猫自发性膀胱炎是一种猫下泌尿道综合征的常见疾病,临床上出现尿频、排尿疼痛、尿液滴落、排尿困难、血尿等症状,该病具有治愈率高易反复发作的特点,公、母猫均可发生.本文通过对一例因去势手术引起的公猫自发性膀胱炎进行临床检查、实验室检查及B型超声波检查,最终确诊为自发性膀胱炎,经药物治疗,患猫恢复健康,以期为猫自发性膀胱炎的诊疗提供借鉴与参考.

1+X证书制度是职业教育领域的一项重大制度创新,对于职业教育培养技术技能型人才具有重要意义.结合宠物养护与驯导专业岗位的实际情况,分析了在1+X证书制度实施过程中学生、企业、职业培训评价机构和职业院校对"1+X"证书制度实施的影响,并在此基础上,设计出高职宠物护理与美容1+X证书制度的实施路径,对1+X证书制度的顺利实施具有重要意义.

为了明晰食物丰容对猕猴(Macaca mulatta)行为的影响,采用瞬时扫描法对南京红山森林动物园86只猕猴进行食物丰容前、后日行为时间节律的研究.结果表明:(1)丰容前猕猴在白天通常以休息(日均43.80％)、摄食(日均34.60％)和攀爬移动行为(日均16.40％)为主;(2)丰容后,摄食行为09:00和15:00极显著低于丰容前(P<0.01),10:00显著低于丰容前(P<0.05),09:00—10:00由58.14％降到46.51％,降低了11.63％;15:00—16:00由51.16％降到41.28％,降低了9.88％;11:00—14:00摄食行为比例增加了6.10％(P<0.05);(3)丰容后,移动行为09:00—13:00和15:00—16:00显著高于丰容前(P<0.05);(4)丰容后,11:00—13:00猕猴休息行为比例极显著低于丰容前(P<0.01).丰容后猕猴在白天行为仍以休息(日均38.80％)、摄食(日均32.30％)和移动行为(日均23.26％)为主,但与丰容前相比休息行为占比降低了5.00％,摄食行为降低了1.30％,移动行为增加了6.86％.食物丰容对猕猴摄食行为、移动行为和休息行为时间的分配产生了显著影响(P<0.05),食物丰容增加了猕猴的活动量,尤其是增加了积极探究行为,同时减少了消极刻板行为.

本研究通过首选试验、两碗试验比对了某公司研发的一种全犬种成犬新品犬粮与市面上公认的适口性较好的商品化犬粮的适口性,为新品犬粮的上市提供试验数据支持.试验结果显示,犬只第一口采食新型犬粮比率为55％,高于对照犬粮的45％;犬只对新型犬粮的平均采食量为215g,高于对照犬粮的183g;后追加首选试验1次,选用40只犬(小型犬和大型犬各20只),试验结果显示,58％犬只首选新型犬粮,高于对照犬粮的43％.以上试验结果表明新型犬粮适口性较好.

本文研究了凹凸棒石黏土对饲料原料中粗蛋白质含量测定的影响,并探讨其适宜添加量.结果表明:凹凸棒石黏土能够适当降低粗蛋白质测定过程中的消化时间,减小平行样之间的相对偏差,提高测定结果的准确性.凹凸棒石黏土的添加量以凹土与饲料原料的比例1∶1为宜.

为了确诊50条刚购进14 d试验犬的患病情况,试验观察了发病犬的临床症状,对3条病死犬进行病理剖检,5条先发病的犬进行实验室诊断,最后确诊该批试验犬患有犬传染性肝炎,对全部试验犬进行中药汤剂灌服和支持疗法,并对发病初期的犬注射高免血清,腹腔积液的犬进行穿刺.结果表明:采用中西结合的治疗措施,最后死亡5条犬,死亡率为10％.说明中西医结合治疗犬传染性肝炎的效果可靠.

The impact of the different fermentation conditions was studied on selenium-enriched of the fermentated goat yogurtionthrough single factor screening and orthogonal experimental. The temperature,culture time of selenium-enriched,incubation temperature and the proportion of inoculation was determined by using selenium content in the bacteria as the index. The four important factors including selenium concentration,inoculum size,culture pH and the added amount of oligofruc to selenium were optimized through orthogonal test. The results showed that the single-factor test to selenium was riched after 24 hours of bacteria cultivation,incubated for 60h at 41℃ with ratio of Bifidobacterium longum,Lactobacillus acidophilus 2 ∶1 mixed culture through single-factor test. The orthogonal test was done according to the selenium content as the index. The best fermentation conditions were as follow:mixed inoculum of 3%,selenium concentration of 8μg/g,pH6.5,and1.00% fructo-oligosaccharides by selenium content in yogurt as the main index. The selenium content of goat yogurtion was 33.46μg/kg.

为了研究藏獒犬蛋白质需要量,试验将12只2～5月龄健康藏獒犬(♂)(体重为5～10 kg)分为3组,饲喂不同水平蛋白质(2.0×NRC、1.8×NRC、1.6×NRC)的全价日粮,利用氮平衡试验进行研究.结果表明:食入氮与存留氮之间的回归关系为y1=4.75 +0.94x1,可消化氮与存留氮的回归关系为y2 =2.50 +0.95x2.当x1=0时,y1=4.75,即每只生长犬每天总氮最低需要量为4.75 g,蛋白质最低需要量为29.7 g;当x2 =0时,y2=2.50,即每只生长犬每天可消化氮最低需要量为2.50 g,可消化蛋白质最低需要量为15.6g.

In order to study the effects of seasonal shifted grass nutrition on fermentation characters and quantity of methanogen in rumens,grass samples and rumen content samples of three grazing Tibetan sheep in each season were collected to analyze the grass nutrition and monitor the quantity change of methanogen in rumens by conventional methods and real time PCR.Results showed 1)the quantity of volatile fatty acids(VFA) in sheep rumen was changed with seasonal shift.The fermentation model was not changed and remained acetate fermentation model in rumen.Contents of TVFA,propionate,butyrate and valerate in summer were significantly higher than that in other seasons(P<0.01).The contents of acetate and acetate/ propionate in winter were significantly higher than that in other seasons(P<0.01),the contents of acetate in summer was significantly higher than that in spring(P<0.01),it was not significant different(P>0.05)between summer and winter.The contents of acetate in autumn was significantly higher than that in winter and spring(P<0.01).Acetate/ propionate in autumn was significantly higher than that in spring and summer(P<0.01),and Acetate/ Propionate in spring was significantly higher than that in summer(P<0.01).2)The quantity of methanogen in grazing Tibetan sheep rumen was changed with seasonal shift and it was significantly higher in summer than in others seasons(P<0.01),the quantity of methanogen in autumn and winter were significantly higher than that in spring(P<0.01),but there was no significant difference(P>0.05)between autumn and winter.

This experiment was conducted to study the changes of seasonal dynamics of archaeal community in rumen of the grazing Tibetan sheep based on molecular ecology.The PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) were used to detect the changes of archaeal community in rumen of 12 Tibetan sheep.The V2~V4 regions of the 16SrDNA of rumen archaea and amplified.DGGE profiles of the PCR amplicons were compared by similarity analysis.The results showed that Shannon diversity index of the archaeal community in winter was significantly higher than that in autumn(P0.01) and summer(P0.05) and there were no significant differences between winter and spring,spring and summer(P0.05).Similarity analysis concurred with the DGGE results and showed that archaeal communities were separated from that in winter,spring,summer and autumn.Rumen archaeal community changed with seasonal shift.Similar rates among four seasons were higher than 94%.Diversity of archaeal community increased with the fibre increasing of fodder in spring and winter.The CP and ADF content of forages in different seasons might induce specific archaeal community development,and probably led different predominant species in rumen of the grazing Tibetan sheep.

The present article reviewed the effect of enzyme preparation and it's mechanism in rabbit nutrition with focus on decreasing phosphorus pollution to environment,promoting growth performance,improving the utilization of nutrients by phytase and factors influencing the effect of enzyme preparation.

Organic solvent method was employed to extract carotenoids from carrot powder.Through the single factor experiment,extraction temperature,time and the ratio of liquid to carrot powder respectively on the yield of carotenoids were screened.Orthogonal test indicated under the temperature at 60 ℃ and 8 h of extraction the optimum ratios of acetone to methanol(V/V) and solid to liquid(W/V) were 2∶1 and 1∶15 respectively.Under these conditions,the yield of carotenoids from carrot powder could reach 89.82 mg/100 g.

The paper studied the effects of different blanching conditions on the POD,the contents and the preservation rate of vitamin C and β-carotene,and the browning degree of carrot by selecting the blanching conditions of the processing technology of dehydrated carrot.The results showed that the POD was completely deactivated,the preservation rates of vitamin C and β-carotene were respectively 62.73% and 87.10%,and the processed carrot product had the minimum browning degree when the carrot was blanched at 90 ℃ for 6 minutes.

A single factorial arrangement of treatments and self-control design was adopted to investigate the protein and the digestible protein requirement with different pretein source diet by nitrogen balance test.20 adult Tibetan mastiffs(2 ages,♂)were chosen in the test.The results showed that the regression equation between nitrogen consumed and nitrogen retained was y1=1.305x1+2.549.The regression equation between nitrogen digested and nitrogen retained was y2=0.977x2+2.306.When x1=0,y1=2.549,that meant one mastiff required 15.931 g protein each day(2.549 g nitrogen each day).When x2=0,y2=2.306,that meant one mastiff require 14.413 g protein each day(2.306 g nitrogen each day).

This experiment was conducted to study the changes of forage nutrient content and seasonal shift of bacterial community in rumen of the grazing Tibetan sheep.PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to monitor changes of bacterial community in rumen of 12 Tibetan sheep.The V6～V8 regions of the 16S rDNA of rumen bacteria were amplified.DGGE profiles of the PCR amplicons were compared by similarity analysis.Shannon diversity index of the bacterial community was also performed.Results showed:1) in autumn,the structural diversity of bacterial community was significantly higher than that in winter (P0.01),spring (P0.01) and summer (P0.05) and there were no significant differences among winter,spring and summer (P0.05);2) rumen bacterial community changed with seasonal shift.Similar rate between autumn and summer was higher than 90%;similar rate between autumn and winter was less than 70% and similar rate between spring,summer and autumn,winter was less than 60%;3) the CP and DE content of forages in summer were significantly (P0.01) higher than those in other seasons,but the pH of rumen in summer was significantly (P 0.01) lower than that in other seasons,and the structural diversity of the bacterial community also reduced.The CP and DE content of forages in autumn were significantly (P0.05) higher than that in winter and spring.The pH of rumen in autumn were from 7.1 to 7.3,and the structural diversity of the bacterial community were higher than that in other seasons. It was concluded that bacterial community in rumen of the grazing Tibetan sheep changed with seasonal shift,which were affected by pH in rumen,rumen physical characteristics and nutritional ingredient.

In this study,real time PCR were used to monitor changed quantity of bacteria in rumens of 12 Tibetan sheep with seasonal shift,by collecting rumen content of grazing Tibetan sheep in alpine meadow in spring,summer,autumn and winter,respectively.1)The quantity of bacteria in grazing Tibetan sheep rumen did not have a significantly change between winter and autumn,and that of spring decreased 2.38,2.23-fold of autumn and winter,meanwhile,that of summer was significantly higher 5.56-fold,2.35-fold and 2.49-fold than that of autumn,winter and spring;2)Intake of the grazing sheep in summer was significantly higher 1.98-fold,1.61-fold and 1.80-fold than that of spring,winter,autumn.Intake of the grazing sheep and quantity of bacteria in rumens of the grazing sheep were decreased with fibre increased of fodder.The quantity of bacteria in rumens of Tibetan sheep changed,which result from fodder,season shift.3)Real time PCR validated for specific detection and quantification of bacteria in rumens of Tibetan sheep with seasonal shift.

[Objective] The aim was to optimize PCR reaction system suitable for methane producing bacteria in rumen.[Method] With the total DNA in rumen content of 1.5-year old healthy Tibetan sheep as template,the conservative sequence of methane producing bacteria 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR using specific primers.The related parameters in the PCR reaction system were optimized through changing each parameter in the PCR reaction system.[Result] The optimum PCR program was as follows: pre-denaturing under 94 ℃ for 3 min,then denaturing under 94 ℃ for 45 s,annealing under 51 ℃ for 45 s and extending under 72 ℃ for 90 s.After 35 cycles,the sample was extended under 72 ℃ for 7 min.The optimized PCR reaction system was as follows: 5.00 μl buffer,4.00 μl d-NTP,2.00 μl primers(upstream primer and down primer were 1.00 μl each),4.00 μl MgCl2,0.25 μl Taq DNA polymerase,1.00 μl DNA(1∶100),then adding ddH2O to 25.00 μl.[Conclusion] The research laid the foundation for study on the function of methane producing bacteria in rumen.

The experiment was conducted by using 12 adult Poodle dogs(2 ages,♂) to investigate the requirement of protein with different levels and sources in protein(1.15×NRC,1.25×NRC,1.35×NRC) by nitrogen balance test.A single factorial arrangement of treatments and self-control design was adopted in the experiment.The results showed that the regression equation between nitrogen intakes and nitrogen retained is y1=10.76+1.73x1(P=0.15),and the regression equation between nitrogen digested and nitrogen retained is y2=6.35+1.63x2(P=0.04).The results indiacted that the adult Poodle dogs require 67.28 g·只-1 protein(10.76 g·只-1 nitrogen)or require 39.66 g·只-1 digestible protein(6.35 g·只-1 digestible nitrogen).

The effect of wheat,soybean meal and fish meal on digestion and metabolism of Poodle dogs was investigated.Four male Poodle dogs(about 22 kilograms) at the age of 2-year-old were used into 4 tests in a single-factor and self-control design.The results showed that the dry matter digestibility of Poodle dogs in wheat were significantly lower(P0.01) than that in soybean meal and fish meal,the dry matter digestibility of soybean meal were significant(P0.05) lower than that of fish meal;the apparent digestibility of nitrogen showed no different(P0.05)in treatments;the digestive and metabolism energy were the highest(P0.01) in fish meal,and those were no different(P0.05)in wheat and soybean meal.

The phenols contents in stems,flowers,roots of three species in the genus Polygonum in alpine meadows,including P.viviparum L.,P.sibiricum Laxm.,P.macrophyllum D.Don were determined.The results showed that the highest phenols contents of P.viviparum,P.sibiricum,P.macrophyllum existed in roots,stems and flowers,respectively.The total phenol contents were 67.18,72.41 and 98.12 g/kg,respectively.The simple phenol contents were 31.32,34.90 and 30.16 g/kg,respectively.In addition,tannin contents were 35.86,37.51 and 67.96 g/kg,respectively,condensed tannin were 26.09,36.90,31.69 g/kg,respectively.The phenols contents in stems and roots of both P.viviparum and P.sibiricum were higher than P.macrophyllum,and on the contrary,the phenols contents in flowers of P.macrophyllum was the highest.The order in aspect of protein precipitable capacity of phenols of three species was as P.viviparumP.sibiricumP.macrophyllum.