梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的慢性性传播疾病[1].近年来,我国梅毒感染率呈增长趋势,在全国甲乙类传染病发病排序位于第三位[2].性病门诊男性就诊者被认为是艾滋病、梅毒传播和流行的高风险人群之一[3],为了解青海省性病门诊男性就诊者梅毒感染状况及影响因素,对2016-2020年性病门诊男性就诊者的监测数据进行分析.

目的 分析青海省2016-2020年艾滋病疫情流行特征,为制定艾滋病防控策略提供参考依据.方法 从艾滋病防治基本信息系统中下载青海省2016-2020年报告的艾滋病病例流行病学资料,用Excel 2010进行数据整理、SPSS 17.0进行统计学分析,计数资料用例数和百分比表示,用x2检验比较组间差异.结果 青海省2016-2020年累计报告艾滋病病例共2283例,男性占81.60％,男女性别比为4.44:1,平均年龄为(41.52±12.89)岁;15 ～44岁龄组占59.66％;单身占61.67％;职业以农牧民(36.31％)、家政/家务及待业者(22.73％)居多;文化程度中,初中及以下学历占60.58％,高中或中专学历以上占39.42％;地区主要集中在西宁市、海东市和玉树州;传播途径以性传播为主(占96.80％),异性传播比例逐年上升,传播途径在性别、年龄、婚姻状态、职业、文化程度及地区差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).病例主要来源于其他就诊者检测(34.43％)和检测咨询(27.64％).结论 今后青海省艾滋病防治应对男性、单身、青壮年和农牧民及家政/务及待业人群在性传播方面重点关注,落实预防艾滋病母婴传播工作,并在九年义务教育中普及艾滋病的健康教育宣传.

目的 了解青海省吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒感染情况及高危行为情况,为下一步制定干预措施提供科学依据.方法 收集青海省2015-2018年吸毒人群哨点监测资料,分析人口学特征、行为学特征及HIV和梅毒感染状况.结果 共调查5 059人,其中55.39％(2 802人)单纯吸食海洛因,30.74％(1 555人)单纯吸食冰毒者,吸食海洛因和冰毒等多种毒品者占7.47％(378人);24.02％有注射吸毒史,40.78％最近一次发生性行为时使用了安全套,18.15％最近一年发生过商业性行为,最近一次商业性行为时安全套使用比例为30.78％,HIV抗体阳性率为0.12％,梅毒抗体阳性率为5.34％,2015-2018年梅毒抗体阳性率分别为7.13％、5.62％、4.32％、3.87％,差异有统计学意义(x2趋势=16.25,P＜0.01).结论 青海省吸毒人群不安全性行为较普遍,梅毒抗体阳性率较高,在继续加强传统毒品滥用者预防干预的同时,应注重对新型毒品滥用人群的有效干预.

目的 了解青海省吸毒人群丙型病毒性肝炎(简称丙肝)病毒感染情况,为下一步制定防控措施提供建议.方法 根据青海省地域和吸毒人群分布特点设立4个调查点,将吸毒人群作为调查对象,2013-2017年每年进行面对面调查,并采血检测丙肝抗体.结果 吸毒人群总体丙肝抗体阳性率为23.03％,不同地区之间抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(X2 =818.42,P＜0.01),不同年龄组、是否静脉注射吸毒和最近一年是否有商业性行为之间丙肝抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义,多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、是否静脉注射吸毒是影响丙肝抗体阳性的危险因素.结论 应加强对吸毒人群宣传教育和干预,尤其是重点加强对居住在西宁市等城市中吸毒人群的干预.

目的 分析青海省丙型肝炎(丙肝)的流行特征,为丙肝防控提供参考信息.方法 运用描述流行病学方法对2013-2017年中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统中报告的丙肝病例进行分析,发病率的差异采用x2检验.结果 累计报告丙肝病例10 989例,年均报告发病率为37.67/10万,男女性别比为1.18∶1;各年龄组均有发病,其中40 ～ 54岁年龄组病例占42.17％;报告病例主要集中在西宁市、海东市和玉树藏族自治州,病例诊断报告单位主要以省级医疗机构为主,占69.53％,全年均有发病,无明显季节性.结论 2013-2017年青海省丙肝疫情较平稳,但较全国和其他省份偏高,应加强丙肝的预防和控制.

目的 了解2012-2016年青海省报告的新发现HIV/AIDS病例流行特点和趋势,为制定有效的控制措施提供依据.方法 对2012-2016年青海省通过国家疾病预防控制信息系统报告的新发现HIV/AIDS病例进行流行病学特征分析,并利用Microsoft Excel 2010、SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析.结果 2014-2016年青海省共报告新发现HIV/AIDS病例1 479例,发病呈逐年上升趋势;男性报告1 262例、占85.33％,女性报告217例、占14.67％,男女性别比为5.82∶1;发病集中在20～49岁组性活跃的青壮年人群,共报告1 234例、占83.34％;报告最多的地区是西宁市,共报告1 172例,占79.24％;传播途径以性传播为主,异性和同性性接触传播共1 425例、占96.35％,其中异性传播720例(占48.68％)、同性传播705例(占47.67％);样本来源以检测咨询为主,共460例,占31.30％.结论 青海省艾滋病疫情虽然处于低流行态势,但是呈逐步上升趋势,需要各部门建立艾滋病综合防治工作机制,健全艾滋病防治网络,动员全社会参与,采取综合性防治措施,最终达到降低艾滋病在全省流行的目的.

目的 分析青海省截止2016年底男男同性性行为人群艾滋病流行状况, 为控制男男同性性行为人群中艾滋病的传播和蔓延提供科学依据.方法 从中国疾病预防控制信息系统艾滋病综合防治信息系统导出报告病例相关历史卡片, 用Excel 2010建立数据库, 采用SPSS 19. 0统计软件进行描述性分析.结果 截至2016年12月31日, 青海省累计报告男男同性性行为人群HIV/AIDS病例共804例, 累计死亡85例, 现存活719例;以20～49岁年龄为主, 共报告709例、占88. 18％;婚姻状况以未婚为主, 共报告461例、占57. 34％;文化程度较高, 大专及以上文化程度最多, 共报告303例、占37. 69％;报告最多的地区是西宁市, 共报告613例, 占76. 24％;民族分布以汉族为主, 共报告531例, 占66. 04％;职业分布以家政、家务及待业为主, 共报告182例, 占22. 64％.结论 青海省经男男同性性行为接触传播艾滋病疫情呈逐步上升趋势, 防治形势比较严峻, 应该切实采取有效而且有针对性的干预措施, 确保经男男同性性行为人群传播艾滋病防治工作取得实效, 最终达到控制全省艾滋病的目的.

Objective To understand the epidemiological trend and characteristics of syphilis, and provide scientific evidences for formulating preventive and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the syphilis case data reported in Qinghai Province in 2011-2017. Results A total of 19 813 cases of syphilis were reported in Qinghai Province in 2011-2017, and the reported annual incidence increased by 11. 79％. The proportion of latent syphilis cases increased from 45. 10％ in 2011 to 73. 09％ in 2017. The incidence of first-phase, second-phase, and fetal syphilis decreased. The incidence of syphilis in the third-phase syphilis was low but the overall trend was on the rise, with an average annual increase of 16. 42％. The areas with top three reported cases were Xining City, Hainan State and Haidong City. The areas with top three annual incidence rates were Hainan State, Guoluo State and Huangnan State. The number of reported cases in the20 ～ 49 age group accounted for 71. 09％ of all reported cases, and the number of female cases was higher than that of males. The farmers and herdsmen were the main affected population. Conclusion The syphilis epidemic situation in Qinghai Province has been increasing year by year. The implementation of prevention and control measures should be further strengthened to control the prevalence of syphilis.

目的 了解青海省2014-2016年性病疫情发病趋势和流行特点,为制定性病控制策略提供科学依据.方法 对2014-2016年青海省通过国家疾病预防控制信息系统报告的性病病例进行流行病学特征分析,并利用Excel软件进行统计分析.结果 2014-2016年青海省共报告5种性病10 248例,报告最多的病种是梅毒,共8 793例,占报告总数的85.80％;女性病例数多于男性,男性占44.92％、女性占55.08％,男女性别比为0.82∶1;各年龄组均有病例报告,以性活跃年龄组发病最多,主要集中在20 ～49岁组,占3年报告总数的70.53％;职业分布主要以农民和牧民为主,分别占29.05％、24.34％.结论 2014-2016年青海省性病疫情虽然呈下降趋势,但是仍然比较严重,梅毒发病率仍然较高,所以当前性病防治策略应当以控制梅毒作为切入点,建立性病综合防治工作机制,健全性病防治网络,增加性病防治专项经费,动S员全社会参与,方能有效地控制性病的发生和发展.

Objective To understand the situation of CD4+ T lymphocyte count-inspection with surviving HIV/AIDS patients in Qinghai 2009-2013,to find the body's immune function in early stage,fight for more patient with HIV/AIDS detection of CD4+ T count-inspection on a regular basis,provide the scientific basis to carry out treatment in timely.Methods To organize,do statistical analyze on patients,s gender,age,route of transmission,and CD4+ T lymphocyte count etc.of existing live people with HIV/AIDS which tested CD4+ T in Qinghai Province during 2009-2013.Results There were 171,243,359,485 and 671 cases of existing living people with HIV/AIDS patients during 2009-2013 in QingHai Province respectively,the detection ratio of CD4+ T lymphocyte were 34.50％,41.98％,54.60％,76.29％,and 85.99％ respectively.Transmitted route for the tested people was mainly heterosexual sexual contact,accounted for 48.16％;MSM sexual contact was the second.CD4+ T count test results were mainly in 350 ～ 500 / μl,accounted for 32.67％;＞ 500 / μl accounted for 28.75％.Conclusion The detection of CD4+ T lymphocyte count results can provide clear immune condition system of HIV-infected,also plays a critical role in determining the anti-HIV drug therapy,opportunistic infections,and preventive treatment,could judge whether anti-HIV drugs have good curative effect,and it is the important reference index of prevention and control HIV.Therefore,to encourage and urge more HIV infectors and AIDS patients to detect CD4+ T count proactively and as early as possible,so to carry out anti-viral treatment timely,thus can reduce its opportunistic infection rate and fatality rate,to decrease the second generation spread.

目的分析青海省艾滋病综合防治示范区2009-2013年间HIV/AIDS报告病例的流行病学特征,为今后艾滋病防控工作的开展提供依据。方法对2009-2013年青海省艾滋病综合防治示范区报告的HIV/AIDS病例的流行病学调查资料进行统计学描述分析。结果 2009-2013年7个示范区共报告HIV/AIDS病例343例,以省内户籍为主（占83.38%）,男女性别比为5.60:1,汉族占64.72%,20~49岁性活跃人群占87.46%。婚姻状况以未婚为主,初中及以下文化程度所占比例最大,各类职业人群均有病例报告。感染途径以性传播为主,占91.84%;其中同性传播报告病例数最多。检测样本来源主要为医院内住院及门诊检测。结论青海省艾滋病综合防治示范区病例报告呈逐年递增态势,今后要加强少数民族人口艾滋病防治知识的宣传教育和行为干预,加大对MSM人群的干预力度。

目的 了解2013年青海省国家级性病监测点性病的发病趋势和流行特征,为今后制定监测点性病防治策略提供科学依据.方法 应用Excel 2003统计软件对青海省2个国家级性病监测点2013年经“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”报告的性病病例的疫情数据进行分析.结果 2013年2个监测点共报告性病4种病种328例病例,报告发病率为64.82/10万,报告病例数最多的是梅毒(62.5％),其次是尖锐湿疣(25.30％).报告病例男性多于女性,年龄以30～岁年龄段最多,职业以农民最多;与2012年相比,2个监测点报告病例数均增加.结论 2013年青海省国家级性病监测点报告的性病病例中,所占比例最大的是梅毒,应积极落实《中国预防与控制梅毒规划(2010-2020年)》中各项防治策略和措施,降低梅毒发病率.同时,加强对医疗机构的培训和指导,整合性病、艾滋病防治资源.

目的 分析青海省HIV/AIDS(艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人)的死亡情况,探索改进防治措施,降低艾滋病病死率.方法 对青海省2001年1月-2014年2月期间报告的137例HIV/AIDS死亡病例的传播途径、死亡原因等进行分析.结果 青海省137例HIV/AIDS以男性为主,年龄段以青壮年居多,传播途径以异性性接触传播为主,职业以家政、家务及待业人员为主;因艾滋病临床相关疾病死亡的占37.06％,因非艾滋病临床相关疾病死亡的占62.04％,16.79％死于意外情况.结论 青海省HIV/AIDS因歧视、经济条件差等多种因素导致晚发现、晚治疗,最终导致死亡.应制定有效措施促进检测和治疗,加强艾滋病防治知识宣传,减少及消除社会歧视,扩大艾滋病监测、检测范围,及时、早期、规范治疗是减少青海省艾滋病死亡的有效措施.

目的 了解青海省接受艾滋病自愿咨询检测(HIV Voluntary Counseling&Testing,VCT)服务人群的信息来源、目标人群类型以及HIV感染状况,为更有针对性的在全省范围内开展VCT工作提供科学依据.方法 收集2011-2012年到青海省各VCT点接受VCT服务的人群资料并进行分析.结果 2011-2012年到青海省各VCT点接受VCT服务的总人数为39 830人,男女性别比为0.62∶1,以20～ 49岁的青壮年为主(占89.66％);婚姻状态以已婚者为主,占70.29％,未婚次之,占19.43％.文化程度以低学历者为主,其中初中文化占32.67％,小学文化占22.56％;求询者类型以有非婚异性性行为史的求询者为主,占31.45％.39 830人接受VCT服务后,39 565人接受了HIV抗体初筛检测,接受HIV抗体初筛检测率为99.34％,其中HIV抗体初步筛查阳性113人(经确认实验,结果与初筛结果一致),阳性率为0.29％.结论 要加大对20 ～49岁年龄段人群艾滋病预防知识的宣传,特别是对外出务工人员的宣传.同时要注意加强对那些可能有过无保护非婚性行为的人群进行艾滋病预防知识的宣传、VCT推广等许多干预工作,尽最大可能扩大HIV抗体检测的覆盖面,使更多的HIV感染者在感染早期就能被发现.

目的 了解近10年来青海省艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)/艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)疫情流行特征,为进一步采取防控措施提供依据.方法 对国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统中的传染病报告卡艾滋病性病附卡信息和艾滋病哨点监测调查结果进行描述性分析.结果 1998-2012年全省共累计报告606例HIV/AIDS病例,其中2008年后报告发病有上升;72.77％的病例集中在西宁市和格尔木市,年龄在30～44岁病例占55.28％,79.72％的病例通过性行为感染;2008-2012年10类人群哨点监测HIV抗体阳性率为0.27％,其中男男性行为(men who have sex with men,MSM)人群阳性率最高(8.33％).结论 青海省HIV/AIDS疫情近几年快速上升,主要在青壮年性乱人群中.

OBJECTIVE To describe characteristics and trend of HIV/AIDS prevalence in Qinghai Province. METHODS Data of HIV/AIDS cases notified to the National HIV/AIDS Notification system by Qinghai Province during 1998 to 2010 were analyzed epidemiologically. RESULTS In total, 317 HIV/AIDS cases were reported during this period, 90.22 percent of them were at age of 20 to 49 years, and 70.66 percent were men. They contracted it mainly by heterosexual transmission, accounting for 33.75 percent, respectively, by homosexual transmission transmitted for 22.40 percent of the total cases. CONCLUSION In Qinghai Province, prevalence of HIV appears an increasing trend in recent years, and its transmission is mainly by sexual contact.

Objective To understand the general characteristics among STD clinic patients in Qinghai province and analyze the epidemic trend and characteristics,so as to provide a basis for formulating prevention and control measures.Methods The general information of patients was collected and the venous blood was collected for HIV and syphilis RPR serological detection.Results There were 13 HIV positive cases and 753 syphilis positive cases in 14 720 cases of STD clinic patients,and the positive rate was 0.09% and 5.12%,respectively.The number of STD clinic patients was increasing year by year.The HIV and syphilis infection rate showed no significant difference between young adults and the middle-aged(P 0.05).The HIV infection rate had no significant difference between male and female(P 0.05),and the female syphilis infection rate was higher than that of men(P 0.05).The risk infected with HIV among unmarried persons was higher than that of the married.Conclusions The STD outpatients of Qinghai belonged to the low prevalence of HIV and syphilis crowds,but the increasing trend of positive cases could not be ignored.Continueing to carry out the surveillance of STD outpatients has important significance to grasp the prevalence of AIDS in our province.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Qinghai in 2011,and provide scientific basis for formulating control measure.Method Analyze the epidemics data of AIDS in Qinghai.Results A total of 165 cases were reported in 2011,including 114 men and 51 women.131 patients were between 20 and 49 years old.93 cases were heterosexual transmission and 55 were homosexual transmission.Most of the cases(111) were from Xining City,and 20 cases were from Haidong District.17 cases were farmers,and 14 cases were commercial service personnel.35 samples were collected by testing counsel.Conclusions Sexual transmission was the main transmission route of AIDS in Qinghai.

Objective To analyze the monitoring results of HIV in Qinghai from 2004 to 2011 and explore the epidemiological feature and trends,so as to provide basis for formulating control and prevention strategy of AIDS.Methods HIV surveillance data were analyzed in Qinghai Province from 2004 to 2011.Results A total of 1 169 578 blood samples were detected,including 497 positive cases,and the positive rate was 42.49 /100 000.The infection rate of HIV was significantly higher in the populations of men have sex with men(MSM),sexually transmitted disease(STD) and voluntary counseling testing personnel(VCT).The proportion of MSM among the positive cases present a trend of increasing.Conclusions We should continue to carry out the work of prevention and control of the general population,at the same time the prevention and control work of MSM,STD,VCT should be strengthened.

目的:了解卫生人员慢病患病现状及其主要危险因素。方法:采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样,抽取不同级别及类别的卫生单位为调查对象,对调查单位的所有在职职工进行内科体检、相应的实验室检查和问卷调查。结果:慢病患病率为58.90%,男性65.71%,女性54.90%,男性明显高于女性;监督机构患病率为67.88%,疾控机构为64.85%,医疗机构为57.37%,乡镇卫生院为48.67%,各机构间患病率明显不同;患病居第1至第8位的是高脂血症、胆囊疾患、高血压、慢性鼻炎、慢性消化性疾病、COPD、风湿性关节炎及贫血,其患病率分别为26.38%、16.88%、13.23%、12.17%、9.76%、7.51%、7.32%及5.92%;多因素Logistic分析显示:年龄、超重与肥胖、吸烟、食肉类型、睡眠质量、生活紧张程度是慢病的主要危险因素。结论:卫生人员慢病患病不容忽视,应积极开展慢病综合干预工作。