<正>科学技术是生产力概念逐步成为共识,而生产力的发展则是促进科技进步的最积极因素。改革开放以来,国家经济迅猛发展,人民生活水平不断提高,对奶、肉、蛋畜产品需求日益增加。传统的动物营养学和家畜生理学均难以胜任作为畜牧科学的支柱。伴随家畜生理学与其相

<正>牛、羊等反刍家畜饲料中70%～85%的可消化干物质和50%粗纤维在瘤胃(包括网胃)内消化,因此,瘤胃消化在整个反刍家畜消化过程中占有特殊重要的地位。瘤胃被比喻是具厌氧性活体连续发酵罐,在微生物的主导下,瘤胃内进行一系列复杂的消化代谢过程(即发酵过程)。但它必须具备厌氧性微生物生存

旨在探讨日粮中添加大豆黄酮对肉用鹌鹑生产性能及免疫内分泌的影响.试验分2组:对照组和大豆黄酮(3 mg/kg)组,各有4个重复,每个重复10羽,试验期为28 d.结果:与对照组相比,大豆黄酮组雄性鹌鹑平均开增重和胸肌重显著增加,饲料转化率下降;血清IGF-I含量显著提高,T-淋巴细胞转化率刺激指数升高,雌性鹌鹑则各项指标均无显著变化.试验表明大豆黄酮可通过内分泌途径促进雄性鹌鹑的生长,对雌性鹌鹑则无此作用,提示大豆黄酮的作用存在一定性别差异.

Lignans belong to a group of phytoestrogens found in many edible plants. They can be converted to mammalian lignans, namely enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), in non-ruminant animals. Previous studies have shown that lignans may possess estrogen-like biological properties and can interact with various enzymes and proteins in rats and human. Similar reactions in ruminants have not yet been demonstrated. The metabolism of lignans in the rumen and its impact on ruminal metabolism was therefore investigated in 6 Huainan goats fitted with permanent rumen fistulae and temporary jugular catheter which were supplied with flaxseed lignan (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, SDG) via rumen fistulae. Low concentrations of END (0.017; S.D.=0.024mg/mL) and ENL (0.007; S.D.=0.013mg/mL) were detected in ruminal fluid of the goats fed the basal diet but concentration of SDG or mammalian lignans in the serum were below the detection level. Following SDG administration at 1mg/kg body weight for 14d, the concentrations of the three lignans increased (P<0.01). Concomitantly, the pH (P<0.05) and ammonia–nitrogen concentration (P<0.01) of ruminal fluid were decreased, while the concentration of microbial crude protein (P<0.05) and total volatile fatty acids (P<0.01) increased. Based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles, SDG supplementation showed an effect on the rumen microbial profile. The results demonstrated that ruminal microorganisms efficiently converted SDG to END and ENL, and that SDG supplementation may improve ruminal metabolism of carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds and influence the bacterial composition in the rumen of goats.

This study was aimed to determine whether flaxseed lignans could affect the growth of skeletal muscle in male animals and its possible mechanisms. The impact of flaxseed lignans on the skeletal muscle in male rats was determined in vivo. Flaxseed lignans (50 ppm) and daidzein (5 ppm) were added into the basal diets, respectively. The concentrations of serum lignans and daidzein were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the serum growth hormone and testosterone (T) levels were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and the expression of estrogen receptor β (ER β) in the soleus muscle and hypothalamus were determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Flaxseed lignans and daidzein could significantly improve the feed efficiency and facilitate the weight gain of the femoral muscle in male rats. The ratio of RNA to DNA in the muscles and serum T levels was remarkably increased, whereas, the urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly decreased by flaxseed lignan and/or its metabolites and daidzein. Meanwhile, the expression of ER β in soleus muscle and hypothalamus were both upgraded by the two phytoestrogens. Flaxseed lignan promoted the growth of male rats, and it might be by regulating serum T levels by binding to ER β in the hypothalamus. In turn, it depressed the catabolism of protein and promoted the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle cells.

The effects of linseed lignan on the performance and lipids metabolism in layers.The results showed that egg production was increased and feed/egg was decreased with the addition of lignan(p>0.05),serum total cholesterol,triglyceride and free fatty acid concentration were significantly decreased by 27.71(p<0.01),33.16%(p<0.05)and 33.24%(p<0.05),respectively.Supplementation of SDG significantly decreased T3、FT3 but increased E2 concentration in serum;SDG decreased egg yolk cholesterol concentration in tendency.

【Objective】 To determine whether flaxseed lignans could affect the growth of skeletal muscle in male animals and its possible mechanisms.【Method】 The effect of the flaxseed lignans on skeletal muscle in male rats were determined in vivo.Daidzein(5 mg.kg-1) and flaxseed lignans(50 mg.kg-1) were added into the basal diets,respectively,and the concentrations of the serum lignans and daidzein were measured by HPLC,serum growth hormone and testosterone(T) levels were analyzed by RIA,and the expression of estrogen receptor β(ERβ) in the soleus muscle and hypothalamus were determined by RT-PCR.【Result】 Flaxseed lignans and daidzein significantly improved the feed efficiency and increased the total weight gain of the femoral muscle in male rats.The rate of RNA to DNA in muscles and serum T levels were remarkably increased,while the urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly decreased by daidzein and flaxseed lignan and/or its metabolites.Meanwhile the expression of estrogen receptorβ(ERβ) in soleus muscle and hypothalamus were both upgraded by the two phytoestrogens.【Conclusion】 Flaxseed lignan promoted the growth of male rats,and it may regulate serum T levels through binding to ER β in hypothalamus.In turn,it depressed the catabolism of protein and promoted the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle cells.

Mixed ruminal fluid and artifical saliva were incubated in anaerobic media for 12 h in vitro.The soy-isoflavones(daidzein and genistein)were added to the media at different concentrations.The result showed that,when the concentration was 100 mg·L-1,daidzein could increase the content of NH3-N 2.2 mg·L-1(P0.05),the content of microbial protein(MCP)was enhanced 20.0 μg·mL-1(P0.05),the concentration of total volatile fatty acid(TVFA)was improved 2.7 mmol·L-1(P0.05).Thisresult demonstrated that daidzein promoted carbohydrates and nitrogen metabolism of ruminal microorganism.At the same concentration,100 mg·L-1 genistein could increase the content of MCP 36.8 μg·mL-1(P0.01),proportion of acetate increased 11.4%(P0.01),while propionate decreased 7.4%(P0.01),and butyrate decreased 10.2%(P0.05).This indicated that genistein promoted nitrogen metabolism,and the ruminal fermentation pattern was become.

亚麻籽木脂素(SDG)为植物雌激素中的一种,具有雌激素样和抗雌激素样生物活性。选用24只雌性青春期大鼠,随机分成3组,即对照组(基础日粮)、试验组Ⅰ(基础日粮中添加SDG)、试验组Ⅱ(基础日粮中添加抗生素和SDG),采用石蜡切片技术、高效液相色谱、放射免疫分析等方法,探讨SDG及其动物木脂素对乳腺发育的作用机制及对相关激素的影响。结果:试验组Ⅰ大鼠的乳腺形态学发育水平,乳腺组织中DNA、RNA含量和RNA/DNA均显著高于试验组Ⅱ和对照组(P<0.05)。试验组Ⅰ血清和乳腺中SDG、肠二醇(END)、肠内脂(ENL)含量、17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)和孕酮(P)浓度均较对照组显著增加(P<0.01);上列指标高于试验组Ⅱ,而后者高于对照组。试验表明:添喂抗生素抑制肠道微生物降低动物木脂素产生;亚麻籽木脂素和其主要代谢产物END、ENL可能分别通过直接作用与神经内分泌途径促进大鼠的乳腺发育。

The rats,which had been adapted to flaxseed lignan(secoisolariciresinol diglusoside,SDG) for 7 d,were used as a model for non-ruminant animals.Based on the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC),two experiments were conducted to study the main site of the transformation of SDG,the metabolism and absorption of lignans.Experiment Ⅰ: After SDG infusion,the concentrations of SDG,enterodiol(END) and enterolactone(ENL) in the chyme of gastrointestinal tract(GIT),feces and serum in rats with or without antibiotics were measured.Experiment Ⅱ: After the bile was collected through cannula in hepatocholedchus,the levels of lignans were analyzed.The results showed that antibiotics can significantly inhibit the transformation of SDG,it may indicate that the colon and caecum,which contain more germs in GIT,produced the most mammalian lignans,and the formations of mammalian lignans depend on the flora in GIT.SDG could be absorbed into blood circulation and its content was higher than that of END and ENL.Once the SDG and mammalian lignans were absorbed,they might undergo enterohepatic circulation.

This experiment was designed to explore the effect of genistein on slaughter performance and lipids metabolism in ducks.300 one-day-old cherry valley ducks were randomly divided into 3 groups.Control group was fed a basal diet and two treatment groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 3 and 6 mg/kg genistein,respectively.After 7 weeks,ducks(10 male,10 female) were killed to test slaughtering index and detect serum lipid level in blood.Compared with control group,the addition of genistein had no effect on the slaughter performance and blood biochemical indices of female duck.Abdominal fat rate,serum total cholesterol concentrations and LDL levels of male duck were decreased significantly adding 3 and 6 mg/kg genistein in basal diet.The muscle ratio and serum leptin levels were significant increased with the addition of 6 mg/kg genistein in diet.Results showed that genistein could impact serum biochemical index and endocrine hormones levels,in turn,affect performance in male ducks.This experiment also indicated there were some significantly difference between different gender.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of ipriflavone on ruminal metabolism and concentration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in rumen fluid in goat.This study consisted of two experiments,in vitro and in vivo.Ruminal fluid was incubated in anaerobic media in vitro with straw powder(0.6 g) and concentrates(0.3 g) as the substrate.Ipriflavone was added into the incubation with the final concentrations at 0,10,50,100 and 200 mg/L,respectively.In vivo,four local adult goats with permanent rumen fistulae were conducted into two periods by self-control design,control period and experiment period.In experiment period,ipriflavone was added into concentrates(1 mg/g concentrates) of diet.In exp.1,results showed that iptiflavone on 100 and 200 mg/L significantly enhanced ruminal metabolism.Levels of pH were reduced,the concentration of NH3-N and MCP were increased obviously.In exp.2,results showed that ipriflavone increased ruminal nitrogen metabolism in tendency,raised the concentration of acetate(A) and the percentage of acetate(P0.01),lowed the percentage of propionate(P)(P0.05) and the ratio of P∶A significantly(P0.01);Ipriflavone could significantly increase the concentration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in ruminal fluid of goat(P0.05).These results may suggest that an interaction between ipriflavone and rumen microorganisms occurred.Ipriflavone could enhance nitrogen metabolism in rumen,affect carbohydrates metabolism,alter the fermentation pattern,and significantly increase the levels of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in ruminal fluid.

8 thirty-five-week-old laying hens were implanted with chronic jugular vein canula,which was used to investigate the effect of intravenous administration of daidzein on feed-intaking and plasma parameters.Compared with the control period,the feedintake from 8∶00～12∶00 and 13∶00～17∶00 was increased to 21.9% and 33.9 %(P0.05),the time of feed-intaking was increased by 3.27% and 12.3%,the meals in 4h was increased by 14.3% and 49.1%(P0.01) respectively;the plasma glucose level was reduced by 10.3 %(P0.05)and 21.5%(P0.01),the blood concentration of insulin was elevated by 14.6% and 27.7%(P0.05),the leptin level was also increased,but had no significantly difference compared with the control period.Throngh the experiment it was suggested that the daidzein could improve the feed-intaking of laying hen and affect endocrine hormone levels involved.

畜禽摄食行为是一种复杂的生物学现象,采食行为决定采食模式,包括在一段时间内摄食量,摄食餐数、采食时间等.我们研究室曾经采用计算机辅助的记录方法,应用引进国外的摄食行为计算机监测系统(FIDAS系统)研究了舍饲水牛采食行为[1-2]、添喂大豆黄酮和填喂丙谷胺对蛋鸡摄食行为的影响特点[3-4],得到动物随意采食行为数据,从而较为客观准确地反映了畜禽在不同条件下采食行为特点.

Four hundred 40-week-old Yisa layers were used to study the effects of isoflavonoids on the performance and lipids metabolism in layers.Layers were divided into four groups: control group was fed a basal diet and 3 test groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 6 mg/kg daidzein(Da),ipriflavone(IP) and genistein(Gen),respectively.The experiment was continued for 6 weeks.The results showed that(1) Egg production was increased by 5.1%(P0.05) with the addition of Da.The ratio of feed and egg was significantly decreased by 6.3%(P0.05),while the rest two groups had an improvement tendency;(2) total cholesterol,triglyceride and free fatty acid concentration decreased by 27.97%(P0.01),43.41%(P0.05)and 44.96%(P0.01),respectively,in sera of Da group,while total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration decreased by 24.80%(P0.05)and 33.72%(P0.05), respectively,in Gen group;(3) T3 and FT3 concentrations significantly decreased and T4,FT4 and E2 concentrations increased in sera of Da group,while T4 concentration significantly increased in IP group;(4) Da had the tendency to decrease the cholesterol concentration in egg yolk.

The mammalian lignans can be produced from plant lignans by the bacteria in gut.Both mammalian lignans and their plant precursors have been shown to possess estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities,and protect against breast and prostate cancer,cardiovascular disease and the overoxidation both in human beings and animals.Various,in vitro and in vivo,experiments have been carried out on the chemistry and quantitative analysis,health effects and the biological properties about these two kinds of lignans.Lignans is very rich in linseed,that is one of high-yield economic crops in China.Exploitation and studies of linseed lignans could bring great economic and social benefit.

Eight 35-week-old laying hens were implanted with chronic jugular vein canula and used to investigate the effect of intragastric administration of proglumide on feed intake and plasma parameters. Compared with the control period,the feed intake of 8∶00～12∶00 and 13∶00～17∶00 increased 27.69% and 30.41%(P<0.05),the time of feed intake reduced 15.67% and 3.75%,meals in 4 h increased 12.32% and 27.2%(P<0.05) respectively;plasma glucose level reduced by 5.44% and 18.03%(P<0.01),the blood concentration of insulin elevated 33.09%(P<0.05) and 24.5%(P<0.05),leptin level was also increased,but had no significant difference compared with the control period. The experiment suggested that proglumide could improve the feed intake of laying hen,and affect endocrine hormone level involved.

100 broilers of 1-day-old were randomized into 2 treatments: basal diet,basal diet plus 5 mg/kg ipriflavone.40 of them were slaughtered in 3 weeks of age,and the others were slaughtered in 6 weeks.In cockerel chicken and female chicken,the results showed that ipriflavone could increase the body weight gain by 2.21% and 0.95%,decrease the serum uric acid content by 27.06% and 1.06%,increase serum T3 level by 12.4% and 9.67%,and increase serum FT3 level by 56.51% and 7.06%.To rooster and hen in the whole growth period,the results showed that ipriflavone could increase the body weight gain by 10.73% and 5.86%,decrease serum uric acid by 35.11% and 14.63%,increase serum T3 level by 42.56% and 73.24%,and increase serum FT3 level by 126.56% and 85.88%,respectively.Meanwhile,ipriflavone could increase the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and decrease the concentration of serum calcium,serum total cholesterol and triglycerides.

Sixty castrated weanling piglets were allocated randomly into two groups:Control group fed with basal diets and experimental group fed with basal diet supplemented with 5 mg/kg ipriflavone.The experiment was carried out for 1 month.Compared with the control group both the body weight gain and feed utilization of experimental group increased significantly.Blood IGF-I content was increased by 33.93% in average(24.72% for female and 44.76% for male).Mean level of testosterone elevated by 40.68%(40.38% for female and 40.98% for male).Blood calcium concentration increased by 14.60%(9.76% for female and 19.44% for male).These results revealed that ipriflavone affected the neuroendocrine system,elevated the blood levels of testosterone,IGF-I and calcium,thereafter,accelerated the body weight gain of castrated piglets.However,the effect was stronger for male than for female.

Isoflavones are recognized to be estrogenic compounds that are often associated with a reduced risk of cancers. The estrogenic activity can be enhanced after metabolization to more active compounds such as genistein and daidzein by gut microorganisms. The direct use of these metabolites has been investigated in laboratory rats and farm animals over the last decade. This paper reviews the research progress on the effect of isoflavonic compounds including metabolites on the physiology, gut microbiology and performance of farm animals in China.