黄山松Pinus taiwanensis是中国特有造林树种,具有重要的生态和经济价值.为了给黄山松林的可持续经营提供理论参考,文章以浙江四明山黄山松针阔混交林为研究对象,利用基于 4 株最近相邻木关系的混交度、大小比数、角尺度和密集度4 个空间结构参数,分析了该林分的空间结构参数多元分布特征.结果表明:从零元分布看,林分总体上处于中度与强度混交之间的中庸的聚集分布的中等密集状态;从一元分布看,一半以上林木为随机分布,处于各生长状态或各密集程度的林木比例相近;从二元分布看,极强度混交—优势状态林木最为常见,且林木多数处于很稀疏状态的分布格局.大小比数等级与密集度等级呈一一对应关系,即林木处于优势—很稀疏、亚优势—稀疏、中庸—中等密集、劣态—比较密集、绝对劣态状态—很密集的一一对应关系,其中以优势-很稀疏的林木比例最高;从三元分布看,空间结构参数的不同组合下,林木均以随机分布状态最多,以极强度混交—优势状态—随机分布林木、极强度混交—优势状态—很稀疏分布林木、极强度混交—随机分布—很稀疏分布林木、优势状态—随机分布—很稀疏分布林木的最为常见;从四元分布看,极强度混交的优势状态的随机分布的很稀疏分布林木最常见.

黄山松Pinus taiwanensis是中国特有造林树种之一,建立适宜的黄山松针阔混交林的树高—胸径模型,可为该林分的林木生长预测、森林经营管理、森林资源清查提供理论参考.文章以四明山黄山松针阔混交林为研究对象,选用30 个常用的树高—胸径经验模型作为备选模型,利用Ra2、AIC和BIC筛选确定5 个基础模型.基础模型中,引入枝下高(HZ)和冠幅(CW)建立 15 个修正模型,利用Ra2、RMSE、MAE、RMAE和AIC等5 个模型评价指标确定适宜的树高—胸径模型.结果表明,相同基础模型下的3 个修正模型拟合效果,以同时引入HZ和CW的模型最好;同时引入HZ和CW的不同基础模型拟合效果,以M21 模型最好;M21.HZCW是拟合效果最好的修正模型,为适宜的四明山黄山松针阔混交林的树高—胸径模型,Ra2 从0.684 1(基础模型)提高至0.750 9(修正模型).

通过2016年科学考察,系统分析了莲都峰源省级自然保护区种子植物分布特征,为该区植物资源保护和利用提供了科学依据.结果表明:保护区共有野生种子植物137科595属1246种,其中裸子植物5科7属10种,被子植物132科588属1236种;科、属优势现象明显,以菊科(Asteraceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae)为优势科,以薹草属(Carex)、悬钩子属(Rubus)和冬青属(Ilex)为优势属,属的分化程度较高,寡种属和单种属占总属数的93.5％,反映了峰源省级自然保护区种子植物的多样性程度和分化程度较高.

According to the Standards for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Service Functions（LY/T1721-2008）, the ecosystem service functions of public welfare forests in Tiantai County were quantitatively evaluated from 7 aspects, including water conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, oxygen release, nutrients accumulation, atmosphere environment purification, biodiversity protection and forest protection. The results showed that the ecosystem service quality was 313,828,600 t·a -1 for water conservation, 2,032,300 m~3·a -1 for soil fixation, 99962.49 t·a -1 for fertilizer conservation, 196,600 t·a -1 for vegetation carbon fixation, 526,700 t·a -1 for oxygen release, 7418.42 t·a -1 for trees nutrient accumulation, 769.59 t·a -1 for SO 2 absorption, 1571,100 t·a -1 for dust retention. The total amount of negative ions produced was 1 842.05×10 20 a -1 . The total value of ecological services was 6.777 billion yuan, which mainly were water conservation（3.392 billion yuan per year）, biodiversity protection（1.439 billion yuan per year）, carbon fixation and oxygen release（936 million yuan per year）, accounting for 85.09% of the total value of ecosystem services. The value of forest protection（61 million yuan per year） was the least, accounting for 0.90% of the total value. The ecological service values of different forest stand types were different, and the order of ecological service values per unit area was broadleaf forest ＞ coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest ＞ coniferous forest ＞ bamboo forest ＞ shrub forest.

根据天台县2017年古树名木普查数据,分析该县古树名木资源特征.结果表明,天台县古树名木数量多且种类丰富,共有古树名木7139株,隶属于43科81属118种;古树名木以乡土树种为主,其中云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei的数量最多,有2214株,占全县古树名木总株数的31.10％;古树名木以群生为主,共有43个古树群,群生古树共有5835株,占全县古树名木总株数的81.73％;全县15个乡(镇、街道)均有古树名木分布,其中以石梁镇的数量最多,有4515株,占全县古树名木总株数的63.24％;古树树龄总体呈"金字塔"形分布,其中,一级古树占3.68％,二级古树占7.89％,三级古树占88.43％.对古树名木树龄特征与形态特征指标之间的相关性分析结果表明,树龄与树高、胸径、冠幅均呈正相关,其中以胸径与树龄的相关性最高.天台县古树名木生长状况总体良好,但存在2.91％的衰弱古树和1.25％的濒危古树.针对这一现状,提出了加强科普宣传、加大资金投入、培养专业人才、健全法律制度等保护和修复建议.

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) can be used as a millimeter-level measurement tool for forest inventories. However, the stem diameter retrieval accuracy in sample plot scanning is not yet convincing. The errors in each step of stem diameter retrieval algorithms must be evaluated. In this study, six numerical calculation methods for the numerical calculation step, i.e., cylinder fitting (CYF), circle fitting (CF), convex hull line fitting (CLF), the proposed caliper simulation method (CSM), closure B-spline curve fitting (SP) and closure Bézier curve fitting with global convexity (SPC), were applied to stem diameter retrieval, and the similarities and differences were evaluated. The ovality, completeness and roughness were used to evaluate the stem slice point cloud quality. A total of 165 stem slice point clouds at breast height collected from three Larix kaempferi plots were used. Compared with the field-measured stem diameters at breast height (DBHs), the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the CYF, CF, CLF, CSM, SP and SPC methods were 0.30 cm, 0.30 cm, 0.51 cm, 0.51 cm, 0.56 cm and 0.54 cm, respectively. Compared with the SPC method results, the RMSE of the CSM results was 0.05 cm. The results illustrated that the CYF and CF methods performed the same, as did the CLF and CSM methods. Most DBHs retrieved by the CYF and CF methods were smaller than the field-measured DBHs, and most DBHs retrieved by the CLF, CSM, SP and SPC methods were larger than the field-measured DBHs. This study demonstrated that the CYF and CF methods perform the best and are the most robust, and the measurements by a diameter tape and a caliper are similar enough for forestry inventories. Evaluating and preprocessing stem slice point clouds is a potential way to improve stem diameter retrieval accuracy.

为降低宁波地区主要花木品种'染井吉野'樱花及红枫培育过程中的化肥用量,通过使用微生物菌剂作为肥料增效剂降低复合肥的用量,分别在2个品种1年生地栽苗中开展试验.结果表明:微生物菌剂有助于复合肥的减量使用.在'染井吉野'樱花试验中,试验期内肥料使用减量30％以内对于苗木的地径生长无影响;在红枫试验中,前2年复合肥减量30％以内对幼苗地径生长无影响,第3年后减量20％以上时则影响苗木的地径生长量.

天然常绿阔叶混交林是宁波地区的典型地带性植被类型,研究该林分类型的树高-胸径关系模型,可为宁波地区的天然常绿阔叶混交林的林木生长预测、森林经营管理、森林资源清查等提供理论参考.以宁波地区常见的石栎Lithocarpus glaber-木荷Schima superba天然常绿阔叶混交林为研究对象,选用30个常用的树高-胸径经验模型,通过5个模型评价指标即调整决定系数(Ra2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、相对平均绝对误差(RMAE)和Akaike信息准则(AIC)比较分析模型之间的拟合效果差异,从而确定适宜的树高-胸径模型.结果 表明,除M23无法求解,其余29个模型均可求解.29个模型中,M09、M12和M26在5个模型评价指标中表现优异,M09和M12优于M26,说明M09和M12均为适宜的石栎-木荷天然常绿阔叶混交林树高-胸径模型.若优先考虑建模数据的拟合效果,建议选用M09,Ra2=0.9141;若优先考虑检验数据的拟合效果,建议选用M12,Ra2=0.9126.

以宁波天然甜槠阔叶混交林为研究对象,选择30个常用的树高—胸径经验模型,利用调整决定系数(Ra2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、相对平均绝对误差(RMAE)和Akaike信息准则(AIC)等5个模型评价指标,比较分析模型之间差异.结果表明,除M23无法求解,其余29个模型均可求解.29个模型中,M11和M24在5个模型评价指标中表现优异,M11优于M24,说明M11为适宜的天然甜槠阔叶混交林树高—胸径模型,其Ra2=0.910 1.

以东北云冷杉天然次生林为对象,在吉林省汪清林业局,设立面积为1 hm2(100 m×100 m)的样地12块,在每个样地安装面积为0.64 m2(0.8 m×0.8 m)的种子收集器5个.自2018年7月末开始收集种子,每月收集1次,至11月末结束.在实验室将收集的种子分成完整种子、干瘪或霉烂种子、被取食种子3类,分析种子雨时空分布特征.结果表明:整个种子雨阶段,共收集177561粒种子,平均种子雨密度为1257.42粒·m-2.完整种子占种子雨总量的比例较高(99.43％),其中水曲柳种子完整率为98.20％,高于其他树种;冷杉种子完整率为89.79％;未收集到鱼鳞云杉种子.研究区大部分树种种子在10月份达到成熟高峰,整个群落及各树种种子雨在不同时间均表现出显著差异(P<0.05).种子空间变异系数为1.35,水曲柳变异系数最大(7.02).该地区种子雨产量丰富、种子完整度高、天然更新潜力大、种子空间变异程度大、种子分布不均匀.

选择3个生境梯度林带中25个常见绿化树种,采用试剂盒法测定分析了宁波市常见绿化树种叶片氧化酶活性.结果 表明:不同生境25个常见树种总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性差异较大,25个树种T-SOD、POD平均值分别为171.63±81.20U/克组织湿重、22.72±21.23U/mgprot,不同树种POD活性值变异系数达到93.47％,而T-SOD活性值变异系数仅有47.31％;落叶乔木树种相对常绿乔木树种具有较高T-SOD和POD活性值,无患子(Sapindus mukorossi) T-SOD活性值达到304.57±134.40U/克组织湿重,乌桕(Sapium seb-iferum)POD活性值达到101.30±13.74U/mgprot;3个不同生境树种叶片T-SOD、POD活性值表现一致,位于远郊的天童风景区绿化景观林带树种T-SOD、POD活性值较小.可见,不同植物叶片T-SOD、POD水平是植物对环境变化的适应性表现,反映了植物对污染环境的适应能力,从而筛选出具有污染抗性绿化树种.

为探究乙酸提高北美冬青抗旱能力的分子机制,通过对CK(清水)、T1 (20 mmol/L乙酸溶液)、T2(40 mmol/L乙酸溶液)处理后的北美冬青叶片进行转录组测序及分析.通过组装共得到120 421条Unigene序列,共计73.75％的序列在相关数据库中得到注释;通过3个组差异表达基因比较得到以下结果:与CK相比,T1处理后的北美冬青叶片有10 229个基因表达量上调,559个基因表达量下调;T2分别有10 959个上调和938个下调;T1相比较T2有3 524个上调,4 287个下调.GO富集分析显示差异基因主要涉及结合、催化活性、转运活性、细胞成分的组织与生物发生、细胞定位、生物调节细胞、细胞分离及细胞器等.KEGG分析表明在使用乙酸溶液处理后,北美冬青植株内的乙烯、水杨酸、油菜素内酯等植物激素信号增强.综合以上分析结果,北美冬青可能通过代谢调节、物质能量准备及有害自由基的清除等途径提高处理植株应对干旱胁迫的能力,其中激素通路信号提高倍数最强的乙烯途径值得深入研究.

为研究不同产地黄精块茎食用相关营养成分的差异情况,选取河南信阳、 江西九华山、 浙江宁波等地区的多花黄精和长梗黄精块茎,分别测定黄酮、 游离氨基酸、 可溶性淀粉、 可溶性蛋白、 总糖、 可溶性总糖、 多糖、 粗脂肪、 粗纤维和含水量等10个指标.结果表明,不同种源多花黄精间以及长梗黄精与多花黄精间存在显著差异;宁海种源的多花黄精块茎的游离氨基酸、 总糖、 多糖等营养指标含量较另2个种源多花黄精高;宁海种源的长梗黄精有6个指标要优于多花黄精.

通过标准样地法,对浙江梅山岛分布的舟山新木姜子群落进行了调查,分析了该群落结构、种类组成,归纳了主要树种的种群结构,比较了不同舟山新木姜子群落特征的差异.结果表明:群落林木层中出现木本植物14科18属18种,舟山新木姜子凭借其个体数量优势成为群落唯一优势树种;主要树种种群结构有五种类型:逆J字型、间歇型、单峰型、单柱型和L字型,逆J字型的舟山新木姜子具有很强的更新能力,形成了成熟稳定且正常增长的种群状态.该群落与沿海地区6个舟山新木姜子群落生态位和种类组成有所不同,与天童盘山群落相似度较高,表明舟山新木姜子对岛屿和沿海陆地具有很强的生态适应性;但聚集分布的舟山新木姜子存在同种生存竞争,应采取适当措施加强种群保护.

莲都峰源省级自然保护区位于中国南亚热带与中亚热带的交汇地带,植被构成以森林植被为主.在2016年科考的基础上,对保护区植物区系组成和地理成分进行统计分析.结果表明,保护区内共有野生维管束植物170科661属1370种,其中蕨类植物33科66属124种,裸子植物5科7属10种,被子植物132科588属1336种.保护区内大科有4科,分别为菊科(Asteraceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae);大属有3属,分别为薹草属(Carex Linn.)、悬钩子属(Rubus L.)和冬青属(Ilex L.),寡种科和单种科数量最多,分别有79科和49科,寡种属、单种属分别有214属、404属.保护区植物地理成分复杂,过渡性明显,区内170个科的地理成分可划分为8个分布区类型及其变型,661属的地理成分可划分为13个,区系表现为具有明显的热带性质.

ObjectiveConsidering stand density, diameter structure and tree species structure, the optimal model for stand mean height and mean DBH relationship was constructed using algebraic difference approach. It may provide a theoretical basis for site productivity estimation and sustainable management of natural mixed forests.MethodBase algebraic difference approaches were modeled with 4 different data structure types, i.e. typeC, typeD, typeE and typeF based on Richards model using 4 inventory data of permanent sample plots in natural Quercus spp. broadleaved mixed stands. The 4 different base algebraic difference approaches were comparatively analyzed to get the optimal data structure type. Algebraic difference approach of diversity indices was constructed based on the optimal data structure type using 5 different stand density indices, including tree number (N), stand basal area (BA), stand density index (SDIr), additive stand density index (SDIa) and canopy density (CD), and the 5 different diameter diversity indices including Shannon evenness index (ShaI), Simpson index (SimI), McIntosh evenness index (MceI), Gini coefficient (GinI) and Berger-Parker index (BerI), and the 4 different species diversity indices including ShaI, SimI, MceI and BerI. The algebraic difference approach of diversity indices was comparatively analyzed to obtain the optimize algebraic difference approaches, i.e. the optimize stand mean height and mean DBH relationship.ResultModel fitting effects of calibration data in different data structure types were sorted from best to worst, and the ranking was: typeD > typeC > typeF > typeE. Except for typeC, model coefficients b and r of the other three data structure types were significant (P < 0.01), indicating that the model fitting effects of typeD were the best. Model fitting effects of SDIr were the best. Model coefficients b0, r and cSD were significant (P < 0.01), regardless of which stand density index was used, indicating that model fitting effects of the 5 different stand density indices were reasonable. Model fitting effect of ShaI was the best. Except for GinI, model coefficients b0, r, cSDIr and cDI of the other 4 diameter diversity indices were significant (P < 0.01), indicating that model fitting effects of ShaI, SimI, MceI and BerI were reasonable. Model fitting and validation effects had little difference among the 4 species diversity indices. Model coefficients b0, r, cSDIr, cShaI and cSP of BerI were significant (P < 0.01), indicating that BerI was reasonable. However, model coefficients b0, r, cSDIr, cShaI and cSP of ShaI, SimI and MceI were not significant at the level of 0.05, indicating that ShaI, SimI and MceI were not reasonable.ConclusionTypeD is the best data structure type, stand density, diameter diversity and species diversity were significant for algebraic difference approach. Moreover, the model fitting effects of algebraic difference approach within SDIr, ShaI and BerI are the best, which is served as the optimize stand mean height and mean DBH relationship in natural Quercus spp. broadleaved mixed stands.

2016年1-12月,采用线路踏查和样地调查相结合的方法,对浙江省丽水市莲都峰源省级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的资源状况和分布特征进行了调查.结果表明,保护区内有珍稀濒危及保护植物113种,隶属于45科84属,其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物有2种,为南方红豆杉Taxus wallichiana var.mairei和伯乐树Bretschneidera sinensis;国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物有12种,如九龙山榧树Torreya jiulongshanensis,榧树T.grandiss,长叶榧树T.jachii,榉树Zelkova schneideriana,鹅掌楸Liriodendron chinense等;浙江省重点保护野生植物有79种,如蛇足石杉Huperzia serrata,松叶蕨Psilotum nudum,孩儿参Pseudostellaria heterophylla等.《中国物种红色名录》收录且列为近危及以上级别的有57种,《浙江珍稀濒危植物》收录的有27种.研究结果为莲都峰源省级自然保护区内珍稀濒危植物的保护和科学利用提供了理论依据.

为探究莲都峰源省级自然保护区内植被类型及分布特点,于2016年1-12月采用线路踏查和样地调查相结合的方法,对保护区内植被进行全面调查.结果 表明,保护区内共有维管植物183科726属1475种,其中蕨类植物33科66属124种,裸子植物8科16属19种,被子植物142科644属1332种;有国家重点保护野生植物14种,省重点保护野生植物20种;依据生态外貌和群落特征,将峰源省级自然保护区的植被划分为7个植被组,14个植被型,14个植被亚型,42个群系(组);阔叶林面积占比最高,达61.2％;植被类型,水平方向上西北主要为落叶阔叶林、东南主要为常绿阔叶林、西北中心地带分布的山地沼泽直观反映了水平方向上差异,垂直方向上从下到上依次分布常绿阔叶林、马尾松针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林、石栎落叶混交林和山地沼泽,垂直带谱明显.

在宁波市农业科学研究院高新农业技术园区试验基地,于2018年6月开展了抗旱保水剂在北美冬青容器育苗中的应用研究,在育苗基质中添加重量比为5%、10%、20%的保水剂和对照(无保水剂)共设置4个处理,对于北美冬青的生长情况及容器的持水量进行了持续观测,结果表明:通过在基质中添加一定比例的保水剂可有效提高基质的持水量,添加5%、10%、20%之后基质持水量分别增加了32%、49. 5%、53. 2%;在应对干旱缺水情况方面,5%和10%表现较好,20%因北美冬青幼苗根系呼吸受到抑制,表现出缺氧现象.综上,建议在生产中使用5%～10%的抗旱保水剂可有效减低浇水频率,提高育苗成活率.

根据2017年莲都区古树名木普查数据,从树种、树龄、空间分布及生长状况4个方面分析和评价全区古树的现状.结果 表明:莲都区古树数量多且种类丰富,共有古树名木资源2156株,分属28科52属66种.马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、樟(Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana Hance)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindl.) Schott.)、南方红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana Zucc.var.mairei(Lemee et Levl.)L.K.Fu et Nan Li)、榧树(Torreya grandis Fort.ex Lindl.)、柳杉(Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.)D.Don var.sinensis Miq.in Sieb.et Zucc)7种古树株数最多,是优势树种,占总株数的85.9％;全区一级古树127株、二级古树335株、三级古树1694株,古树株数和种数在年龄上呈现出“金字塔”型分布,总体趋势是年龄越大,株数和科属种数越少;全区古树空间分布以散生分布为主,散生古树占总株数的63.2％,群生古树占比36.8％,大多数古树分布在农村,极少数分布于城区,城市化发展最早的白云街道和万象街道无古树群分布且古树株数最少,说明工业发展和城市化进程是古树群居破碎化和古树株数减少的主要原因;全区古树生长状况良好,生长正常、衰弱、濒危、死亡的古树分别为1985、115、30、26株,分别占总株数的92.1％、5.3％、1.4％、1.2％.从多角度全面分析了全区古树生长现状,可为古树名木保护工作提供参考.