笔者针对一家一户小规模设施农业生产者使用沼液滴灌存在灌水器堵塞、烧苗等问题,研发了1套沼液滴灌系统,该系统主要由沼液存贮装置、过滤装置和稀释装置组成,通过三级过滤和沼液原液稀释,解决了沼液原液滴灌造成的灌水器堵塞和烧苗等问题.春大棚黄瓜应用沼液滴灌技术,与对照相比,分别增产20.6％和21.2％,分别增收21435元·hm-2和34804元·hm-2;与水溶肥处理相比,分别增产7.2％和9.1％,增收25337元·hm-2和25413元·hm-2;同时,果实品质有所改善.

[目的]研究了含戊唑醇种衣剂对小麦的药害和不同缓解药剂对其药害的缓解效果.[方法]选用白土、膨润土、活性炭等9种吸附型缓解药剂于相同用量下分别将其与戊唑醇种衣剂混合,再以药种比1∶375包衣小麦种子,于小麦播种后7、10、14d采样测定幼苗形态学指标和生理生化指标.[结果]戊唑醇种衣剂以药种比1∶375包衣小麦种子,小麦幼苗药害显著.9种缓解药剂均表现出不同程度的缓解作用:白土、泥粉处理和药害处理相比,显著增加小麦根长、株高和单株鲜重,提高小麦植株根系活力;膨润土处理在小麦播种后7d能明显缓解受到药害植株的根长、株高和单株鲜重;硅胶粉处理在小麦播种后10d能明显缓解受到药害植株的株高和单株鲜重,改善叶绿素含量和丙二醛含量.[结论]本研究结果为预防和减轻戊唑醇种衣剂对小麦的药害提供参考.

对北京农业发展现状进行分析的结果显示,北京农业所占比重趋于下降,虽然各基础性产业质量效益保持稳定,但各类生产要素均出现不同程度的萎缩,农业生产发展形势严峻.在此基础上提出:在农业供给侧结构性改革与"调转节"的背景下,必须打破资源环境与体制机制约束,拓展生产性空间,加快培育新型农业经营主体与多元社会化服务主体,实现北京都市型现代农业可持续发展.

针对传统砖砌混凝土膜面集雨系统存在的施工速度慢、防渗效果差、雨水易滋生绿藻、使用寿命短等问题,引进了温室膜面集雨新型材料,具有安装方便省工、对耕地属性破坏性小和可回收利用等优点.全年共收集雨水284.3m3,全年平均集雨率为83.7％.收集的雨水与井水相比,呈弱酸性,电导率降低了28.5％,总硬度(以CaCO3计)降低了41.9％,溶解性总固体降低了28.2％,水质较好,适宜采用滴灌施肥设施进行高效利用.

The aim of study is to get main pollutants and spatial distribution in the upstream rivers in Miyun Reservoir, Beijing.210water samples were collected from fourteen river sections in every month in 2012to study spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus.The results showed the same orders of the content of TN,TP,NO3-N and NH3-N were Chao RiverQingshui RiverBai River.The average measured concentration of TN,TP,NO3-N and NH3-N of Chao River were 4.63,0.024,4.41and 0.17mg/L,separately.The spatial distribution of concentration of TN,NO3-N,NH3-N were gradually decreased from upstream to the sections near the reservoir in Chao River,and maybe associated with the water conservancy project,the river self-purification and dilution.According to the national environmental water quality standards,the concentration of NH3-N,TP of three rivers were classified to level II,but TN exceed the quality standard of level V,also,the concentration of TN of thirteen river sections exceeded the standard of level V(2.0mg/L).Single contamination index method applied to evaluate water quality on the annual average TN,TP and NH3-N,it showed that TP and NH3-N classified into no pollution,but TN being heavy pollution indicating that the Nitrogen pollution cannot be ignored in upstream rivers to Miyun reservoir.

为寻找高效、安全的草莓白粉病防治药剂,在离体叶盘和田间活体植株上测定了7种杀菌剂对草莓白粉病的防效.结果表明,42.5％吡唑醚菌酯·氟唑菌酰胺SC 450 mL/hm2和50％醚菌酯WG 560 g/hm2处理对草莓白粉病的防治效果较好,3次药后田间防效均在88％以上.50％硫磺SC 3 750 mL/hm2和碳酸氢钾4 500 g/hm2处理对草莓白粉病的防效略高于80％.

In order to explore the appropriate drip irrigation quantities of Beijing solar greenhouse tomato,the effects of different drip irrigation quantities on the growth,yield and water use efficiency of solar greenhouse tomato"oudun"were analyzed.Results showed that the yield of the T1 was 113 700 kg/hm2,which was higher than other three treatments.Compared with traditional drip irrigation quantities,yield of treatment T1 increased by 6.5%,fruit quality improved,and water use efficiency increase by 29.8%.Compared with traditional drip irrigation quantities,yield of T2 treatment increased by 3.0%,and water use efficiency increased by 54.40%.The yield of the T3 was lowest.By analyzing the properties of tomato yield,fruit quality and water use efficiency,in this experiment T1 treatment is the optimal irrigation quantity for greenhouse tomato.

针对广大学者、相关国家政府对农民田间学校投入产出效益与可持续性的质疑,本文对国内外农民田间学校影响研究的背景,以及农民田间学校对农民知识和技能、生产产出和经济效益、农药使用和投入、农民综合素质与辐射带动效果等方面的影响评估研究进展进行了比较系统和全面的综述,并提出了下一步发展和研究的建议.

The present paper is aimed at investigating the spatial variation and non-point source pollution hazards or effects likely to be caused by the nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)contents of the farming activities to the drinking water quality in Miyun Reservoir,which serves as a chief drinking water source of Capital Beijing.For this purpose,we have collected topsoil samples covered by the different types of plants in the Drinking Water Conservation Area(DWCA)of the reservoir and analyzed their concentrations in a geo-statistical approach intensively based on the Geographic Information System(GIS).The analysis results we have gained show that the N and P contents in the topsoil vary greatly from area to area in the sub-areas of DWCA.The highest and relatively higher soil N and P contents,relatively higher soil N have been found in the up-stream areas of the water-inlet rivers and those close to the reservoir,such as the areas of Chao River,Baimaguan River,the interior areas of the reservoir itself,and the area of Andamu River,respectively;whereas relatively lowerN and P content has been detected in the Bai Riverwatershed.While the areas with higher N and P contents were found with higher hazards of non-point source pollution,the non-point source pollution hazardous factorswere foundwithin 5.91-22.82 in these areas,where they were detected both with above 10 in the upstream watersheds of Chao River and Baimaguan River,while the least hazardous effects were found in Bai Riverwatershed,which accounts only for 1/130 of the area with the highest hazard liabilities.In addition,these above said results also indicate that the levels of soil N and P contents should be considered as the key factors of non-point source pollution in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir,and the watersheds of Chao River,Baimaguan River and the inner side of Miyun Reservoir serve as the main origin of the non-point source of N and P pollutants.

<正>植物资源是人类共同的资产,掌握种子就能掌控全世界。翻开典卷,回味历史,"国以农为本,农以种为先"的农耕文化之韵如银河泻地,荡漾着世界种子大会的点点滴滴历史之光。奥林匹克:古希腊文明奥林匹克运动最开始是一种祭神的庆典活动,希腊是这项运动

Taking‘Chungan 3'cabbage as material,with the open vegetable fields in Yanqing county of this area as the object,six treatments were set up,including the control group without fertilization,organic fertilizer(7 500kg/hm2),conventional fertilizer(organic fertilizer 7 500kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=300-120-45kg/hm2),increased nitrogen by 20%(organic fertilizer 7 500kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=360-90-135kg/hm2),decreased nitrogen by 20%(organic fertilizer 7 500kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=240-90-135kg/hm2)and decreased nitrogen by 60%(organic fertilizer 7 500kg/hm2+chemical fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O=120-90-135kg/hm2),the monitoring experiments of located fertilization were carried out to study the nitrogen use efficiency as well as the environmental effects under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and different ratio of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium.Results showed that all fertilization significantly increased the cabbage production,organic fertilizer for treatment increased by a minimum of 33.56%,reduced nitrogen by 20% for treatment increased by a maximum of 85.92%,significantly higher than the conventional treatment.Nitrogen use efficiency of the organic manure was a minimum of 10.96%,and by comparison,conventional treatment and increased nitrogen by 20%for treatment had no significant difference;reduced nitrogen by 60%for treatment was a maximum of 18.52%,and the reduced nitrogen by20%for treatment was 16.74%,where there was no significant difference between them,significantly higher than the conventional treatment in both cases.In the three years of experiment,the inorganic nitrogen content in soil profile and the total leaching nitrogen collected at 90cm had no significant difference the treatment of organic fertilizer as compared with the control;there was higher inorganic nitrogen residues in 80~90cm soil profile under the conventional and increased nitrogen by 20%for treatment,and the total leaching nitrogen collected at 90cm was respectively 12.45times and 14.19times of the control,up to highly significant level;the reduced nitrogen by 20%and 60%for treatment also significantly increased the inorganic nitrogen residue in soil profile and total leaching nitrogen,but significantly lower than the conventional treatment,and by comparison,the former was respectively 1.23times and 1.91times of the latter,where the difference reached significant level.The above results indicated that,under the conditions of rain and heat over the same period in the cold zone,the higher fertility in vegetable field was unsuitable for the decomposition and nutrients release of organic fertilizer,excess nitrogen fertilizer and improper ratio of phosphorus and potassium was unsuitable for the crops on the absorption of nutrients,leading to large amounts of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in soil and leaching loss;under combined application of phosphorus and potassium,the reduced nitrogen for treatment was beneficial to the crops on the absorption of nutrients,to improve the nitrogen use efficiency,to reduce the inorganic nitrogen residue in soil and leaching loss,but under the condition of long-term positioning,the excessively reduced nitrogen by 60%had a tendency to decrease crop yield.

为了探索日光温室番茄栽培时痕量灌溉管适宜埋深,以欧盾番茄为试材,研究了春季日光温室栽培条件下,痕量灌溉管不同埋深对灌溉量、番茄产量和品质的影响.试验结果表明:痕量灌溉管埋深后能够促进植株生长.痕量灌溉管埋深10cm、20cm和30cm与表面覆土对照相比,灌水量分别减少8.8％、12.9％和15.0％；产量分别增加9.8％、12.6％和17.8％；水分生产效率分别提高20.4％、29.3％和38.5％.因此,综合灌溉量、产量和水分生产效率,痕量灌溉管埋深30cm是该试验条件下日光温室春茬番茄较适宜的埋设深度.

<正>农业技术推广是农业科技成果转化的关键环节,世界各国为了提高农业科技成果转化率,根据本国国情和农业发展特点,围绕农业技术推广模式创新与运行机制开展了大量的研究与探索实践,并形成了适合本国国情的发展模式。1.政府公共推广模式政府公共推广模式是指政府农业部门及其支持的机构在农业技术推广中占主导地位的推广模式。在世界农业大国中,以色列的政府推广模式比较典型。

<正>当你凝视这些数字和照片时,肯定会感到一种惊讶的、振奋的、欢快的……情绪。这些专题数字试图展示北京种业发展的一角,望引出热忱的正能量,而非仅是一次惊呼。2012年,选育通过国家审定的主要农作物新品种数量约占全国10%、杂交玉米种子约占全国市场的25%;祖代蛋种鸡全国市场占有率20%、良种奶牛冻精40%、祖代肉种鸡50%、虹鳟鱼苗种40%、鲟鱼苗10%

以5年生忍冬大树为试验材料.研究了移栽施肥量对金银花产量和质量的影响.结果显示,移栽施肥有助于提高单株产量,随着施肥量的增加,单株产量也随之增加,但施肥量达到一定量后单株产量随即下降,以每株施有机肥8 kg/株产量表现最高,移栽第1年每公顷产干花761.70 kg,比不施肥的对照增产38.54％,增产效果极显著.金银花千蕾干重表现为第3茬花＞第1茬花＞第2茬花,施肥处理对金银花千蕾干重影响不大.各处理下金银花绿原酸含量和木樨草苷含量均表现为第1茬和第3茬普遍高于第2茬.因此,生产中进入丰产期的忍冬大树移栽时,推荐采用8 kg/株的移栽施肥量,以提高金银花的产量和经济效益.

【Objective】The impacts of technology training programs in farmer field schools(FFS) on the adoption of environment-friendly technology was analyzed.【Method】 Through random sampling strategy of the farmers in tomato production in suburbans of Beijing,the econometric method was used to obtain the corresponding results.【Result】The descriptive statistics indicate that the percentage of farmers who adopt the environment-friendly technology is less than 20%.The empirical analysis shows that under the conditions of other variables are controlled,the proportion of the environment-friendly technology in irrigation adopted by farmers who have attended the technology training programs in FFS is 14.7% higher than that for the farmers who have not attended the training program.In respect to adopting the environment-friendly fertilization technology,the proportion of farmers who have attended the training program in FFS is 8.3% higher than those who have not attended the training program.【Conclusion】The results show that the training program in FFS significantly enhanced the adoption of environment-friendly technology,especially the irrigation and fertilization technologies in production.

由灰葡萄孢（Botryti scinerea Pers.）引起的灰霉病是设施草莓生产的一种常见病害,危害日益严重。草莓发生灰霉病后,一般减产20%～30%,重者达50%以上,甚至绝收。草莓灰霉病主要为害花器、果实、叶柄和叶片,不同部位表现症状不尽相同。由于

近年来,植物诊所作为一种新型农技推广模式在发展中国家得到了逐步推广和应用。笔者主要就植物诊所在国际上的建设背景、运行情况,北京植物诊所建设模式与实践,以及北京植物诊所的发展进行了展望。植物诊所推行的"处方"服务对推动植保技术服务的标准化、专业化、信息化和市场化具有重要实践意义。

密云水库是北京市主要地表水源地,为了有效防控水源保护区坡耕地以氮磷流失为主的农业面源污染,开展污染防控植物篱种植区散养和单独喂养油鸡试验研究；采集两种模式区土壤和散养模式区饲用桑植物样品,测定氮磷钾养分含量,分析土壤养分变化规律及其流失风险,建立经济有效种养生态防控模式.结果表明,与对照相比,两种油鸡养殖模式区土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮磷钾及硝态氮含量都呈显著或极显著性地升高,促进了散养共生模式区饲用桑和药用植物的生长,增加了对土壤养分的吸收；受养殖密度的影响,60只/666.7 m2高密度油鸡喂养模式区或散养集中活动区有机质、全氮、全磷含量显著高于散养活动较少低密度区；受地表径流的影响,散养共生模式区坡下部油鸡少活动区域土壤速效氮磷钾含量与上部活动较多区域相比分别升高20.3％、71.9％和21.9％.喂养模式区承载粪便氮磷环境负荷分别为189 kg/hm2和84.8 kg/hm2,超过欧盟农田氮限量标准170 kg/hm2和粪便年施磷限量80 kg/hm2,具有较大的流失污染风险；20只/666.7m2低密度散养模式区承载粪便氮磷负荷分别为75.6 kg/hm2和33.9 kg/hm2,远小于环境限量标准,具有较小的流失污染风险.饲用桑与药用植物间作植物篱种植区散养油鸡排泄粪便矿化分解提供了植物养分资源,促进它们的生长,形成发达根系系统又可有效阻截模式产生有机物和氮磷流失,同时该模式提供了散养油鸡饲料资源.以上结果说明,桑树/药用植物/低密度散养油鸡是一种有效的农业面源污染生态防控共生模式,资源循环利用效率高,生态环境和经济效益好.

现代农业的发展和农业生产力水平的提高必须紧密依靠农业科技的发展,这需要农业科研、教育和技术推广链条的有机衔接,而农业技术推广是农业科技成果转化的关键环节。世界上各个国家为了提高农业科技成果转化效率,根据本国国情和农业发展特点,围绕农业技术推广模式创新与运行机制开展了大量的研究与探索实践,并形成了适合本国国情的发展模式。国际上典型的农业技术推广模式本文归纳为主要8种,在依托主体、运行机制和特点上各不相同,为了便于中国在农业技术推广体系改革的关键时期,进行模式和方法的改革提供借鉴,现对不同农业技术推广模式及其特点进行比较研究并提出中国农业技术推广发展的近远期展望。