近年来职业教学在教育领域备受关注,是素质教育、技能教育的重要分支,也是为国家、社会提供精技能、高素质人才的主要渠道.但就当前职业院校的教育模式进行分析,大多职业院校仍然采用传统的教学模式,这种教学方法的应用在当今时代背景下已经无法适应社会发展和市场经济的需求,于是一种全新的教学方法——项目课程教学应用而生,成为职业院校各科目教学的主要手段,畜产品加工教学中也极为常见.本文先分析了项目课程教学概念和优势,深入阐述了其在畜产品加工教学中的应用情况,旨在为同行工作提供参考和借鉴.

为比较重组鸭α-干扰素和γ-干扰素的体内抗病毒作用,本研究对本实验室前期构建的pET30a-ELP-DuIFNα和pET30a-ELP-DuIFNγ进行诱导表达,并纯化获得重组蛋白ELP-DuIFNα和ELP-DuIFNγ.将两种重组鸭干扰素分别灌服BALB/c小鼠(30 μg/只),采用流式细胞术分别测定制备的重组蛋白ELP-DuIFNα和ELP-DuIFNγ对小鼠CD4+T和CD8+T淋巴细胞增殖的影响,结果显示,ELP-DuIFNγ灌服小鼠12 d时的CD4+/CD8+比值显著高于阴性对照和ELP-DuIFNα.将重组蛋白ELP-DuIFNα和ELP-DuIFNγ对感染DHAV-1的雏鸭分别采用注射或灌服两种方式给药后,检测不同给药方式对雏鸭的保护率,结果显示,注射ELP-DuIFNα或ELP-DuIFNγ对感染DHAV-1雏鸭的保护率分别为60％和40％,灌服的保护率分别为80％和60％.进一步结合上述试验结果将两种重组蛋白分别在DHAV-1感染雏鸭前24 h、感染后0、24 h灌服雏鸭,观察雏鸭的临床症状与剖检病变,结果显示,ELP-DuIFNα、ELP-DuIFNγ后于或同时与DHAV-1灌服的保护率较高,分别为80％和60％.以上结果首次表明ELP-DuIFNγ的免疫调节能力优于ELP-DuIFNα,而ELP-DuIFNα的抗病毒作用强于ELP-DuIFNγ;灌服方式优于肌肉注射.本研究结果对鸭病毒性疾病的防制奠定了基础.

高校实训基地作为培养高校学生职业素养的有利场所,为学生提供了理论实践与技术提升的综合性平台.但分析国内一些高校实训基地管理现状发现,高校实验基地管理机制还存在许多不足.为优化实训基地管理机制,使实训基地能够为祖国建设发展培养更多高素质、高技能的人才,高校应从创新管理机制、融入现代化管理模式、引入先进的管理理念入手,充分结合高校实际条件,将实训基地建立成为先进的智能化实训基地.

以面粉、黄油为主要原料,选用胡萝卜粉、天然黄油、小苏打和活性干酵母添加量进行单因素和正交试验,以饼干的感官评分为考察指标,优化苏打饼干配方.结果 表明:最佳配方为以水油面团中高筋粉和低筋粉总质量为基准,胡萝卜粉8％、黄油40％、小苏打0.8％、活性干酵母7％.以此配方制作的饼干感官评分高,微生物指标、理化检验、致病菌及总砷含量均符合国标要求.

银杏种仁的主要营养成分是淀粉.以银杏淀粉为原料,柠檬酸为酯化剂制备银杏柠檬酸淀粉酯,考察柠檬酸添加量、pH、反应温度、反应时间对柠檬酸淀粉酯取代度(DS)的影响,通过正交试验确定了银杏柠檬酸淀粉酯的最佳制备工艺,并分析比较了银杏淀粉和银杏柠檬酸淀粉酯的透明度、膨胀率、溶解度、持水率等加工特性.结果 表明:柠檬酸添加量和pH对DS的影响显著(p＜0.05),反应温度对DS的影响不显著(p＞0.05).银杏柠檬酸淀粉酯的最佳制备工艺为:柠檬酸添加量8mL,pH 2.0,反应温度132℃,反应时间6.0h.在此条件下制备得到的银杏柠檬酸淀粉酯平均取代度DS为0.355.银杏柠檬酸淀粉酯的透光率、溶解度、持水率和膨胀率分别比银杏淀粉提高了51.35％、35.66％、120.37％、16.10％.这些加工特性的提高,适应了食品工业的要求,提高了淀粉的加工性能.

基于学生职业能力培养需要，校企通力合作，对课程体系和课程内容进行改革：构建了“岗位基础+职业方向”课程体系；采用了“行动导向”的理实一体化教学模式；建造了基于“互联网+”的课程网络教学平台；打造了满足课程教学需要的“厂中校”和“校中厂”；引入了基于国际标准的课程评价体系。通过改革，有效地提升了学生的职业能力和就业能力。

The impact of the different fermentation conditions was studied on selenium-enriched of the fermentated goat yogurtionthrough single factor screening and orthogonal experimental. The temperature,culture time of selenium-enriched,incubation temperature and the proportion of inoculation was determined by using selenium content in the bacteria as the index. The four important factors including selenium concentration,inoculum size,culture pH and the added amount of oligofruc to selenium were optimized through orthogonal test. The results showed that the single-factor test to selenium was riched after 24 hours of bacteria cultivation,incubated for 60h at 41℃ with ratio of Bifidobacterium longum,Lactobacillus acidophilus 2 ∶1 mixed culture through single-factor test. The orthogonal test was done according to the selenium content as the index. The best fermentation conditions were as follow:mixed inoculum of 3%,selenium concentration of 8μg/g,pH6.5,and1.00% fructo-oligosaccharides by selenium content in yogurt as the main index. The selenium content of goat yogurtion was 33.46μg/kg.

In order to study the effects of seasonal shifted grass nutrition on fermentation characters and quantity of methanogen in rumens,grass samples and rumen content samples of three grazing Tibetan sheep in each season were collected to analyze the grass nutrition and monitor the quantity change of methanogen in rumens by conventional methods and real time PCR.Results showed 1)the quantity of volatile fatty acids(VFA) in sheep rumen was changed with seasonal shift.The fermentation model was not changed and remained acetate fermentation model in rumen.Contents of TVFA,propionate,butyrate and valerate in summer were significantly higher than that in other seasons(P<0.01).The contents of acetate and acetate/ propionate in winter were significantly higher than that in other seasons(P<0.01),the contents of acetate in summer was significantly higher than that in spring(P<0.01),it was not significant different(P>0.05)between summer and winter.The contents of acetate in autumn was significantly higher than that in winter and spring(P<0.01).Acetate/ propionate in autumn was significantly higher than that in spring and summer(P<0.01),and Acetate/ Propionate in spring was significantly higher than that in summer(P<0.01).2)The quantity of methanogen in grazing Tibetan sheep rumen was changed with seasonal shift and it was significantly higher in summer than in others seasons(P<0.01),the quantity of methanogen in autumn and winter were significantly higher than that in spring(P<0.01),but there was no significant difference(P>0.05)between autumn and winter.

[Objective] The objective was to study the effects of different factors on the extraction rate of papaya seed oil,and confirm the optimum the technology conditions for extracting the papaya seed oil.[Method] With the papaya seed in the market-sold shine skin papaya as the tested material,the papaya seed oil was extracted by Soxhlet extraction method.The effects of the different extraction time,liquid-material ratio and extraction temperature on the extraction rate of the papaya seed oil were discussed and the optimum the conditions for extracting the papaya seed oil were confirmed through the single factor test and the orthogonal test.[Result] The single factor test showed that the optimum the extraction time for extracting the papaya seed oil was 9 h,the optimum liquid-material ratio was 8∶1 and the optimum extraction temperature was 45 ℃.The orthogonal experiments based on the single factor test indicated that,the optimum the conditions for extracting the papaya seed oil were as follows: the extraction time of 9 h,liquid-material ratio of 7∶1 and the extraction temperature of 48 ℃,under which,the oil yield of the papaya seed was 28.77%.[Conclusion] The study provided the reference basis for the comprehensive utilization and the development of the new products.

以培养高素质技能型的学生为目标,围绕课程体系改革,结合学院现有条件,探索农产品加工技术课程项目化教学。通过对课程内容重组、教学内容与方法的改进,改变传统的考核方式,形成了以项目为载体的理实一体化的教学模式,为高职的课程教学改革提供参考依据。

This experiment was conducted to study the changes of seasonal dynamics of archaeal community in rumen of the grazing Tibetan sheep based on molecular ecology.The PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) were used to detect the changes of archaeal community in rumen of 12 Tibetan sheep.The V2~V4 regions of the 16SrDNA of rumen archaea and amplified.DGGE profiles of the PCR amplicons were compared by similarity analysis.The results showed that Shannon diversity index of the archaeal community in winter was significantly higher than that in autumn(P0.01) and summer(P0.05) and there were no significant differences between winter and spring,spring and summer(P0.05).Similarity analysis concurred with the DGGE results and showed that archaeal communities were separated from that in winter,spring,summer and autumn.Rumen archaeal community changed with seasonal shift.Similar rates among four seasons were higher than 94%.Diversity of archaeal community increased with the fibre increasing of fodder in spring and winter.The CP and ADF content of forages in different seasons might induce specific archaeal community development,and probably led different predominant species in rumen of the grazing Tibetan sheep.

The present article reviewed the effect of enzyme preparation and it's mechanism in rabbit nutrition with focus on decreasing phosphorus pollution to environment,promoting growth performance,improving the utilization of nutrients by phytase and factors influencing the effect of enzyme preparation.

Organic solvent method was employed to extract carotenoids from carrot powder.Through the single factor experiment,extraction temperature,time and the ratio of liquid to carrot powder respectively on the yield of carotenoids were screened.Orthogonal test indicated under the temperature at 60 ℃ and 8 h of extraction the optimum ratios of acetone to methanol(V/V) and solid to liquid(W/V) were 2∶1 and 1∶15 respectively.Under these conditions,the yield of carotenoids from carrot powder could reach 89.82 mg/100 g.

In this paper,we carried out single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments to determine the optimum color protecting agent combination of carrot particles at different drying temperatures in the presence of different color protecting agents.The results showed that,in single factor experiments,the combination of 1% sodium chloride,0.2% phytic acid,0.4% calcium chloride and 0.6% citric acid was superior to other color protecting agents at the drying temperature,and ascorbic acid and chitosan had poor color protection effect;in orthogonal experiments,the optimum combination of color protecting agents was as follows: 0.25% phytic acid,0.50% citric acid,0.30% CaCl2 and 1.5% sodium chloride.The carrot particles added with the combination of color protecting agents had low browning degree and kept good sensory quality and high nutrition.

The paper studied the effects of different blanching conditions on the POD,the contents and the preservation rate of vitamin C and β-carotene,and the browning degree of carrot by selecting the blanching conditions of the processing technology of dehydrated carrot.The results showed that the POD was completely deactivated,the preservation rates of vitamin C and β-carotene were respectively 62.73% and 87.10%,and the processed carrot product had the minimum browning degree when the carrot was blanched at 90 ℃ for 6 minutes.

A single factorial arrangement of treatments and self-control design was adopted to investigate the protein and the digestible protein requirement with different pretein source diet by nitrogen balance test.20 adult Tibetan mastiffs(2 ages,♂)were chosen in the test.The results showed that the regression equation between nitrogen consumed and nitrogen retained was y1=1.305x1+2.549.The regression equation between nitrogen digested and nitrogen retained was y2=0.977x2+2.306.When x1=0,y1=2.549,that meant one mastiff required 15.931 g protein each day(2.549 g nitrogen each day).When x2=0,y2=2.306,that meant one mastiff require 14.413 g protein each day(2.306 g nitrogen each day).

Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto Na and N1 strains on ruminal development of papillae in dairy calves were investigated. Twenty four Holstein bull calves (7±1.1d) were randomly divided into three treatments of eight calves. The natto cultures Na and N1 were mixed with milk before weaning, or mixed with the concentrate portion of the diets after weaning. All calves were weaned when starter intake reach 20g/kg of body weight. At weaning four calves were randomly selected from each group and slaughtered, and the remaining calves were fed the basal diet for additional 44d and then slaughtered. Rumen fluid and ventral rumen tissue samples were collected from all calves. Results show that oral supplementation of B. subtilis natto Na or N1 reduced concentrations of short chain fatty acids in the rumen at weaning and 44d after weaning (P<0.05). B. subtilis natto N1 reduced rumen pH and molar proportion of butyrate in both experimental periods (P<0.05), while B. subtilis natto Na decreased the molar proportion of acetate and ammonia levels at weaning (P<0.05) and depressed rumen NH3 concentration 44d post weaning (P<0.05). The number and surface area of papillae per cm2 rumen wall for Na and N1 groups tended to be higher than the control at weaning (P<0.10) and 44d after weaning (P<0.01). Furthermore, rumen papillae were flattened and tongue-shaped without narrow stalks, clumping or parakeratosis in the calves treated with natto culture. This study demonstrates that oral administration of B. subtilis natto Na and N1 increased rate of rumen development in dairy calves.

To screen excellent dilution,boar semen was diluted and preserved in three common dilutions and one self-prepared dilution.The semen preserved in the self-prepared dilution was used for mating.Sperm motility was determined by 10-score assessment method,and effective survival time,overall survival time and survival index were calculated.The results showed that the self-prepared dilution had better preservative effect on sperm than Kiew solution,glucose-sodium citrate solution and glucose solution.The results of the mating experiment showed that the sows artificially inseminated with the semen preserved in the self-prepared dilution had conception rate and litter size which reached the requirements of production.Therefore,the self-prepared dilution can be used in production.

《焙烤食品加工技术》是食品加工技术专业的职业技术课，是农产品加工技术的一门重要分支的应用性学科，具有较强的技术性、应用性和实践性。本文通过对学生培养目标任务分析，结合企业工作岗位技能要求、职业技能考试要求，设置教学情境和教学项目，并在实践过程中完善了教学设计的实施方法和手段，采用“过程化、开放式”考核方式，充分考虑教学内容的适用性、针对性和可操作性，培养学生的职业技能，对《焙烤食品加工技术》课程改革进行了探索。

试验旨在研究纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶前犊牛生长状况、生产性能、断奶日龄等指标的影响。选取14头7日龄中国荷斯坦奶牛公犊,随机分为2个处理组,每组7头犊牛。向所饲喂的牛奶中添加纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌菌液,连续饲喂直到开食料采食量达到规定要求时断奶。结果表明:断奶前犊牛日增重较对照组提高26.5%(P<0.01);开食料的日采食量下降11.9%;与对照组(57 d)相比,饲喂纳豆枯草芽孢杆菌处理组(49.7 d)显著提前了犊牛的断奶日龄。