Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is a significant etiologic agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), with the capacity to progress to severe complications, including encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and other critical conditions. Beijing's epidemiological surveillance system, established in 2008, encompasses 29 hospitals and 16 district disease control centers. From 2019 to 2021, the circulation of CV-A16 was characterized by the co-circulation of B1a and B1b clades. Multiple cases of HFMD linked to clade B1c has not been reported in Beijing until 2022. This study enrolled 400 HFMD and 493 HA cases. Employing real-time RT-PCR, 368 enterovirus-positive cases were identified, with 180 selected for sequencing. CV-A16 was detected in 18.89% (34/180) of the cases, second only to CV-A6, identified in 63.33% (114/180). Full-length VP1 gene sequences were successfully amplified and sequenced in 22 cases, revealing the presence of clades B1a, B1b, and B1c in 14, 3, and 5 cases, respectively. A cluster of five B1c clade cases occurred between June 29 and July 17, 2022, within a 7-km diameter region in Shunyi District. Phylogenetic analysis of five complete VP1 gene sequences and two full-genome sequences revealed close clustering with the 2018 Indian strain (GenBank accession: MH780757.1) within the B1c India branch, with NCBI BLAST results showing over 98% similarity. Comparative sequence analysis identified three unique amino acid variations (P3S, V25A, and I235V). The 2022 Shunyi District HFMD cases represent the first instances of spatiotemporally correlated CV-A16 B1c clade infections in Beijing, underscoring the necessity for heightened surveillance of B1c clade CV-A16 in HFMD and HA in this region.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne disease with an increasing annual incidence rate. In this case report, we presented two patients infected with the SFTS virus, suggesting a potential direct transmission route from camels to humans through blood contact. Both patients developed symptoms after engaging in the slaughtering of one sick camel, while their family members living in the same environment or co-diners remained unaffected. Subsequent detection revealed a high viral load of SFTS virus, reaching 1010 viral RNA copies/ml, in the sample obtained from the sick camel. Metagenomic sequencing did not identify any other pathogens. The SFTS virus was successfully isolated from both patient and camel samples. The complete nucleotide sequences obtained from the infected patients demonstrated a remarkable 100% similarity to those found in the camel, and genetic evolution analysis classified the virus as genotype A. Additionally, partial sequences of the SFTS virus were identified in ticks captured from the camel rearing environment, however, these sequences showed only 95.9% similarity to those found in camel and humans. Furthermore, immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected in serum samples collected from the patient. Our findings provide evidence that camel may serve as a competent reservoir for transmitting the SFTS virus to humans. Further in vitro investigations into SFTS virus infections in large animals are warranted to understand their role in viral maintenance and transmission.

Objective:To perform epidemiological investigation for the first confirmed locally acquired case of mpox in Chinese mainland, so as to analyze the source of infection.Methods:Epidemiological investigation and big data tracking technology were used to trace close contacts and key persons. Samples were collected from patients and were tested for mpox virus nucleic acid by fluorescent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). High-throughput sequencing were used in the whole genome sequencing and alignment analysis to verify the route of transmission.Results:Oropharyngeal swabs, herpes fluid and serum specimens were all positive for mpox virus. The sequencing results indicated that the virus belonged to the B.1.3 branch of the West African lineage of mpox virus.Conclusions:The first confirmed locally acquired mpox case in Beijing may be the secondary case of the imported case who returned from Thailand. The case was detected timely and managed with standardized measures. This will lay a solid foundation for the prevention and control of mpox in China.

Monkeypox (mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus (MPXV) that has been primarily limited to Central and West African nations since its discovery. The recent spread of the West African lineage of MPXV in historically unaffected countries has raised concerns for global public health. Despite a significant decrease in global mpox cases, there is still a risk of a global resurgence. This study reports the first local case of mpox caused by an imported case in the Chinese mainland. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosed the two cases, and the viral genomes were obtained by next-generation sequencing. Genomic analysis revealed that the two strains shared an identical genome sequence and belonged to the B.1.3 branch of the West African lineage, which is the first local case of mpox caused by an imported case in the Chinese mainland, highlighting the potential threat of mpox in China and the immediate need for adequate surveillance measures.

Objective:To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of mpox cases reported in Beijing, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of mpox epidemics.Methods:A total of 203 confirmed mpox cases were selected from the cases reported by active reporting by medical institutions and screening of close contacts in Beijing from May 31 to September 6, 2023. Epidemiological investigation was carried out to analyze the disease distribution, disease onset and hospital visits as well as the clinical characteristics of the cases.Results:For the 203 confirmed mpox cases, the age ranged from 17 to 56 years old while male patients accounted 99.51% (202/203). The patients were mainly unemployees/job-waiting persons (50, 24.63%). Fourteen cases were self-employees (6.90%) and 6 were school students (2.96%). There were 183 cases (90.15%) in men who have sex with men (MSM). There were 86 cases with definite exposure time, and the average incubation period was 8.85 d. The main detection method of the cases was voluntary treatment, accounting for 95.07% (193/203). Two hundred and one cases had symptoms, mainly rash (97.54%), fever (67.98%) and lymph node enlargement (33.00%). The skin lesion involved multiple sites of whole body, and there was no obvious order of rash occurrence. There were 198 patients with definite medical records, and the interval from onset to first visit to hospital was 0-38 d, with median value of 4 d and an average of 4.71 d. The detection rate in the first visit was 52.53% (104/198) and HIV infected patients accounted for 44.33%.Conclusions:The mpox cases occurred mainly in MSM and transmitted by man-man sexual contact with an average incubation period of 8.85 d. The main symptoms were fever and rash and most patients were mild case. The rate of diagnosis at the first visit was low. Frequently change of sexual partners and several partners at the same time lead to difficulties in defining risk population and in the prevention and control of epidemics.

The first indigenous incidence of Mpox (previously known as monkeypox) within Chinese mainland was documented in May 2023, with subsequent local and imported cases identified. A comprehensive understanding of the Mpox virus's (MPXV) characteristics within Beijing remains incomplete. In this study, 84 MPXV genomes from 82 local incidents and two imported instances, detected between May and July 2023, were analyzed. All MPXV strains fell within lineage C.1 of the West African clade, displaying limited genetic heterogeneity, encompassing 76-87 nucleotide substitutions and holding nucleotide identities between 99.996% and 100%. Phylogenetic exploration indicated that all genomes exhibited high homology to those presently prevalent in neighboring East Asian and Southeast Asian regions. Forty-six distinct haplotypes were identified among the strains, with 36.90% of genomes corresponding to four common haplotypes, suggesting repeated cross-regional introductions and restrained distribution via recurrent local transmission. These findings elucidate the genetic diversity and phylogenesis of MPXVs during their nascent transmission within Beijing and provide vital information to enhance future Mpox containment strategies.

Objective:To explore the the detection patterns of mpox virus in different types of clinical specimen, so as to provide evidence for the diagnosis of mpox cases and the formulation of public health policies.Methods:The throat swabs, skin lesion swabs, blood and anal swabs from the cases were collected. Real-time quantitative PCR method was used to detect monkeypox virus DNA in the samples. The differences in the positive detection rate of different sample types were analyzed the Prism software was used to analyze the differences in the viral loads (Ct values) in different types of samples and in different sampling time of the same sample type.Results:The positive detection rates of throat swabs, skin lesion swabs, blood, and anal swabs in the 210 confirmed cases were 70.95%, 98.97%, 75.26% and 88.89%, respectively. The median Ct values for the throat swab group, skin lesion swab group, blood group, and anal swab group were 31, 17, 34, and 26, respectively. The difference in viral loads (Ct values) among patient groups with different sampling intervals for skin lesion swab group and anal swab group were statistically significant.Conclusions:Skin lesions should be the optimal specimen type for detecting mpox virus, while other types of specimens can be used as alternatives or supplements.

The first locally acquired case in the Chinese mainland was reported on May 31, 2023, lagging behind other countries. In this study, we aimed to examine the early clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the earliest cases of Mpox in Beijing, China. Additionally, we investigated the sequence and transmission patterns of the Mpox virus (MPXV). We analyzed 37 reported cases of Mpox in Beijing from May 31, 2023 to June 21, 2023. The age range of the subjects was 24-51 years. Thirty-six cases (97.3%) were identified in men who have sex with men (MSM), and 19 cases (51.4%) tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus. Thirty-three cases were symptomatic, while four were asymptomatic. Skin lesions were observed in 32 cases (97.0%), fever in 26 (78.8%), and swollen lymph nodes in 17 (51.5%). Rash typically appeared in the genital or perianal area 1-3 days before fever onset, with a minimum incubation period of 2 days. For individuals with skin rashes, the skin lesion samples showed 100% positivity and low Ct values. There were high oropharyngeal swab (75.8%) and blood (84.6%) positivity rates. All MPXV strains belonged to the B.1.3 branch of the West African lineage. These strains carried 76-86 nucleotide substitutions compared with the reference human MPXV genome, and genetic diversity was observed. Our findings provide the first insights into the landscape of early transmission of Mpox in Beijing and help inform policy formulation in the Chinese mainland.

目的 描述现住址为北京市的肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病例的流行病学特征.方法 使用WPS表格录入流行病学调查数据,进行病例个案信息数据整理后,使用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学描述.结果 2015年至2020年北京市共报告HFRS病例46例.2015年至2020年HFRS病例数(年平均发病率)分别为11例(0.06/10万人)、9例(0.04/10万人)、7例(0.03/10万人)、8例(0.04/10万人)、9例(0.04/10万人)和2例(0.01/10万人).男女性别比为4.7:1.年龄介于23～69岁,中位数为42岁,职业人数最多的为干部职员(11人).发病—就诊、就诊—住院、就诊—诊断时间间隔中位数分别为为3 d、1d和3d.22例(47.8％)在发病前2个月内有外出(或旅游)史.结论 2015年至2020年北京市HFRS散发,男性青壮年为主,全年均有发病,无明显地域聚集性.病例存在就诊及诊断不及时现象,曾有外出或旅游史者占比较高.

目的 对两例无明确新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19,以下简称新冠肺炎)流行病学史,经多次核酸检测确诊的新冠肺炎病例实验室确诊过程进行总结分析,为新冠病毒核酸检测提供经验.方法 收集北京市2020年1-2月两例无明确新冠肺炎流行病史,且经多次核酸检测确诊的新冠肺炎病例的流行病学、临床表现等资料和实验室检测结果进行回顾性分析.结果 病例A,2020年1月19日发热伴全身疼痛、头痛,先后就诊2家医院,发热和肺炎病情未缓解.发病前有京外旅行史,2020年1月22日患者收入A2医院隔离治疗,诊断为"肺炎待查"并上报为新冠肺炎疑似病例.当日采集样本送北京市疾病预防控制中心(CDC)实验室进行荧光RT-PCR检测,N基因阳性.按当时《新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案(第二版)》规定,实验室要求继续采样.1月23日再次采集样本,荧光RT-PCR检测ORF1ab和N基因阳性,该病例为新冠肺炎确诊病例.病例B,2020年2月3日发热,先后就诊3家医院,发热伴全身疼痛、头晕头痛.患者于2月9日在B3医院发热门诊就诊,并单间隔离治疗,上报为新冠肺炎疑似病例.2月10日和11日分别采集样本送北京市CDC实验室进行荧光PCR检测,ORF1ab和N基因阴性,但2月10日 样本的N基因在反应后期显示出荧光值小于判定阈值线的微弱信号.2月12日再次采集样本检测,ORF1ab和N基因阳性,该病例为新冠肺炎确诊病例.结论 因新冠肺炎临床表现无特异性,实验室病原学的核酸检测非常重要;如果新冠肺炎疑似病例首次样本检测结果阴性或可疑,建议再次采集多种类样本进行检测,以便尽可能早诊断.

目的 调查青海省农牧地区医疗机构梅毒诊断能力并分析影响因素.方法 随机抽取3个农业区和3个牧区对其所有梅毒报卡医疗机构开展调查,每个机构至少30例,调查内容包括对梅毒诊断正确性的核实、临床诊断医生、实验室人员相关情况及实验室检测能力等.结果 调查农牧区梅毒报告正确率为94.17％(农业区为95.20％、牧区为93.58％).梅毒分期正确率为64.09％,其中农业区(73.11％)高于牧区(58.82％) (x2=6.67,P＜0.05).临床医生梅毒诊断知识知晓率为54.41％,实验室人员梅毒检测知识知晓率为49.51％,不同县区知晓率有差异.临床医生不同的培训经历、实验室人员不同的学历在梅毒知晓率的差异上有统计学意义.结论 农牧区医疗机构梅毒诊断能力距离标准尚有差距,应加强农牧区实验室建设,尤其是牧区参加梅毒相关培训及中级以上职称人员的培养.不同地区梅毒诊断知晓率有差异,提示应加强实验室人员学历及临床医生相关培训.

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的慢性性传播疾病[1].近年来,我国梅毒感染率呈增长趋势,在全国甲乙类传染病发病排序位于第三位[2].性病门诊男性就诊者被认为是艾滋病、梅毒传播和流行的高风险人群之一[3],为了解青海省性病门诊男性就诊者梅毒感染状况及影响因素,对2016-2020年性病门诊男性就诊者的监测数据进行分析.

Objective:To evaluate the detection efficiency of three real-time PCR kits for SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant.Methods:Ten confirmed throat swab and nasopharyngeal swab samples of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant strain from clustered cases of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in one district of Beijing in January 2021 were selected. Ten confirmed throat swab and nasopharyngeal swab samples of non-variant SARS-CoV-2 strain were used as controls. The samples were tested by three commercially available real-time PCR kit, and the results were compared.Results:Among the three kits, the detection efficiency of kit B was the worst while the integrated performance of kit C was the best with the detection limit of 1000 copy/ml.Conclusions:The sensitivity and stability of certain kits need to be improved. In order to maintain quality of detection for SARS-CoV-2, evaluation for the detection efficiency of the variant strains should be timely carried out to ensure more rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 and more reliable testing results.

目的 对北京市2020年1例肾综合征出血热死亡病例感染的汉坦病毒进行溯源分析.方法 收集病例的血液样本,用ELISA法检测汉坦病毒IgM、IgG抗体,用实时荧光RT-PCR法检测汉坦病毒核酸并分型,对获得的序列进行比对分析.结果 该病例的血液样本汉坦病毒IgM抗体阳性,IgG阴性,核酸检测为汉滩型汉坦病毒,系统进化分析显示该毒株的M片段与吉林毒株CBAa11-106和CBAa11-26,S片段与辽宁毒株DandongHu-22序列最为接近.结论 根据流行病学史和序列分析的结果,推测该病例可能于辽宁省探亲期间被感染.

目的 探讨DNA条形码技术鉴定本地郊区常见鼠形动物的可行性.方法 收集134份本地常见鼠形动物样本,PCR扩增线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因,测序后进行序列比对,并计算物种种内和种间遗传距离,采用邻接法构建系统发育树.结果 序列比对结果显示共有黑线姬鼠22只、中华姬鼠19只、小家鼠25只、褐家鼠39只、社鼠19只、白腹鼠未定种4只、山西(鼲)2只、大仓鼠2只、川西缺齿鼩鼱2只.其中,有2份现场形态学鉴定为小家鼠的样本,经分子方法鉴定为褐家鼠,提示现场鉴定有误.系统发育分析显示,各物种种内遗传距离远小于种间遗传距离;所采集样本在进化树上形成8个高度支持的独立分支,与形态学鉴定结果基本一致.结论 DNA条形码技术能有效鉴定本地鼠形动物种类,有助于提高本地鼠形动物鉴定的准确性.

目的 分析青海省2016-2020年艾滋病疫情流行特征,为制定艾滋病防控策略提供参考依据.方法 从艾滋病防治基本信息系统中下载青海省2016-2020年报告的艾滋病病例流行病学资料,用Excel 2010进行数据整理、SPSS 17.0进行统计学分析,计数资料用例数和百分比表示,用x2检验比较组间差异.结果 青海省2016-2020年累计报告艾滋病病例共2283例,男性占81.60％,男女性别比为4.44:1,平均年龄为(41.52±12.89)岁;15 ～44岁龄组占59.66％;单身占61.67％;职业以农牧民(36.31％)、家政/家务及待业者(22.73％)居多;文化程度中,初中及以下学历占60.58％,高中或中专学历以上占39.42％;地区主要集中在西宁市、海东市和玉树州;传播途径以性传播为主(占96.80％),异性传播比例逐年上升,传播途径在性别、年龄、婚姻状态、职业、文化程度及地区差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).病例主要来源于其他就诊者检测(34.43％)和检测咨询(27.64％).结论 今后青海省艾滋病防治应对男性、单身、青壮年和农牧民及家政/务及待业人群在性传播方面重点关注,落实预防艾滋病母婴传播工作,并在九年义务教育中普及艾滋病的健康教育宣传.

Objective:To establish a simple method based on the results of first-generation sequencing for identifying mixed infection of enterovirus.Methods:Simulated mixed infection samples were constructed and sequenced by first-generation sequencing. The perl script was used to analyze the sequencing chromatograms to obtain the sequences of primary and secondary peaks. Local alignment search with blastn against local database of enteroviruses and global alignment with stretcher were carried out. The enterovirus genotyping results by the primary and secondary sequences were compared.Results:The script was compiled for automatic analysis and identification of mixed infection status based on the chromatograms of the first generation sequencing and for obtaining the nucleotide sequences of the two viruses. For mixed samples with secondary virus DNA content of over or equal to 65ng, all genotypes were recognized and identified correctly if the proportions of secondary virus in the mixed sample were moderate (over or equal to 12.5% and below or equal to 25.0%). For genotyping, local alignment was similar to global alignment but the results of local alignment were better if the viruses were mixed at the ratio of 1:1.Conclusions:The simple identification method for mixed infections of enterovirus established in this study can be used for rapid detection and typing of viruses causing hand, foot, and mouth disease.

Objective:To study the clinical features and epidemiological characteristics of the first local case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) on October 2021 in Beijing, so as to provide basis for formulating the prevention and control strategy.Methods:The epidemiological characters of the case was analyzed by epidemiological investigation methods. Real time fluorescent quantitative PCR and ELISA were used to detect nucleic acid of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and antibodies against the virus. The vectors and host animals were also investigated.Results:The investigation results indicated that the patient haven’t leave from Beijing for many years. Nucleic acid of SFTSV and IgM antibody were detected in the serum sample and the viral load was 1.9×10 4 TCID 50/ml. The 5 ticks captured during vector survey were negative for SFTSV nucleic acid. The blood sample of the pet dog was also negative for both SFTSV nucleic acid and antibody against the virus. Conclusions:The SFTS case on October 2021 was the first local case reported in Beijing. Surveillance for SFTS and vectors should be strengthened.

目的了解西宁市2011—2020年梅毒流行特征,为今后防控工作提供科学依据。方法对西宁市2011—2020年的梅毒流行病学数据进行回顾性分析。结果西宁市2011—2020年梅毒年报告发病率为46.43/10万,报告发病率总体呈上升趋势（Z=5.75,P＜0.05）,年均增长率为8.97%;报告发病以隐性梅毒为主,占总报告例数的66.00%;男女报告发病率均呈增长趋势（Z=2.11,P=0.035＜0.05;Z=2.58,P=0.010＜0.05）,男女比为0.87∶1,职业以农民、家务及待业为主;20～49岁年龄段报告病例数最多,占总报告发病的60.43%,85岁以上年龄组报告发病率最高,为313.88/10万,3、7月份报告发病例数最多,分别占总发病例数的9.68%、8.84%;城西区报告发病率最高,为61.53/10万,大通县报告发病年均增长率最高,为22.61%（χ2趋势=206.06,P＜0.05）。结论青海省西宁市梅毒发病水平较高且呈明显的上升趋势,疫情防控形势严峻;西宁市各县区疫情不平衡,应加强关注。

目的 调查北京市鼠形动物巴尔通体感染状况和遗传特征.方法 采用夹夜法在北京市16个区捕获鼠形动物,使用PCR方法检测巴尔通体gltA基因,测序后进行系统发育树分析.结果 共采集7属9种鼠形动物样本448份,检测到巴尔通体阳性样本46份,总阳性率为10.3％,且阳性率在鼠种间、地区间和生境间的差异均具有统计学意义(x2鼠种=114.980,x2地区=22.133,x2生境=96.466,P均＜0.001).系统发育树分析显示,40份样本序列位于进化树上的8个不同分支,提示北京市鼠形动物巴尔通体感染存在遗传多样性.结论 巴尔通体在北京市鼠形动物中广泛存在,并具有遗传多样性,本地人群存在一定的感染风险.