼粳交F2个体验证标记的准确性。实验结果证明本研究中设计的dCAPS分子标记能准确的鉴定粳稻COLD1jap基因型、籼稻COLD1ind基因型及杂合基因型,可应用分子标记辅助育种工作。

高温是影响水稻的产量和品质的重要环境因素之一.26S蛋白酶体能消除细胞毒性变性蛋白,是水稻应对高温热激的一个重要机制.水稻TT1基因编码26S蛋白酶体的α亚基,非洲栽培稻和亚洲栽培稻TT1等位基因中的一个SNP位点造成精氨酸到组氨酸(R99→H99)的改变,使得非洲栽培稻具有更强的耐高温性.本研究根据TT1基因功能性SNP位点设计dCAPS标记TTl-P2.利用TTl-P2标记对申9B、NIL(CG14),及其杂交F1代的TT1基因型鉴定,结果TTl-P2标记鉴定的基因型与测序的结果一致.用TTl-P2标记对杂交F2代群体的TT1基因型鉴定,发现TT1WYJ、杂合型和TT1oCG14这3种基因型符合1∶2∶1的分离比.这些结果表明TTl-P2能准确的鉴别TT1的基因型,可用于耐高温水稻品种的分子标记辅助育种.

研究了氮素基蘖肥与穗肥不同比例对机穴播杂交粳稻‘花优14’产量及产量构成因素的影响.结果 表明:在总氮300 kg/hm2条件下,基蘖肥与穗肥氮素比例为6∶4处理的水稻产量最高,达到(12 145.92±277.35) kg/hm2,极显著高于其他处理;基蘖肥与穗肥氮素比例为7∶3处理的水稻产量分别显著和极显著高于比例为8∶2和9∶1的处理.产量构成因素对产量的贡献为有效穗数＞穗粒数＞结实率＞千粒重.增加穗肥氮占比能有效提高穗粒数和每穗结实率,降低有效穗数,但对千粒重影响较小.由穗肥氮占比与产量拟合方程(Y=-9 142.21x2+ 12 178.18x +7 779.51,R2=0.9066**)解析可知,穗肥氮占比超过基蘖肥的0.67倍时,水稻产量下降.研究表明:杂交粳稻‘花优14’机穴播在纯氮300 kg/hm2条件下,在穗肥为基蘖肥的0.43-0.67倍、确保有效穗数(332.25×104/hm2)基础上,可通过增加穗粒数、提高结实率和稳定粒重达到高产目标.

拥有低直链淀粉含量基因Wx mq 的软米具有适口和膨化性好、软而不烂、富有弹性、回生程度小、冷后不易变硬等优点。为了提高优质软米的选育效率,根据Wx mq 基因第4外显子的SNP1突变位点开发了一个高通量分子标记Wx mq -KASP,利用该标记对粳稻软米品种‘南粳9108’、中等直链淀粉含量粳稻保持系‘申01B’及其杂交F 2 代群体进行基因分型,在F 2 群体83个单株中,有21个单株表现出与‘南粳9108’相同的基因型,20个单株与‘申01B’基因型相同,而42个单株表现为杂合基因型。利用前人开发的CAPS标记对‘南粳9108’、‘申01B’及其杂交F 2 群体的Wx基因进行了基因型检测,所得结果与Wx mq -KASP检测结果完全一致。该研究表明KASP标记Wx mq -KASP可以高效应用于水稻低直链淀粉含量种质资源鉴定及分子标记辅助选择育种。

The effects of hypobaric storage (10,50,90 kPa) of" Chuan Zhongdao" peach under(4 ± 0.5) ℃ were studied.Results showed that hypobaric storage could effectively delay the quality decline of peach under(4 ± 0.5) ℃,meanwhile,the effect of 50 kPa group was better,the browning degree of peach was low treated by the 50 kPa group,and it can significantly delay the ripening rate of peach and maintained a high hardness,compared with the control group,the weightloss rate of 50 kPa group decreased by 40.00％,and the decay index decreased by 87.50％,the sensory attributes of peach keep well,and has a significant effect on the color,aroma and taste of peach.

[目的]半矮秆水稻品种的选育和应用是水稻育种的最重大成果之一.半矮秆品种大多是半矮秆基因SD1(semi-dwarf1)功能缺失突变体,为了获得sd1突变体,本研究对SD1基因进行了定向编辑.[方法]利用CRISPR/Cas9系统,以SD1基因为靶基因,构建基因编辑载体CRISPR-SD1,用农杆菌介导的方法转化水稻恢复系申繁17和申繁24.[结果]在2个转化受体的T0代均获得了纯合的sd1突变体,并且在T1代株系中分离出了不含转基因序列的植株.2个品种的sd1突变体与各自的野生型相比,株高分别下降了25％左右.[结论]利用CRISPR/Cas9系统可以有效地对目的基因进行编辑,在水稻分子育种领域具有巨大的应用价值.

Rice blast-resistant genes Pi2,Pi5,Pi9,Pi54,Pia,Pib,Pit and Pita were detected in 36 restoring lines and 42 sterile lines by functional molecular markers.The results indicated that those 8 rice blastresistant genes were distributed in the 78 tested lines at various frequencies.Six rice blast-resistant genes were detected in the sterile line Shen-11A containing the most rice blast-resistant genes among the 78 lines,whereas no rice blast-resistant gene was detected in the lines 8527A,Xu-1A and 016A.The genetic distance-based cluster analysis showed that those 78 lines could be divided into 5 groups.

Fragrant rice is caused by the functional loss and mutation of the Betaine aldehyde aehydrogenase (BADH2) gene. Functional molecular markers designed according to the functional mutation loci of the aroma allele badh2 make it possible for rapid identification the fragrant rice germplasm. In this study, 33 male sterile lines and 35 restorer lines of japonica hybrid rice were genotyped by using functional markers InDel-E2 and InDel-E7, which were designed respectively for the fragrant badh2 alleles badh2-E2 and badh2-E7, 12 sterile lines containing badh2-E2 allele and 4 restorer lines containing badh2-E7 allele were identified, respectively. On the basis of genotyping result, 3 fragrant sterile lines and 3 fragrant restorer lines were selected to develop 5 fragrant japonica hybrid recombination. These results might provide an important basis for the popularization and application of fragrant japonica hybrid rice.

MAIN CONCLUSION:The acetohydroxy acid synthase S627N mutation confers herbicide tolerance in rice, and the rice variety containing this mutation produces good yields. This variety is commercially viable at Shanghai and Jiangsu regions in China. Weedy rice is a type of rice that produces lower yields and poorer quality grains than cultivated rice. It plagues commercial rice fields in many countries. One strategy to control its proliferation is to develop rice varieties that are tolerant to specific herbicides. Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) mutations have been found to confer herbicide tolerance to rice. Here, we identified a single mutation (S627N) in AHAS from an indica rice variety that conferred tolerance against imidazolinone herbicides, including imazethapyr and imazamox. A japonica rice variety (JD164) was developed to obtain herbicide tolerance by introducing the mutated indica ahas gene. Imidazolinone application was sufficient to efficiently control weedy rice in the JD164 field. Although the imazethapyr treatment caused dwarfing in the JD164 plants, it did not significantly reduce yields. To determine whether the decrease of the ahas mRNA expression caused the dwarfism of JD164 after imazethapyr application, we detected the ahas mRNA level in plants. The abundance of the ahas mRNA in JD164 increased after imidazolinone application, thus excluding the mRNA expression level as a possible cause of dwarfism. Activity assays showed that the mutated AHAS was tolerant to imidazolinone but the catalytic efficiency of the mutated AHAS decreased in its presence. Moreover, the activity of the mutated AHAS decreased more in the presence of imazethapyr than in the presence of imazamox. We observed no difference in the AHAS secondary structures, but homology modeling suggested that the S627N mutation enabled the substrate to access the active site channel in AHAS, resulting in imidazolinone tolerance. Our work combined herbicides with a rice variety to control weedy rice and showed the mechanism of herbicide tolerance in this rice variety.

The yield and population growth of precision mechanical hill-seeding hybrid rice'Huayou 14' (Japonica)were studied by means of fertilizer application of available nitrogen fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer.The results showed that under the same nitrogen level,the rice whole growth period of the combined treatment of urea and slow-release fertilizer increased by 10—11 d compared with that of urea treatment.The daily growth of plant height was significantly higher than that of urea treatment at jointing to booting stage,and the plant height increased by(4.03 ± 0.48)cm compared with urea treatment.After jointing stage,the proportion of rice biomass accumulation to total biomass and leaf area index (LAI)treated with urea and slow release fertilizer were all higher than those of urea treatment.After heading,the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD)of rice flag leaves decreased slowly after reaching the peak of the treatment with urea and slow release fertilizer, while the SPAD of urea treatment decreased faster.Nitrogen had a significant effect on the total leaf number of the main stem of rice.The treatment of N2,N3,N5and N7increased 1 leaves than N0,N1and N4.The analysis of nitrogen and yield fitting equation showed that the rice yield increased with the increase of nitrogen application, but the 311.47 kg/hm2threshold had the risk of reducing yield.Under the same nitrogen condition,the yield of combined treatment of urea and slow-release fertilizer was all higher than that of urea treatment.The yield of N6 treatment was the highest,reaching(11 837.25 ± 327.12)kg/hm2.The analysis of yield components showed that the order of the effect of nitrogen on yield components was effective panicles per unit area,spike grain number, seed setting rate and grain weight.The effective panicles and the seed setting rate of combined treatment of urea and slow-release fertilizer were higher than those of urea treatment under the same nitrogen level. There were significant differences in the effective panicles between the treatment of N5and N1and the treatment N6and N2, and the difference of seed setting rate between N1and N7was significant.The spike grain number of N2was the highest,which was significantly higher than that of other treatment.

通过集成杂交粳稻新组合申优17机械插秧、机械割叶、机械辅助授粉等农机技术与亲本播差期安排、适宜机插秧行比、花期预测及调整、田间去杂等农艺技术配套,制定了机械化制种技术,并进行了规模化示范应用.

Four-season celery (Petroselinum crispum)is one of high value nutrient and healthy vegetables,with rich nutrition,strong perfume and health care value and is high quality raw material for vegetable juice processing.but low yield of celery juice was one of the main technical bottlenecks restricting the vegetable juice processing.The effects of cellulase adding quantity,enzyme hydrolysis time and enzyme hydrolysis temperature on celery juice yield were studied separately,and response surface analysis was optimized by BoxBehnken design,and interaction of single factor on celery juice yield was analyzed.The regression equation prediction model was established in the paper.The optimum conditions for the application of cellulase in celery juice were as follows:cellulase addition quantity 0.06％,enzymatic hydrolysis time 1.56 h,enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 40.14 ℃,and the yield of celery juice was 78.38％.The actual yield of celery juice (78.72％ ±0.25％) was better fitting of the predictive value.

Field experiments with keng rice variety'Huayou 14'were carried out under mechanical spot seeding to study the population canopy's photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)distribution and grain yield as influenced by seeding densities.The results showed that in the mid/late period of rice growth,the population canopy's leaf area index (LAI),interception of photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) and PAR interception rate were positively correlated with the seeding density,gradually decreased from bottom to top in all layers of population canopy and also declined with the growth process.The photosynthetically active radiation at bottom of population canopy (TPAR)was negatively correlated with the seeding density and gradually increased from bottom to top in the whole population canopy in the same density.Under the same seeding density the TPAR and LAI presented a logarithmic function relation:Y =-1.49 ln (x) + 10.27 (wax-ripe stage),R2 =0.9965 **.In the experiments,the seeding density was correlated positively with the effective panicle number per unit area and negatively with the 1 000-grain weight,and presented a quadratic function relation with the grain number per spike and yield.A greater grain number per spike could reach and the grain yield could be over 10 500 kg/hm2 when the seeding density was 20 cm × 16 cm,the population basal canopy's PAR interception rate was about 95％ at the booting stage and the effective panicle number was 2 837 000/hm2.

In order to clarify the growth features, lodging resistance, population formation and yield performance of mechanical preci-sion hill-drop drilling rice, the experiment and demonstration of different types of rice varieties were carried out using the main rice variety in Shanghai as materials. The economic benefits and the changes of microbial population of soil after using the mechanical precision hill-drop drilling technique were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the mechanical precision hill-drop drilling rice has the characteristics of the shorter period of rice growth, the more tillers per plant, the suitable plants per block, the more weight of dry matter, the higher yield and the less cost. This technique showed high efficiency and less energy, thus it is possible to be populized in the rice production. This method is expected to meet the agricultural requirement in the city. Moreover, it leads to less carbon emission and has broad application prospect.