The bolting tolerance of 487 Spinacia oleracea L. materials was comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function method and cluster analysis using 5 bolting tolerance indexes. The results showed that the frequency distribution of each index basically conforms to the normal distribution. The bolting and flowering time for spinach in Shanghai was between 10-13 h, and the more bolting tolerance it was, the longer it taken to bolting or flowering. Correlation analysis showed that bolting stage, flowering stage, bolting day length and flowering day length were significantly positively correlated. The principal component analysis transforms five indicators into two principal component factors, and the cumulative contribution rate reaches 99.5%. 487 materials were divided into 5 grades by the method of membership function, and 12 bolting tolerance materials were screened. The cluster analysis divided 487 spinach materials into 5 groups, among which the fourth group was extremely bolting tolerance materials, indicating that both the membership function method and the cluster analysis could effectively evaluate the bolting tolerance of spinach, and the membership function method was more effective. Finally, 10 extremely bolting tolerance materials were screened out that could be applied to create spinach bolting materials or to breed new bolting varieties, as follows US175, CS105, CS120, CS121, CS175, CS232, CS253, CS256, CS257 and S14.

To compare the difference of three cultivation methods (soil culture, substrate culture, and hydroponic culture) on the contents and activities of main antioxidants in spinach and lettuce, five antioxidant indexes, namely, ascorbic acid (VC), anthocyanin, total flavonoids, total polyphenol content, and total antioxidant capacity, were analyzed in five varieties of each vegetable. The results showed that different cultivation methods had significant effects on the spinach VC contents. The VC content was the highest in spinach cultivated in hydroponics, then in substrate culture, and the lowest in soil culture. In contrast, cultivation methods had little, if any, effect on spinach anthocyanin content or lettuce VC content. In addition, cultivation methods and varieties jointly affected the total content of flavonoids, phenol, total antioxidant capacity, and fresh weight of both spinach and lettuce, as well as lettuce anthocyanin content. Among them, the total antioxidant capacity of 3 spinach cultivars grown in substrate culture was much greater than that of those grown in soil culture and hydroponics; 4 spinach varieties grown in soil culture had the greatest shoot fresh weight and 3 lettuce cultivars grown in hydroponics had the highest shoot fresh weight compared with other cultivation methods. Collectively, we propose that cultivation methods could affect the yield and quality of spinach and lettuce to some extent, and the cultivation methods may have a greater impact on spinach.

In this study, six spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) varieties (Sp001, Sp002, Sp021, Sp031, Sp061 and Huang 10-3) introduced in 2020 were identified and comparing tested in the greenhouse. The differences of their botanical characters, nutritional indexes and texture characteristics among six spinach varieties were analyzed. There was no significant difference in basic botanical characters among different varieties. There were significant differences in the contents of cellulose, ascorbic acid, carotenoid, soluble sugar, soluble protein and nitrate nitrogen among different varieties, and the coefficient of variation was 10.37%-19.16%. The conclusion of comprehensive comparative analysis is that Sp031 has the highest leaf thickness and leaf hardness, the highest ratio of leaf length and petiol length the best botanical characters, good comprehensive quality characters. Thus Sp031 is the most suitable variety for mechanized harvest among the 6 varieties.

In this study, bioinformatics analysis was used to screen and identify 57 spinach NAC transcription factors from the spinach genome, and to analyze their gene structures, encoded proteins and phylogenetic evolution. Meanwhile, by using quantitative fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR), expression patterns of NAC genes were examined in spinach leaves treated by high temperature and salt stress. The results of this study showed that spinach NAC transcription factors were classified into 2 groups and 17 subgroups. Groups I and II consisted of 10 and 7 subgroups, respectively. Chromosome location analysis showed that 36 SoNACs genes were randomly distributed on six spinach chromosomes, and among them, 21 genes were distributed on scaffolds, most of genes were located in telomeres, and some genes were clustered on chromosomes with similar structures. In addition, motif analysis showed that, there are 5 highly conserved motifs in SoNACs, none of which is common to all SoNACs, and some subfamilies (SNDs) of conserved motifs are replaced by other motifs. Further prediction of conserved motifs shows that Motifs 1, 2 and 3 are core motif in the NAM domain. In order to reveal the stress resistance of NAC family in spinach, the gene expression of different SoNAC subfamilies under conditions of high temperature and salt stress was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that many genes were up-regulated or down-regulated by salt or high temperature stress, indicating there were significant different expression patterns under different stresses. Under salt stress, the expression patterns of SoNACs are clustered into two categories, one is the up-regulated members (SoNAC34, SoNAC35, SoNAC51, SoNAC57) that function mainly in the middle and late stages, and the other is down-regulated members (SoNAC45, SoNAC50) that work mainly in the initiation stage. By comparison, under high temperature stress, the expression patterns of SoNACs are clustered into three categories, the first category is the up-regulated member (SoNAC57) that functions mainly in the middle and later stages, the second category is down-regulated member, and the third group is the member whose expression is not significantly up-regulated. Compared with high temperature stress, more SoNACs genes tend to be highly expressed under salt stress. However, SoNAC57 is a gene that is up-regulated in response to both stresses. As a consequence, further analysis of this gene and its subgroup members may help to establish stress tolerance in spinach.

Ammonium nitrogen transporters (AMT) are responsible for the absorption and transportation of ammonium nitrogen, and also play important roles in plant growth and development. In this paper, the SoAMT gene family members were identified in the spinach genome, and their expression patterns were analyzed. Results showed that there were six SoAMT members in spinach genome, including five AMT1 and one AMT2, which were mainly distributed on 1, 4, 5, and 6 chromosomes. The length of their coding regions ranged from 1 443 to 1 506 bp. All SoAMT members had the unique conserved domains and conserved motifs of the AMT gene family, and 9-11 trans-membrane domains. Their promoters contained many elements about jasmonic acid response, anaerobic stress response, and so on. The SoAMT genes were expressed in roots, leaf blades, and petioles. Most SoAMT1 genes were induced by nitrogen deficiency, nitrate nitrogen, or ammonium nitrogen, while SoAMT2 expression was inhibited by ammonium nitrogen. The obviously different nitrogen response patterns between two types of subfamily members might be related to their different roles in response to nitrogen changes.

Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Here we report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and genome resequencing of 305 cultivated and wild spinach accessions. Reconstruction of ancestral Chenopodiaceae karyotype indicates substantial genome rearrangements in spinach after its divergence from ancestral Chenopodiaceae, coinciding with high repeat content in the spinach genome. Population genomic analyses provide insights into spinach genetic diversity and population differentiation. Genome-wide association studies of 20 agronomical traits identify numerous significantly associated regions and candidate genes for these traits. Domestication sweeps in the spinach genome are identified, some of which are associated with important traits (e.g., leaf phenotype, bolting and flowering), demonstrating the role of artificial selection in shaping spinach phenotypic evolution. This study provides not only insights into the spinach evolution and domestication but also valuable resources for facilitating spinach breeding. Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable growing worldwide. Here, the authors report a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach and genome resequencing of 305 accessions, and provide insights into spinach domestication and the genetic basis of agronomic traits.

Three spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) self-bred materials line S26, S77 and S4 were used to study the effects of different concentrations of NaCl solution on the physiological characteristics of spinach during the germination and seedling stages. Results showed that lower NaCl concentration (50 mmol·L-1) can promote spinach's seed germination, while higher NaCl concentration treatment inhibited its seed germination. The relative germination percent, relative germination energy, and relative germination index of spinach materials S77 and S26 were greater than S4. During the germination period, the NaCl stress had relatively less inhibiting effect on the root and shoot elongation and the biomass accumulation for S26 and S77 than on those for S4. The seedlings of S26 and S77 also showed greater plant height, leaf breadth, root weight and shoot weight than those of S4. Moreover, the contents of soluble sugar, proline and the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were greater in the shoots of S26 and S77 than those in S4, whereas the electrolytic leakage (EC) values and the malonaldehyde (MDA) contents were greater in S4 than those in S26 and S77. In summary, the tested materials S77 and S26 showed high salt tolerance in both the germination and seedling stages, and S4 was a NaCl sensitive material. The results of the NaCl tolerance evaluation of spinach at the germination and seedling stages were consistent. However, the NaCl screening concentration was quite different. Low-concentration (50 mmol·L-1) NaCl treatment can promote the germination of spinach seeds while has no alleviating effect on the NaCl stress of cotyledon growth.

以150份菠菜种质资源为材料,测定菠菜的5个营养品质指标(维生素C、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、草酸、硝态氮),采用平均隶属函数、相关性分析和聚类分析的方法进行综合评价.试验结果表明,菠菜种质资源C133的综合平均隶属函数值为0.364,营养品质最优;其次为C302、C132、C314和U141.相关性分析表明,维生素C与可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖、草酸和硝态氮含量均呈极显著负相关,可溶性蛋白与可溶性糖含量呈极显著负相关.聚类分析将150份种质分为7个组群,其中第2组群含13份种质资源,综合品质指标平均隶属函数值较高,整体营养品质优良.本研究筛选出了营养丰富、品质优良的菠菜种质资源,为后期菠菜遗传改良和新种质的选育提供基础.

Spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. Here we report a chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of spinach, which has a total size of 894.3 Mb and an N50 contig size of 23.8 Mb, with 98.3% anchored and ordered on the six chromosomes. Reconstruction of ancestral Chenopodiaceae karyotype indicates substantial genome rearrangements in spinach after its divergence from ancestral Chenopodiaceae, coinciding with high repeat content in the spinach genome. Resequencing the genomes of 305 cultivated and wild spinach accessions provides insights into spinach genetic diversity and population differentiation. Genome-wide association studies of 20 agronomical traits identify numerous significantly associated regions and candidate genes for these traits. Domestication sweeps in the spinach genome are identified, some of which are associated with important traits (e.g., leaf phenotype, bolting and flowering), demonstrating the role of artificial selection in shaping spinach phenotypic evolution. This study provides not only insights into the spinach evolution and domestication but also valuable resources for facilitating spinach breeding.

工厂化育苗对种子质量要求较高,种子萌发慢或出芽不整齐会严重降低幼苗质量、增加育苗成本.大多数番茄品种种子的发芽势较高,但仍有许多优良品种因制种或其他原因导致种子活力低下、出苗不整齐.种子活力提高的机理十分复杂,品种之间的差异性导致番茄种子的最佳处理方法不尽相同.目前种子处理的主要技术手段包括化学方法、物理方法和生物方法等.该文总结了番茄种子不同处理方法对种子萌发及番茄幼苗生长的影响,为番茄种子处理技术的改良及生产应用提供参考.

为了筛选适宜上海地区的优良菠菜品种,为菠菜品种推广提供科学依据,以39个来自不同地区的菠菜品种为材料,在上海地区大棚内进行品种适应性试验,对参试菠菜的10个数量性状和13个质量性状进行变异水平评价、主成分分析.结果表明,供试材料具有丰富的遗传多样性,数量性状的变异系数为11.4％～42.8％,遗传多样性指数(H′)为1.81～2.01;前6个主成分的累计贡献率为76.97％,包含了全部指标的大部分信息.聚类分析将供试菠菜分成6个类群.根据植物学性状、抗性、产量性状、等权关联度分析及口感评价分析,抗病全能王、沪菠6号、圆宝、山东菠菜和沪菠5号产量高、口感好、抗性强,有较高推广价值.

为研究菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)种质资源的遗传多样性及亲缘关系和日后菠菜种质资源的创制与利用提供参考,对222份收集于国内外菠菜种质资源进行评价和分类,调查测定23个菠菜主要农艺性状,应用多元统计分析的方法进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明,在检测的15个质量性状中共发现46个变异类型,8个数量性状的变异系数为13.94％～34.64％,23个性状的遗传多样性指数在0.12～2.10之间.通过主成分分析将菠菜23个主要农艺性状转化为5个主成分因子,累积贡献达65.81％,其中叶形、叶裂刻、叶褶皱、叶色、霜霉病抗性及叶片和植株大小等性状是造成菠菜种质资源表型差异的主要因素.聚类分析将222份菠菜资源分为7类,第Ⅰ类包含8份菠菜材料,第Ⅱ类均包含44份菠菜材料,第Ⅲ类均包含32份材料,第Ⅳ类均包含66份材料,第V类包含6份材料,第Ⅵ类包含37份材料,第Ⅶ类包含29份材料.其中第Ⅱ和Ⅵ类菠菜种质资源主要农艺性状互补,可以为选育植株直立,圆椭圆形叶,叶面光滑,叶色深绿,长势快的菠菜新品种提供优良的亲本材料.其他几类也可以通过遗传改良为选育其他育种目标的菠菜提供亲本.本研究明确了不同菠菜资源的农艺性状的特异性和遗传多样性,筛选具有特异性状和优良综合表现的菠菜种质资源,为后期菠菜遗传改良和新品种的选育提供基础.

菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)属于苋科藜亚科菠菜属植物,以绿叶为主要产品器官的一二年生草本植物.菠菜是绿叶蔬菜中耐寒力最强的蔬菜之一,可以耐受-20℃的低温,在0℃情况下仍然可以继续生长.但菠菜不耐高温,长期高温对发芽有明显抑制作用,15～20℃条件下发芽率较高,而40℃条件下不能发芽.高温条件下菠菜出苗率低,死苗率高, 35℃以上幼苗生长不良,导致产量低、品质差,甚至死亡[1].上海地区夏季高温高湿是限制菠菜生产的主要环境因子,也是菠菜供应的主要淡季之一,培育和栽培耐热性强的菠菜品种是解决热胁迫和夏淡菠菜供应最根本最有效的途径[2].

以菠菜种子为试材,采用7个化学处理与9个不同频率的静电场处理,比较了不同催芽处理方法对菠菜新、陈种子萌发和苗期生长的影响.结果 表明:与对照组(蒸馏水浸种15 min)相比,静电场50 kV/5 cm×20 s处理显著提高了菠菜新种子的发芽势、发芽率和萌发指数,分别为对照组的3.11、2.00、2.21倍;50 kV/5 cm×10 s处理的陈种子发芽势、发芽率和萌发指数最高,50 kV/5 cm×20s处理的陈种子发芽率与T13处理无显著差异.各处理的菠菜新种子幼苗叶宽、叶片长、叶柄长、株高无显著差异,地上部分鲜质量在4个静电场处理(50 kV/5 cm×5 s、50 kV/5 cm×10 s、50 kV/5 cm×20 s、100 kV/5 cm×20 s)和5个化学处理(0.1g·L-1赤霉素GA、100 mg·L-1聚乙二醇8000、25 g· L-1氯化胆碱、1％硼酸、0.1％硝酸钾)下显著高于对照,且相互间差异不显著(除100 mg·L-1聚乙二醇8000外);静电场处理的菠菜陈种子幼苗叶宽、叶片长(除25 kV/5 cm×5 s)、叶柄长、株高、根长、生物量与化学处理(0.1 g· L-1GA和50％ H2SO4)相当.综上,静电场处理可以促进菠菜新、陈种子的萌发及苗期生长,50 kV/5 cm×20 s、50 kV/5 cm×10 s可分别作为菠菜新、陈种子适宜的静电场处理参数.

In this study,76 transcription factor genes within MYB gene family were identified. According to their structural characteristics, these MYB genes were divided into two categories, i.e.R2R3-MYB and R1R2R3-MYB.Based on the Prot Param, Soft Berry,MEGA7.0 and other online softwares were applied for bioinformatics analyses,such as physical and chemical properties,subcellular localization,and system evolution. According to their MYB conserved domain numbers,76 spinach (Spinacia oleracea) MYB genes were identified and divided into two subgroups,2R-MYB (72) and R1R2R3-MYB(4). Chromosome mapping shows, spinach's MYB family has 32 genes in the chromosome chain, the other 44 genes are located in the reverse chain of chromosomes.Conservative domain analysis shows that, the conserved domains in the MYB DNA binding domain are mainly located between the second and third spirals of the two R repeats while the amino acid sequences between the first and second tryptophan repeats of each R in the DNA binding domain are relatively unconservative. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that spinach, Arabidopsis thaliana and beet MYB transcription factor proteins can be divided into thirty-five clusters.It was speculated that the 56 members,which can be functionally divided into 4 groups,of the spinach MYB family,plays an important regulatory role in the growth and development of spinach.The seven MYB genes from other members may be involved in the process of nitrogen utilization and development in response to nitrogen concentration in spinach.

在安川首钢机器人有限公司(以下简称“安川首钢”)偌大的智能机器人调试车间,一组组大块头的机器人手臂运动灵活自如,无人驾驶的运输小车沿着特定的轨道不慌不忙地在厂房各处行驶……在“指挥官”张明的安装调试下,这些工业机器人从数百个零部件,变成了听话的“钢铁战士”.

The spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) glycolate oxidase (GLO) gene family members were identified from the whole genome of spinach,and their physical and chemical properties,subcellular localization,gene structure,conserved motifs,homology and gene expression were analyzed.Results showed that there are five SoGLOs proteins in spinach.The genetic relationship between spinach's GLO protein and those of Beta vulgaris L. protein was relatively close through phylogenetic tree analysis.Gene structure analysis revealed that the family gene consisted of 9 to 11 exons.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that nitrate nitrogen could only induce SoGLOs expression in a short period of time,while ammonium nitrogen could continue to inhibit the expression of SoGLOs,thus affecting the content of spinach oxalic acid.After stress treatment,the expression of SoGLOs changed significantly.SoGLO1,SoGLO3 and SoGLO5 responded most to salt stress.SoGLOs may play a role in the salt tolerance,high temperature tolerance,cold tolerance,drought resistance and antioxidant process of spinach.Spraying of phytohormones generally increases the expression of SoGLOs in a short period of time,which may cause rapid accumulation of oxalic acid in spinach.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a nutritious vegetable enriched with many essential minerals and vitamins. A reference spinach genome has been recently released, and additional spinach genomic resources are being rapidly developed. Therefore, there is an urgent need of a central database to store, query, analyze and integrate various resources of spinach genomic data. To this end, we developed SpinachBase (http://spinachbase.org), which provides centralized public accesses to genomic data as well as analytical tools to assist research and breeding in spinach. The database currently stores the spinach reference genome sequence, and sequences and comprehensive functional annotations of protein-coding genes predicted from the genome. The database also contains gene expression profiles derived from RNA-Seq experiments as well as highly co-expressed genes and genetic variants called from transcriptome sequences of 120 cultivated and wild Spinacia accessions. Biochemical pathways have been predicted from spinach protein-coding genes and are available through a pathway database (SpinachCyc) within SpinachBase. SpinachBase provides a suite of analysis and visualization tools including a genome browser, sequence similarity searches with BLAST, functional enrichment and functional classification analyses and functions to query and retrieve gene sequences and annotations.

菠菜生长周期短,适应性强,营养丰富,是中国最常见的绿叶菜类蔬菜之一.中国是世界上最大的菠菜生产国和消费国,近几十年来,菠菜生产发展较快,栽培面积逐渐加大.随着生活水平的提高,人们对菠菜品种提出了更高要求,菠菜优良品种的选育也引起了高度重视.中国菠菜杂交育种研究起步较晚,但仍然取得了一定成效,本文综述了菠菜的植物学性状、种质资源收集及评价、育种方法及育种目标等方面的研究进展,并针对菠菜育种中存在的主要问题提出了建议,以期为菠菜育种提供参考.