为研究叶面喷施水杨酸(SA)对不同苹果品种防御酶活性的影响,以抗病品种'北之幸'和感病品种'礼泉短富'为试验材料,对不同浓度水杨酸处理前后的苹果叶片进行防御酶活性测定.结果 表明,经水杨酸处理后,'北之幸'和'礼泉短富'的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、PAL和PPO活性均有提高,且高于对照植株.其中'北之幸'的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、PAL和PPO活性分别是对照的2.04倍,6.19倍,2.73倍和2.32倍;'礼泉短富'的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和PAL活性分别是对照的1.82倍和1.70倍,POD活性是对照的5.68倍,PPO活性是对照的4.00倍.由此可见,水杨酸处理可以不同程度的提高植株体内抗性相关酶的活性,但不同品种间存在差异.

一、红地球葡萄黄化病的发病规律 1、发生时间.6月初,新稍迅速生长期发病较重,如不及时防治,黄化现象一直持续到7月底,甚至9月份,严重影响果实品质及产量.

[目的]随着网络技术、 云技术的快速发展,大数据信息采集及挖掘应用成为决定区域发展的重要因素.农产品电子商务对于化解农业生产中的"小农户"和"大市场"之间的矛盾、有效推进农村产业融合发展和农村经济转型具有重要的作用.欠发达地区农产品电子商务整体上还处于起步阶段,缺少彰显区域特色的电商平台.如何将大数据技术和思维与电子商务平台有效整合,对于有效化解欠发达地区"三农"问题具有重要的意义.[方法]以甘肃省陇南市为例,采用调查法和统计分析法,探讨大数据对欠发达地区农产品电子商务平台发展的作用,系统分析农产品电子商务平台发展的主要困境,从大数据视角,探究欠发达地区农产品电子商务平台创新路径.[结果]欠发达地区农产品电子商务平台发展的主要困境为农产品网店竞争实力还待提升,特色馆可持续发展有待市场考验,"农产品上行"任务艰巨.在此基础上,从大数据视角,提出了陇南市农产品电子商务平台创新路径:构建各方双向互动的农产品电子商务平台体系,以农业大数据建设提高其对农产品电子商务平台的支撑,以大数据促进农业标准化建设和农产品追溯体系建设,以大数据促进电商人才的培养等.[结论]大数据有利于实现农业精准生产,优化农产品电子商务智慧营销,使农产品流通实现全程跟踪可追溯.

以对苹果轮纹病抗病性不同的两个苹果品种‘北之幸’和‘礼泉短富’为材料,利用高通量测序技术对水杨酸(SA)处理后的苹果叶片cDNA文库进行差异基因表达谱分析.结果 表明,经SA诱导后,抗病品种‘北之幸’的差异表达基因有257个;感病品种‘礼泉短富’的差异表达基因有150个;不同品种间得到差异表达基因828个.经GO分析,大部分差异基因参与代谢过程、应答刺激、生物学调控、免疫系统过程和抗氧化活性等.与抗性相关的功能注释主要涉及信号转导机制、防御机制和能量产生与转导等,但感病品种‘礼泉短富’没有注释到有关防御机制的差异基因.推测这些基因可能在SA诱导苹果抗轮纹病的过程中起重要作用.差异基因参与抗病相关的代谢通路涉及过氧化物酶体途径、苯丙烷生物合成途径、苯丙氨酸代谢途径、植物与病原菌互作途径和植物激素信号转导途径等.且抗性品种产生的差异基因数量、涉及的代谢通路均较感病品种多,说明抗病品种的抗性相关基因更易受到SA的诱导.

文章基于对甘肃陇南的调查,利用统计分析法,研究农户主要信息需求、农村大数据对农户信息服务的满足程度,以及农村大数据信息服务失衡状况.结果发现,农户对农产品价格、农产品供求等信息服务需求强烈,被满足程度较低;教育、娱乐等信息服务失衡度大于零,农户对相关信息关注不够;信息的真实性、针对性、时效性等特征对农户信息服务满意度影响显著.笔者通过以上研究探寻提高农村大数据有效信息供给,实现以农村大数据促进乡村振兴的策略与路径.

在人类对自然环境、森林资源过度利用、肆意破坏下,生态危机也愈演愈烈,其中作为自然生态系统的主体之一,森林承担着促进自然环境和谐发展的重要使命.因此,为了给生态发展,以及人类生活发展提供有力支持,必须要重视起森林资源保护工作,并结合具体情况,针对现阶段林业产业发展中存在的不足之处,制定出科学完善的应对策略,促进两者的协调统一.

无刺花椒的选育成为花椒新品种选育和研究的热点,本文对国内外无刺花椒的研究进展和现状进行了综述,对无刺花椒选育的意义进行了归纳,同时针对研究中存在的问题提出了建议.

To reserve the disease image's profile and details, an image segmentation model, shuffled frog leaping algorithm-pulse coupled neural network (SFLA-PCNN), was proposed through Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm by optimizing the PCNN neural network parameters for recognition of potato diseases. The weighted sum of information entropy and compactness degree of image segmentation were chosen as fitness function to make PCNN parameters adapt to configuration. The potato late blight image was adopted as trial image to get the best configuration parameters and the segmentation accuracy was 95.41％. The optimal value of β, aθ, Vθ were 0.38, 0.24 and 0.82, respectively. The SFLA-PCNN model was used to segment the five kinds of potato diseases: soft rot, ring rot, silver rot, powdery scab, and gray mold. The accuracy could reach 94.41％, 95.69％, 93.89％, 93.91％, and 93.21％, respectively, and the average accuracy was 94.42％, indicating that the model could be used to extract the lesion from the background effectively for lesion detection of potato.

针对Otsu算法对直方图呈现多峰多谷的复杂马铃薯病害图像分割效果不佳的问题,结合混合蛙跳算法(shuffled frog leaping algorithm,SFLA)提出了一种Otsu-SFLA分割优化模型,将Otsu病害图像的分割结果作为SFLA算法的优化起点,进行复杂背景的马铃薯病害图像的分割优化,将马铃薯叶枯病、马铃薯晚疫病、马铃薯菌核病、马铃薯根腐线虫病、马铃薯灰霉病的病害图像作为分割对象进行分割,分割匹配率分别为97.0％、96.2％、96.9％、95.7％、94.8％,平均分割匹配率为96.1％,错误率分别为1.6％、1.1％、1.2％、1.1％、1.4％、平均错误率为1.3％,正确率分别为95.4％、95.1％、95.7％、94.6％、93.4％,平均正确率为94.8％,表明Otsu-SFLA模型可有效从复杂马铃薯病害图像中获取病斑区域.

高寒民族地区是我国重要的生态屏障,也是多民族聚居区,城镇化对于区域生态安全、农牧村发展、区域扶贫开发及实现各民族共同繁荣具有重要意义.从城镇化意义、城镇化动力、城镇化效应和城镇化任务等方面,对高寒民族地区城镇化研究进行了归纳和总结,从研究内容和方法对高寒民族地区城镇化研究展开述评,并对未来高寒民族地区城镇化研究进行了展望.

甘肃是黄河、长江流域和河西走廊的重要生态屏障区,也是典型的西部欠发达地区,"三农"问题突出.农产品电子商务作为结合计算机技术、通信技术和互联网技术的一个前沿领域,对于推动农产品的交易效率,促进农村流通经济发展、农民增收具有重要的意义;对于优化农产品市场结构和农村产业结构、实现就业的本地化、提高农村生活质量具有重要的作用.农民观念滞后、农村电子商务人才短缺、电子商务基础设施落后、物流体系不健全、农产品缺乏质量标准等问题制约着甘肃农产品电子商务的发展.文章从普及农民电商知识、加快电商人才队伍建设、加强信息基础设施建设、农村物流体系建设和农产品标准化体系建设等五个方面,提出了农产品电子商务创新发展的路径.

One hundred and eighty-nine Malus germplasms accessions were tested by use the method of artificial inoculating branches identification with ZZ26 and field identification in their resistance to Apple ring rot.Based on these identification results,the resistance of the germplasms was classified and assessed.The results showed that there were significant difference in the resistance among accessions and no Malus germplasm tested was found immune to Apple ring rot.By artificial inoculation,the 189 Malus germplasms were grouped into four groups of 16 highly resistant,75 medium resistant,81 medium susceptible and 17 highly susceptible varieties.By field identification,that of all the germplasms were grouped into three groups and 144 accessions were highly resistant,44 medium resistant,1 medium susceptible in 2012,and 14 accessions were highly resistant,162 medium resistant,13 medium susceptible in 2013.No highly susceptible germplasm was found in two years.Another investigation in 2017,the results showed that the consistency rate of field identification and artificial inoculation identification improved with plantation age increasing gradually,and 13.23％ in 2012,38.62％ in 2013,and reached 57.14％ in 2017.With comprehensive disease resistance screening,we got better consistency germplasms of 2 highly resistant were Kitanosach and Qinguan.

The development of villages in alpine ethnic areas has its special background.It is a problem how to ef-fectively promote the construction of villages in the alpine ethnic areas by learning from the experiences of developed countries and villages.The supply-side structural reform is an important system for the sustainable development of rural China in the new period.It provides innovative ideas and policy goal for the continued promotion of the devel-opment of villages,and accelerates the transformational development of villages in alpine ethnic areas.Taking Luqu county of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as an example,the paper analyzed the present development situa-tion of villages in the alpine ethnic areas,explored the direction and path of villages development from the perspec-tive of supply-side structural reform in alpine ethnic areas,so as to provide a useful example and reference for the development of villages in alpine ethnic areas.The main research methods were field survey statistical analysis and ArcGIS analysis.The results showed:The distribution characteristics of county villages were mainly along the traffic and rivers.The development of villages gradually diversified a variety of villages,such as tourist belt,animal hus-bandry,integration of crop -livestock type and comprehensive type.Through the implementation of some policies in Tibetan areas,such as Poverty Alleviation,Migration-Resettlement,Promoting the Peasant Household Project, Reconstruction of Shabby Buildings, the village infrastructure has been significantly improved.However, there were some problems of the development of villages in alpine ethnic areas from the perspective of supply -side,for example, traditional animal husbandry production was not suitable for Settlement of Herdsmen, the infrastructure input-output was in the low efficiency and insufficient,the supply of village cultural service was dislocation and lack obviously.Finally,it puts forward some countermeasures for the development of villages in alpine ethnic areas from the perspective of supply -side,such as relying on the main line of "reduction in production and making up shortage boards",continuously reducing the cost of agricultural production through the development of appropriate scale of operation and scientific farming,promoting the village industry convergence and development,consolidating the foundation of village development,enhancing the security capacity of village infrastructure through adjusting the layout of village space and optimizing the direction and structure of infrastructure supply,improving the culture sup-ply efficiency and quality of village through construction of the village public cultural service supply system, and promoting the construction and sustainable development of villages in alpine ethnic areas.

本文介绍了黑木耳生态学特性以及生长发育特性,阐述了菌种生产,养料配备,装袋灭菌,接种发菌等一整套黑木耳培植技术.

为明确甘肃省大麦条纹病病原菌麦类核腔菌Pyrenophora garminea的致病力分化、rDNA-ITS序列特征及变异,采用“三明治”法测定甘肃省大麦条纹菌的致病力,通过rDNA-ITS序列分析菌株间变异类型,并对菌株进行ISSR遗传多样性分析.结果表明,共筛选到43株大麦条纹病菌,生长7d后的菌落直径为2.60 ～7.93 cm,其中菌株TB生长速度最快,菌株JT生长速度最慢,强、中等和弱致病力菌株分别为2、21和20株;43株菌的核糖体DNA-ITS序列与麦类核腔菌菌株SMCD2015同源性在99％以上;在9个菌株中检测到15个变异位点,共17种变异类型;8个ISSR标记从43个菌株中扩增出41条带,平均每个标记5.13条带,90.24％片段具有多态性,遗传相似系数为0.44 ～1.00,平均值为0.71,当遗传相似系数为0.68时,可将供试菌株划分为4个类群.表明甘肃省大麦条纹病病原菌存在致病力分化,菌株核糖体DNA-ITS序列变异丰富,且菌株间遗传结构复杂.

为探讨硅酸钠在室内和田间对葡萄炭疽病的防治效果,以巨峰葡萄为材料,对葡萄炭疽菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长速率及室内和田间防治炭疽病效果等进行测定.结果表明:不同浓度硅酸钠对葡萄炭疽菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长均有抑制作用,且随浓度升高抑制作用增强;室内接种炭疽病菌5d后,15、20和25 mmol/L硅酸钠对葡萄炭疽病的防治效果分别为30.58％、44.37％和52.71％,且抑制效果差异极显著;田间最后.1次喷药10 d后,15、20和25 mmol/L硅酸钠对葡萄炭疽病的防治效果分别为66.94％、67.16％和73.46％,喷施10％苯醚甲环唑6次的防治效果为76.84％,喷施3次的防治效果为64.29％;25 mmol/L硅酸钠与啧施6次苯醚甲环唑的防治效果差异不显著,但与喷施3次苯醚甲环唑的差异极显著.研究表明,在生长季可利用硅酸钠与常规药剂交替使用来防治葡萄炭疽病.

为明确甘肃玉米大斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线和抗药性水平,采用平皿法测定甘肃省4个典型生态区57株玉米大斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性.结果表明,甘肃玉米大斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性差异较小,EC5o为0.10～1.56 mg/L,EC50平均值为0.66 mg/L,49株菌株EC50连续性正态分布时的ECs0平均值0.61 mg/L即为甘肃玉米大斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线;基于此发现,甘肃玉米大斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的平均抗性为1.08,最高抗性为2.55,暂未出现抗药性,其中中部干旱雨养生态区5株菌株十分敏感,平均抗性和最高抗性分别为0.84和1.11,而河西干旱灌溉生态区15株菌株敏感性较低,平均抗性和最高抗性分别为1.23和2.55,需警惕其抗药性.

苜蓿炭疽病是各苜蓿种植区分布较广的毁灭性病害.毁灭刺盘孢(Coltetotrichum destructivum)是苜蓿炭疽病的主要病原菌之一.本试验研究了培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH、光照、湿度对毁灭刺盘孢菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生和萌发的影响.结果表明:该菌菌丝适宜生长的培养基为PDA、PSA和V-8汁;适宜温度范围为28～36℃,最适温度为32℃;适宜pH范围为4～6.该病菌在PDA培养基上,分别以麦芽糖和蛋白胨为碳、氮源,在28℃,pH 6的条件下培养时其产孢能力最强.孢子萌发的最适碳、氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和牛肉膏、蛋白胨;最佳温度28℃;最适pH为6.相对湿度98％以上有利于孢子的萌发.持续光照利于菌丝生长、产孢和萌发.

为了明确甘肃省枸杞炭疽病的生物学特性,采用生长速率和孢子活性测定相结合的方法,从温度、光照、pH、湿度及营养条件几个方面对病菌菌丝生长、孢子产生及萌发的环境条件进行测定.结果表明:该病原菌菌丝在10％枸杞汁PDA培养基、25℃、pH6、葡萄糖、甘露糖、甘氨酸条件下生长最好;产孢的最佳条件为25℃、pH6、光照条件、蔗糖及硝酸钠;分生孢子在30℃、pH 5、相对湿度100％条件下萌发率最高;病菌菌丝的致死温度为55℃,10min;分生孢子的致死温度为55℃,10 min.本研究结果有助于对枸杞炭疽病防治提供依据.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为明确苜蓿茎点霉叶斑病的病原种类及其生物学特性,采用形态学和分子生物学方法进行鉴定,并研究了温度、培养基、pH、光照、碳氮源及湿度对病原的影响。结果显示:被鉴定病原为苜蓿茎点霉（Phoma medicaginis）。该菌菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适温度分别为20、20和25℃;最适培养基有V8培养基、苜蓿煎汁培养基和葡萄糖蛋白胨培养液;pH 3¹2均能生长、产孢和孢子萌发,最适pH均为6;全光照利于菌丝生长和产孢,不同光照处理对分生孢子萌发差异不明显;菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最适碳源分别为蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖,最适氮源分别为牛肉膏、蛋白胨和酵母膏;分生孢子萌发需要较高的湿度,在相对湿度（RH）85%以下不萌发,在水滴中萌发好。菌丝和分生孢子的致死温度分别为50℃（10min）和44℃（10min）。</span>