To study the influence of different processing parameters on the porosity and dynamic resistance of cigarettes and their impact on cigarette smoking smoothness (CSS), an improved microfocus x-ray CT method was used to scan the porosity characterization of cigarettes. The axial stability and distribution consistency of dynamic resistance were characterized by the standard deviation of dynamic resistance between cigarettes. A cigarette-smoking smoothness evaluation method was established. The effects of different processing parameters on CSS and the correlation between porosity, dynamic resistance, and CSS were investigated. The experimental results indicate that, first, variations in cut width, steam temperature, and flow rate of the high-speed drying tower (HDT) leaf silk drying, as well as changes in the splitting knife arc length and groove depth, significantly influence cigarette porosity, its distribution uniformity, axial stability of dynamic draw resistance, and inter-cigarette consistency, with each factor exhibiting distinct impact trends. Second, cigarette drawability deteriorates markedly with increased cut width, while it improves significantly with elevated HDT steam temperature and reduced steam flow rate. Finally, under different processing parameters, both the uniformity of cigarette porosity distribution and dynamic draw resistance exert highly significant influences on cigarette drawability. The research results of this study have significant guiding significance for improving the quality of cigarettes.

Discarded tobacco leaves, a substantial agricultural by-product, represent an underutilized reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals. This study investigated the application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) using CO2 as a green technology for the recovery of tobacco oleoresin and α-tocopherol (Vitamin E). A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) integrated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize critical process variables: extraction pressure, temperature, and time. Statistical analysis identified the model-predicted optimum conditions as 21.3 MPa, 45.8 °C, and 63.4 min, yielding a maximum oleoresin recovery of 1.36%. This empirical result exhibited high concordance with the model prediction, validating the robustness of the optimization. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis demonstrated the tunable selectivity of the SFE process. The relative content of the high-value antioxidant Vitamin E was preferentially enriched to 19.1% under density-controlled conditions (25 MPa and 40 °C), minimizing the co-extraction of impurities. These findings established SFE as a superior, eco-friendly strategy for the valorization of tobacco residues, offering a sustainable pathway for the production of functional ingredients for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

The study innovatively utilized a combination of smoking machine and Cambridge filter to effectively extract the aroma compounds generated during smoking of cigarettes, and employed three different pretreatment methods to obtain optimal cigarette pretreatment procedures. In addition, the aroma components of different cigarettes were identified by different instruments such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Combined with the calculation of Odor Activity Values (OAV), PCA analysis and sensory evaluation were performed on the five types of cigarettes to reveal differences and similarities in their aroma profiles. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Porous carrier materials are widely used in the fields of drug delivery, perfume adhesion, environmental treatment, and carrier catalysis, which have network pore structures with characteristics of porosity, pore size distribution, and specific surface area. A cigarette porous carrier (CPC) as an effective carrier of pulmonary therapeutic drugs is conducive to the accurate application of aerosol medications. However, the change of CPC’s processing parameters makes it difficult to maintain the stability of pore distribution and airflow passage resistance uniformity. To obtain the static porosity error model and the real porosity model of porous carriers, microfocus x-ray CT imaging technology was used to generate CPC’s 3D model and the internal porosity analysis and characterization methods of porous carriers with different sections of cigarettes were established. The experimental results show that the width of the filamentary filler unit has great influence on CPC’s static porosity error. When the width of the filamentary filler unit is kept small, the increase in processing temperature can inhibit the static porosity error and improve CPC’s packaging accuracy. In addition, the change trend of CPC’s porosity was opposite to that of airflow passage resistance and both showed a significant negative correlation in the processing temperature range of 175–181 °C. Under the G3 processing parameters, CPC’s porosity is most concentrated between 35% and 50%. The research method and the relationship between the change trend of porosity and airflow passage resistance obtained in this paper provide a theoretical basis for the design and manufacture of high-performance CPCs.

An effective complex aroma was obtained using a solvent-assisted flavor evaporation pretreatment method, and volatile flavor substances were obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The nine attribute flavor characteristics determined by quantitative descriptive analysis in mainstream cigarette smoke were compared with those determined by GC–MS by odor activity value analysis. The sensory evaluation data and overall impressions of five cigarette samples were processed and analyzed using the social statistics software package. Pearson correlation coefficients between the taste attributes and overall impressions of the cigarette samples were determined, revealing differences in product characteristics between different sensory styles. Heatmap and correlation network analyses demonstrated compound-specific sensory modulation: phthalide and 2,5-dimethylphenol enhanced salty/bitter/sour notes but suppressed sweetness, whereas styrene inversely regulated sweetness and sourness.

Maillard intermediates, such as Amadori and Heyns compounds, play a pivotal role in the formation of flavor or adverse Maillard products and thus direct affect the sensory and organoleptic properties of foodstuffs. In this study, three Maillard intermediates, namely N-(1-Deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-phenylalanine (Fru-Phe), N-(1-Deoxymaltos-1-yl)-L-phenylalanine (Mal-Phe), and N-(2-Deoxy-D-glucos-2-yl)-L-phenylalanine (Glu-Phe), were chemically synthesized, and their potentials as flavor precursors were evaluated through thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. TG-DTG analyses indicated that Fru-Phe, Mal-Phe and Glu-Phe were stable at room temperature, with the largest mass-loss rates occurring at 138 degrees C, 141 degrees C, and 127 degrees C, respectively. Upon thermal pyrolysis, the major flavor substances observed were 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4(H)-pyran-4-one (DDMP), phenylacetaldehyde, furaneol, and 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol for Fru-Phe; phenylacetaldehyde, maltol, DDMP, isomaltol and 2-acetylfuran for Mal-Phe; and DDMP, furaneol, phenylacetaldehyde, and 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine for Glu-Phe. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the number of saccharide units conjugated to phenylalanine exerted significant effects on the variety and abundance of pyrolysis products at 300 degrees C, while specific attachment positions of sugars became the primary factor directing pyrolysis pathways at 600 degrees C and 900 degrees C. Overall, this study provides a method to regulate the species and amounts of degraded flavor products.

This study combined a smoking machine with Cambridge filters to extract cigarette aroma compounds. Three pretreatment methods, namely SPME, SAFE, and SDE, were employed. Through GC-MS, 89, 93, and 77 aroma compounds were detected respectively. PCA indicated that the SAFE method had a better ability to distinguish the aroma components of five types of cigarettes, making it the preferred method. By calculating the OAV, 55 aroma compounds with OAV≥1 were identified. The sensory evaluation of 50 volunteers showed that yk had the highest comfort level (median 68.5), while jy had the lowest (61.5). This study filled the gap in the research on traditional cigarette aroma compounds, clarified the effective extraction and analysis methods, and the development of alternatives, and also laid the foundation for improving smoking comfort in the future.

Integrating the heterogeneous catalysts with the membrane matrix is a promising approach for wastewater decontamination. In this study, a ZIF-67 derived cobalt-manganese spinel catalyst MnCo2O4.5@Carbon (MCOC) was prepared using a one-pot pyrolysis process and was then blended with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane through the phase inversion method. The introduction of the MCOC catalyst not only improved the permeance of the membrane but also constructed active reaction sites within the membrane matrix. As a result, the PVDF/MCOC membranes exhibited both satisfactory degradation capabilities by activating perox-ymonosulfate and favorable permeation performance. Remarkably, about 99 % of phenol (20 mg/L) can be removed within 30 min, with a water flux of 649.0 L/m2 center dot h. Besides, the PVDF/MCOC catalytic membrane possessed favorable anti-fouling properties and stability. The flux recovery rate of the PVDF/MCOC membrane reached 85 % after three fouling/washing cycles, while the phenol removal efficiency remained consistent at 95 % after 5 consecutive cycles. Radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis further indicated that sulfate radicals and singlet oxygen were the primary reactive oxygen species in the phenol degradation processes. Consequently, this work highlights an effective method to fabricate a catalytic membrane with high permeance and catalytic efficiency, potentially expanding the application of heterogeneous catalysts in wastewater decontamination.

Background: Speciation analysis is defined as the analytical activities of identifying and/or measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. The knowledge of elemental species provides more complete information about mobility, bioavailability and the impact of elements on ecological systems or biological organisms. It is no longer sufficient to quantitate the total elemental content of samples to define toxicity or essentiality. Thus speciation analysis is of vital importance and generally offers a better understanding of a specific element. Discussion: Thorough speciation scheme consisting of sampling, sample preparation, species analysis and evaluation were described. Special emphasis is placed on recent speciation analysis approaches including both direct and coupling methods. A current summary of advantages and limitations of the various methods as well as an illustrative method comparison are presented. Certain elements and species of interest are briefly mentioned and practical examples of speciation applications in tobacco and other important economic crops are also discussed. Aim/Conclusion: This review aims to offer comprehensive knowledge about elemental speciation and provide readers with valuable information. Many strategies have been developed for the determination of multiple elemental species in tobacco and other important economic crops. Nevertheless, it is an eternal pursuit to establish speciation methods which can balance accuracy, agility as well as universality.

The determination of mixing ratio and the evaluation of cut tobacco uniformity in cigarettes are vital to tobacco manufacturing. Herein, an intelligent and fast method was developed for the evaluation of stem uniformity in cigarettes using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy according to the spectral difference between tobacco leaves and stems. Tobacco samples with different stem ratios were prepared precisely and then measured by NIR. Partial least squares (PLS) prediction model was established to bring out the accurate and rapid determination of stem ratio in a tobacco blend. The relative error of stem ratios was within 3.88% for external prediction. It is worth mentioning that this model can realize the quantitative evaluation of the uniformity for cut stems in a "single" cigarette, providing a brand-new technique for the quality assurance of cigarettes in the market as well as an extended potential in the uniformity evaluation of agricultural products with similar type and quality.

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定烟草及其制品中无机铅[Pb(Ⅱ)]、三甲基铅(TML)和三乙基铅(TEL)含量的方法.将烟草样品粉碎后,加入体积比为60∶40的1 mmol·L-1 1-戊烷磺酸钠溶液和甲醇的混合溶液(流动相)15 mL,于40℃超声萃取20 min,离心,上清液过0.22 μm滤膜,用HPLC-ICP-MS测定滤液中3种铅形态含量.在烟草样品中加入硝酸和30％过氧化氢溶液,在程序升温条件下微波消解,消解液用水稀释后,用ICP-MS测定其中的铅总量.在HPLC分析中,在1.0 mL·min-1流量下用流动相等度洗脱吸附在ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18反相色谱柱上的3种铅形态,8 min即可实现高效分离.在ICP-MS分析中,同步监测206Pb、207Pb和208Pb等3种铅同位素,用三者含量和进行定量.结果显示:3种铅形态的质量浓度在0.5～50.0 μg·L-1内与其对应的质谱响应值呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.33～0.47 μg·L-1;对实际样品进行3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,所得回收率为81.9％～96.5％,测定值的相对标准偏差(n = 6)为5.3％～9.6％.方法用于烟叶样品和卷烟成品的分析,结果显示:烟叶样品及卷烟成品中均未检出有机铅,其铅形态以Pb(Ⅱ)为主,且含量较低(1.53～5.08 μg·g-1);下、中、上部烟叶中铅含量呈递减分布;卷烟成品中的铅含量与烟叶样品的基本处于相同水平;检出的3种铅形态含量总和占铅总量的74.3％～84.6％.

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)同时测定烟草中15种有机酸的分析方法.样品采用微波辅助法进行甲酯化反应,采用二氯甲烷进行液液分配,GC-MS/MS多反应监测(MRM)模式进行测定,内标法定量.15种有机酸检出限为0.08～0.52 μg/mL,不同添加水平的加标回收率为81.2％～107.3％,方法可用于烟草中有机酸含量的检测.采用该方法对不同类别烟草制品中有机酸含量分布进行了分析,同时对制丝过程关键工序下有机酸含量变化规律进行了探究,为卷烟质量控制和工艺技术优化提供了技术支持.

[目的]了解不同品牌卷烟产品之间的挥发性有机物差异,分析不同品牌卷烟产品风格特征和品质差异.[方法]选取5款市售品牌卷烟,基于顶空气相色谱—离子迁移谱(HS-GC-IMS)开展挥发性有机物研究,建立指纹图谱分析不同挥发性有机物含量分布,采用主成分分析法研究不同品牌卷烟产品之间的相似度.[结果]指纹图谱结果表明:5款卷烟样品的挥发性有机物组分大致相同,但不同化合物含量存在一定差异;主成分分析结果表明:当卷烟中挥发性有机物的主成分贡献度达到68％时,可通过指纹图谱的特征成分区分不同品牌的卷烟.[结论]借助HS-GC-IMS技术可以分析不同品牌卷烟之间挥发性物质的差异,并以此区分不同品牌卷烟,为不同品牌卷烟的风格分析和品质评定提供一定的理论依据和技术支持.

采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法快速测定了烤烟中11种Amadori化合物,并结合主成分分析(PCA)、层次聚类热力图分析(HCHMA)及t分布随机邻域嵌入(t-SNE)等多元统计分析方法,研究Amadori化合物与烤烟香型的关系.结果表明:①目标化合物的线性关系良好(r>0.995);检出限(LODs)为1.0～10.0 ng/mL;日内和日间精密度(RSDs)分别为1.1％～4.8％和2.9％～9.6％(n=6);回收率为87.8％～110.2％.②PCA和t-SNE分析结果表明不同香型烤烟具有明显的分类趋势,其中t-SNE分析的区分效果更明显;HCHMA将样品划分为8类,与香型和产地对应较好.③Amadori化合物测定结果结合多元统计分析方法,可为烤烟香型和产地分析、烟叶品质评价、配方设计优化提供技术支持.

为考察不同卷烟产品挥发性物质的差异,剖析不同卷烟产品香气风格特征,选取5款不同品牌市售卷烟,基于顶空气相-离子迁移谱(HS-GC-IMS)开展卷烟挥发性物质研究,采用相对气味活度值法(ROAV)分析不同卷烟特征香气物质.HS-GC-IMS结果表明,5款卷烟产品的挥发性有机物组分大致相同,但不同化合物的含量之间存在较大差异;ROAV分析结果表明,主要挥发性物质为醛类、酮类、醇类和酯类,对卷烟香气有重要贡献的物质包括糠硫醇、1-辛烯-3-酮、呋喃醇、3-甲基丁醛、乙酸异戊酯等,化合物间含量和感觉阈值的差异影响了其对卷烟香气风格的贡献度,进而影响卷烟的风格特征.借助HS-GC-IMS和ROAV值可以剖析不同卷烟特征香气物质,为卷烟产品的风格分析和品质评定提供一定技术支持.

卷烟纸主要由纤维、填料和助燃剂构成,可直接参与烟支的燃烧.助燃剂(有机钾盐、钠盐)是卷烟纸的重要添加成分,可以提高卷烟纸的燃烧速度,减少抽吸口数,降低卷烟抽吸期间的燃烧温度、CO 量和焦油量,从而降低卷烟的危害性[1-5],其含量直接关系烟支的燃烧性能、吸味及安全性能[6-8].为最大程度保证吸烟者的抽吸体验和烟支的安全性能,助燃剂的含量必须控制在一定水平[9-12].

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)同时测定香精和烟草中16种致香成分的分析方法.香精样品经振荡提取、烟草样品经微波辅助萃取后,采用GC-MS/MS多反应监测(MRM)模式进行测定,内标法定量.16种致香成分的线性范围为0.1～10.0μg/mL,在三个不同添加水平下的平均回收率为81.3％～107.4％,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.2％～10.9％,检出限(LOD)均在0.002～0.500μg/mL.该方法简便快速、选择性好、灵敏度高,为烟草复杂基质中多种致香成分检测提供了一种高效、准确的分析方法.

将烟丝样品置于温度（20±1）℃及相对湿度（60±3）%条件下平衡24h。称取此样品4.0g置于Dionex ASE 350萃取仪的34 mL萃取池中,用正己烷作为溶剂进行加速溶剂萃取（ASE）。加速萃取的温度为100℃,静态萃取时间为5min,循环次数为2次。于萃取液中加入乙酸苯甲酯内标(100mg·L -1 )溶液0.50mL,混匀后经0.45μm滤膜过滤,取滤液进行气相色谱-串联质谱法分析。采用HP-5MS毛细管色谱柱（30m×0.25mm,0.25μm）,在60～280℃温度区间程序升温模式分离后,按电子轰击离子源和多反应监测模式条件进行串联质谱测定。所测定的5种羧酸苯乙酯的质量浓度均在0.10～10.00mg·L -1 内与其对应的峰面积之间呈线性关系,其检出限（3S/N）均为0.01mg·L -1 。按标准加入法测定了方法的回收率,结果为91.0%～107%,测定值的相对标准偏差（n=6）均小于10%。同一批次内和不同批次间外加标记物的变异系数（CV i ）分别为5.8%～8.8%和6.3%～8.4%,说明加香工序的均匀性良好。

Abstract A novel analytical method for the simultaneous determination of inorganic tin and organotin in tobacco was established for the first time. The extraction efficiencies of methanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and the mobile phase were investigated. The mobile phase was selected to promote the extraction of tin from tobacco. Eight species of tin including inorganic tin (IT), trimethyltin (TMT), monophenyltin (MPhT), monobutyltin (MBT), diphenyltin (DPhT), dibutyltin (DBT), triphenyltin (TPhT) and tributyltin (TBT) were effectively separated and determined within 25 min using high-performance liquid chromatography – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The detection limits were from 0.18 to 0.43 ng mL−1, and the recoveries were between 73.9% and 98.4%. The developed method was successfully employed to analyze tobacco samples. The results showed that inorganic tin was the major component of Sn in the tobacco samples with trace quantities of organotins also detected.

为考察添加于不同主体柠檬酸盐助燃剂的钾钠比对卷烟主流烟气有害物质释放量影响的差异,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对卷烟纸及烟丝中助燃剂钾钠盐实际含量进行测定,并研究比对卷烟纸及烟丝钾钠比对卷烟主流烟气的影响.结果 发现,主流烟气烟碱量、焦油量及CO量均与卷烟纸钾钠比呈高度相关的幂函数关系,而与烟丝钾钠比相关性较弱.因此通过改变钾钠比对卷烟有害物质释放量进行调控时,应优先选择卷烟纸作为添加主体.