Ilex verticillata (winterberry) is a valuable ornamental shrub increasingly threatened by leaf blight, a disease that compromises its aesthetic and economic value. While fungal pathogens like Alternaria alternata are known to cause leaf blight in horticultural crops, their role in I. verticillata and the host’s defense mechanisms have not been fully characterized. Our study investigated the pathogen-host interaction by identifying the causal agent and examining the physiological and molecular defense mechanisms of I. verticillata. Through morphological and multi-locus molecular analyses (ITS, TEF1-α, G3PDH, RPB2), A. alternata was confirmed as the primary pathogen, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Pathogenicity assays revealed distinct disease progression stages, from necrotic lesions to tissue degradation. Transcriptomic profiling uncovered dynamic host responses, with early upregulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), followed by downregulation of metabolic pathway genes. Phytohormone analysis highlighted intricate crosstalk, with salicylic acid (SA) peaking during mid-infection and jasmonic acid (JA) rebounding later, reflecting a coordinated defense strategy. Additionally, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of membrane lipid peroxidation, surged early, indicating membrane damage, while sustained induction of antioxidant enzymes suggested adaptive responses. The key finding was distinct phytohormone crosstalk, characterized by a mid-infection SA peak followed by a late JA rebound, alongside an early oxidative burst marked by MDA accumulation and sustained antioxidant enzyme activity. These findings provide a framework for understanding I. verticillata’s defense mechanisms and offer insights for developing targeted disease management strategies, such as resistant cultivar breeding or hormone-mediated interventions.

以'贝尔奇卡金Belgica Aurea'、'金皇帝Gold King'、'牢苏尼阿纳Lawsoniana'3个哈克勒雷冬青Ilex×altaclerensis品种13 a生嫁接植株成熟叶片为试材,采用LI-6400光合仪测定其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)等光合参数日变化,测定叶片相关生理指标,并进行相关性分析.结果表明:3个哈克勒雷冬青品种的Pn受生理及环境因子不同程度的影响,影响Pn的主要生理因子是Gs,环境因子为大气温度.3个品种的Pn日变化均呈双峰曲线,"午休"现象,原因主要是非气孔因素;Pn、Tr、叶绿素含量和比叶重均表现为'牢苏尼阿纳'>'贝尔奇卡金'>'金皇帝'.综上所述,'牢苏尼阿纳'光合生产能力最高,能够快速生长;'贝尔奇卡金'次之,且受环境影响最小;'金皇帝'综合光合性能最弱.

本试验选用了4种安全的降解剂结合吡虫啉使用来防治蚜虫,通过对日本晚樱花瓣的吡虫啉残留量进行检测,发现超浓多元有机酸、 强力解百毒粉剂、 超C解毒抗应激粉剂、 二氧化钛对吡虫啉均有一定的降解效果.其中二氧化钛的降解效果较佳,使吡虫啉降解半衰期缩短1.77 d,但其添加到吡虫啉里后,对于蚜虫的防治效果较差;超C解毒抗应激粉剂可使吡虫啉降解半衰期缩短1.25 d,且其添加后对蚜虫的防治效果也较好,可达到91.02％.因此,通过本试验可知,在吡虫啉中加入超C解毒抗应激粉剂可以有效降解吡虫啉残留量,并且不影响其对蚜虫的防治效果.

为减少土壤氮肥流失,提高肥料利用率,本研究通过比较尿素中添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT、 硝化抑制剂DMPP和土壤养分活化剂CSN等肥料增效剂对锦绣杜鹃生长情况及土壤指标的影响,筛选效果显著的肥料增效剂.结果表明,DMPP处理组对于维持土壤高铵态氮和低硝态氮具有显著作用,施加DMPP组和DMPP+NBPT组锦绣杜鹃的株高生长优于其他处理组.因此,DMPP可作为新型肥料增效剂广泛应用于苗木栽培,可有效提升肥料利用率,同时可减少肥料流失带来的环境污染问题.

2019年4—11月,以美国山核桃品种'波尼'Carya illinoensis'Pawnee'1年生幼苗为试验材料,通过浇灌方式探讨0(CK)、0.3％、0.4％,0.5％,0.6％和0.7％(质量百分数)NaCl处理对美国山核桃幼苗的发育物候期及存活率的影响;2019年6—9月,分别选择0(CK)、0.3％和0.6％(质量百分数)NaCl对美国山核桃的10年生苗进行盐胁迫处理,探讨对其果实形态特征和果仁营养成分的影响.结果表明,当NaCl浓度达到0.7％时,美国山核桃幼苗的存活率仅为49.5％,宜选用低于0.7％的NaCl作为其可耐受浓度.对10年生苗的盐胁迫处理结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,果实纵径、单果质量、种壳厚度、果仁蛋白质和还原糖含量均呈上升趋势,而脂肪和可溶性糖含量呈现出缓慢下降的趋势;除单果质量外,不同处理对果实品质的影响差异不显著(P?0.05);NaCl处理改变了果仁中棕榈酸、α-亚麻酸和顺-11-二十碳烯酸3种脂肪酸的相对含量,但不同处理对脂肪酸组成的影响差异不显著(P?0.05).以上研究结果可为美国山核桃在滨海盐碱地上的绿化及生态应用提供理论依据.

以一年生薄壳山核桃'Pawnee'的容器苗为试材,采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液0％(CK)、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％对其进行盐胁迫处理,确定耐受浓度.再以薄壳山核桃'Pawnee'幼苗为试材,采用不同NaCl浓度水平(0％、0.3％、0.6％和0.9％)胁迫处理,研究了盐胁迫对其物候期、叶片抗氧化酶活性和Na+/K+的影响,以期为薄壳山核桃栽培提供参考依据.结果表明:在0.3％NaCl处理后薄壳山核桃落叶时间比对照提早了26 d,且存活率与对照一致,均为97.1％;而盐浓度达到0.7％NaCl处理后植株的存活率为49.5％;NaCl浓度水平的升高显著增加'Pawnee'幼苗叶片中Na+/K+和脯氨酸(Pro)含量;另外,丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在处理前期的10 d或30 d,随NaCl浓度水平增大而增加;但在盐处理后期,尤其在高NaCl浓度水平(0.6％和0.9％)下,其活性随着胁迫处理时间的增加呈下降趋势.

以薄壳山核桃品种Pawnee幼苗为试材,探讨不同浓度NaCl(0、0.3％、0.6％和0.9％)处理对其叶绿素含量、光合作用、荧光参数及叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明,短期内低浓度水平(0.3％NaCl)处理可能使植株叶绿素的含量有所增加,但长期盐胁迫均会导致所有处理组中叶绿素含量的降低;NaCl胁迫显著削弱其光合作用,而0.3％NaCl处理下的净光合速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度、气孔导度的变化趋势基本相同,气孔因素可能是抑制其光合作用的主要因素.此外,不同浓度的NaCl处理均对叶绿体和类囊体等结构造成一定程度的损坏,且随着NaCl浓度和处理时间的增加而越发明显.

为降低宁波地区主要花木品种'染井吉野'樱花及红枫培育过程中的化肥用量,通过使用微生物菌剂作为肥料增效剂降低复合肥的用量,分别在2个品种1年生地栽苗中开展试验.结果表明:微生物菌剂有助于复合肥的减量使用.在'染井吉野'樱花试验中,试验期内肥料使用减量30％以内对于苗木的地径生长无影响;在红枫试验中,前2年复合肥减量30％以内对幼苗地径生长无影响,第3年后减量20％以上时则影响苗木的地径生长量.

Plants grown in stony soils have better developed root systems and higher crop yields. The roles of physical and chemical effects of stony soils on plant growth have been published, but the roles of soil microbiota have not been investigated. In this study, Tetrastigma hemsleyanum plants were cultivated for 2 years in stony soils and the same soils after removing rock fragments (non-stony soils). The composition of bacterial community and the tuber transcriptome were analyzed, using multiple bioinformatics methods. Compared with non-stony soils, stony soils supported a significantly different bacterial community, which was associated with larger tuber size of T. hemsleyanum . Stony soils had greater bacterial diversity, co-occurrence network complexity, and greater abundance of bacterial taxa belonging to Actinobacteria, Rokubacteria, Rhizobiales, Desulfarculaceae, and Chthoniobacteraceae than the corresponding microbiota in non-stony soils. The differential soil bacterial communities between stony and non-stony soils may be mainly driven by soil physicochemical properties, such as available S, organic matter, and pH. The discriminatory bacterial taxa of soils shaped the bacterial communities of rhizosphere soil, and tuber surface soil (TS), which was strongly correlated with tuber size parameters. In addition, the potential functions of the discriminatory bacterial taxa in TS corresponded closely with gene pathways of the host, like phytohormone biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and biotic stress resistance, which are crucial for the initiation and development of tubers. These results not only help us to better understand the role of stony soils in improving plant growth but also provide a reference for increasing tuber yield through the use of microbial inocula.

以贝尔奇卡金、金皇帝、牢苏尼阿纳3种哈克勒雷冬青与阳光狭冠冬青为试验材料,用不同浓度NAA、IAA和IBA处理插穗进行扦插试验.结果表明,3种哈克勒雷冬青表现为愈伤组织生根,并伴有少量皮部生根,经植物生长调节剂处理后成活率达到50％左右;而阳光狭冠冬青则表现为皮部生根,同时伴有愈伤组织生根,生根率可达80％左右.贝尔奇卡金与金皇帝生根的最佳处理为200 mg·L-1 IAA浸泡0.5 h;牢苏尼阿纳的最佳处理为500 mg·L-1 IBA浸泡0.5 h;阳光狭冠的最佳处理为500 mg·L-1 IAA浸泡0.5 h.

为了筛选宁波地区苗圃地控制杂草的绿肥,选取6种绿肥草种作为试验材料,对比分析黑麦草、白三叶、紫花苜蓿、猪屎豆、蛇灭门、光叶苕子对杂草的控制能力及对土壤养分的影响.结果表明,6种绿肥的控草能力依次为黑麦草>紫花苜蓿>白三叶>光叶苕子>猪屎豆>蛇灭门,黑麦草和紫花苜蓿均可作为宁波地区苗圃地的控草绿肥,其杂草抑制率均在90％以上;紫花苜蓿既可控草又可增加土壤中有效磷和速效钾含量;光叶苕子可有效增加土壤中有机质和速效钾的含量;猪屎豆能有效提升土壤有机质和养分含量,是一个效果比较全面的绿肥,但栽培中建议对其进行修剪.

以2年生普陀樟(Cinnamomum japonicum var.chenii和日本荚蒾(Viburnum japonicum)容器苗为研究材料,施以不同浓度(0、3‰、6‰、9‰) NaCl溶液,调查其生理生化指标和叶片解剖结构的变化,对耐盐能力进行评价.结果 表明,随NaCl处理浓度的增加2种植物叶绿素质量浓度、净光合速率(Pn)显著下降;其中普陀樟和日本荚蒾光合速率下降的主要因素分别为非气孔限制和气孔限制;低浓度NaCl处理对两者生长有促进作用,表现为最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)的上升,YⅡ、qP的下降;切片结果表明盐处理后叶片栅栏组织的厚度和组织细胞变小、细胞间隙变大,普陀樟变化程度显著小于日本荚蒾.综合各指标变化,低浓度盐环境促进普陀樟和日本荚蒾生长,而高浓度会产生抑制效应,两者中普陀樟对盐环境适应能力更强.

通过对杭州湾慈溪市范围内9个不同工段沿海防护林的树种保存情况的调查和比较分析,不同工段种植树种的数量、林分密度、乔灌树种株数比例等存在较大差异,发现工段内树种配置数量与保存率无显著相关.根据树种保存率建议在杭州湾南岸海防林建设中采用的灌木树种为海滨木槿(Hibiscus hamabo)、夹竹桃(Nerium oleander)和金森女贞(Ligustrum japonicum' Howardii'),可采用的乔木树种为落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、乌桕(Sapium sebiferum).

以2年生的'贝尔奇卡金'哈克勒雷冬青(Ilex× altaclerensis' Belgica Aurea')扦插苗和2年生冬青(Ilex chinensis)实生苗为试验材料,在温室大棚内定期浇灌浓度为0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％ NaC1溶液进行盐胁迫,以浇清水为对照.通过测量植物的光合特性参数以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化,研究比较不同盐胁迫处理对二者的影响.结果 显示:Nacl溶液处理后两种冬青属植物的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均出现了下降;相同浓度盐胁迫处理下冬青的下降幅度更大;盐胁迫后'贝尔奇卡金'哈克勒雷冬青最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)的变化较冬青稳定,变化幅度小于冬青,表明在本试验中,'贝尔奇卡金'哈克勒雷冬青比冬青具有更高的耐盐特性,'贝尔奇卡金'哈克勒雷冬青对盐胁迫的最大盐耐受浓度为0.6％,冬青的盐胁迫耐受浓度为0.3％.

Soil salinity is a serious abiotic stress worldwide. Pecan plants (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) have been suggested for cultivation in soils with high levels of salinity owing to their huge demand. To understand the potential molecular mechanisms in pecan in response to salt stress, RNA-sequencing technology was used to compare the transcriptomes of pecan plants treated with 0, 0.3 %, or 0.6 % NaCl solutions. The results indicated that 170,086 unigenes were obtained from pecan leaf cDNA samples. Based on the assembled de novo transcriptome, 53, 535, and 7358 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between untreated and salt-treated leaves at 8, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Because of the large number of DEGs across different contrasts, a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was selected to identify gene pathways associated with salt treatment. A total of 1858 DEGs were enriched in 66 gene sets, including 22 up-regulated and 47 down-regulated gene sets in the salt treatment groups, compared with those in the control groups. The up-regulated gene sets were mainly involved in the response to salicylic acid; the regulation of the jasmonic acid-mediated signalling pathway during the short-term treatment (8 h); and the cellular response to hypoxia, cellular respiration, and RNA modification during the long-term treatment (24-48 h). The down-regulated gene sets were predominately associated with photosynthesis, water transport, and the metabolic biosynthetic process under salt stress. Genes related to the Really Interesting New Gene superfamily protein and F-box domain protein in the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in different periods of the regulating process. Overall, these results not only enrich genomic resources but also provide insights into the molecular mechanism in pecan under salt stress.

为探究乙酸提高北美冬青抗旱能力的分子机制,通过对CK(清水)、T1 (20 mmol/L乙酸溶液)、T2(40 mmol/L乙酸溶液)处理后的北美冬青叶片进行转录组测序及分析.通过组装共得到120 421条Unigene序列,共计73.75％的序列在相关数据库中得到注释;通过3个组差异表达基因比较得到以下结果:与CK相比,T1处理后的北美冬青叶片有10 229个基因表达量上调,559个基因表达量下调;T2分别有10 959个上调和938个下调;T1相比较T2有3 524个上调,4 287个下调.GO富集分析显示差异基因主要涉及结合、催化活性、转运活性、细胞成分的组织与生物发生、细胞定位、生物调节细胞、细胞分离及细胞器等.KEGG分析表明在使用乙酸溶液处理后,北美冬青植株内的乙烯、水杨酸、油菜素内酯等植物激素信号增强.综合以上分析结果,北美冬青可能通过代谢调节、物质能量准备及有害自由基的清除等途径提高处理植株应对干旱胁迫的能力,其中激素通路信号提高倍数最强的乙烯途径值得深入研究.

为研究不同产地黄精块茎食用相关营养成分的差异情况,选取河南信阳、 江西九华山、 浙江宁波等地区的多花黄精和长梗黄精块茎,分别测定黄酮、 游离氨基酸、 可溶性淀粉、 可溶性蛋白、 总糖、 可溶性总糖、 多糖、 粗脂肪、 粗纤维和含水量等10个指标.结果表明,不同种源多花黄精间以及长梗黄精与多花黄精间存在显著差异;宁海种源的多花黄精块茎的游离氨基酸、 总糖、 多糖等营养指标含量较另2个种源多花黄精高;宁海种源的长梗黄精有6个指标要优于多花黄精.

为了探究不同遮阴处理对华重楼生长、光合特性的影响,以及适宜生长的光照强度.本研究以华重楼4年生种苗为试验材料,研究了30％遮阴度、50％遮阴度、70％遮阴度、90％遮阴度和林下栽培(郁闭度0.9)5种不同的遮阴处理对华重楼生长和光合作用的影响.结果 表明:随着遮阴程度的增加,其株高显著增加,在遮阴度为70％时达到最高,但是显著低于林下栽培.叶片氮和叶绿素含量随遮阴程度增加呈上升趋势,且在林下栽培时达到最高.光合速率(Pn)在林下栽培时最高(7.6μtmol·m-2·s-1),其次为遮阴度70％ (6.0μmol·m-2·s-1),且均显著高于其他遮阴处理组.皮尔逊相关性分析表明,在不同遮阴处理下,华重楼株高与Pn密切相关,为保证其最大的光合潜力,在人工栽培华重楼时,其遮阴度应控制在70％ ～ 90％为宜.

研究了华顶杜鹃Rhododendron huadingense花粉活力水平及不同贮藏方法对其活力的影响.结果表明,新鲜华顶杜鹃花粉的萌发率高达98.1％;室温存放的新鲜花粉在3 d内可保持较高的活力,3 d后其活力下降迅速;4℃贮藏7 d后的花粉萌发率仍保持在85.5％的较高水平,贮藏15 d时的萌发率仍高于50％,可作为华顶杜鹃花粉的短期(15 d内)保存方法;-20℃贮藏40 d后的花粉萌发率仍能达到87.4％,基本可满足实际需求;-80℃下贮藏60 d后萌发率依旧维持在95.2％,可用于华顶杜鹃花粉的长期保存.本研究结果说明花粉活力不是导致华顶杜鹃濒危的生物学原因.

在宁波市农业科学研究院高新农业技术园区试验基地,于2018年6月开展了抗旱保水剂在北美冬青容器育苗中的应用研究,在育苗基质中添加重量比为5%、10%、20%的保水剂和对照(无保水剂)共设置4个处理,对于北美冬青的生长情况及容器的持水量进行了持续观测,结果表明:通过在基质中添加一定比例的保水剂可有效提高基质的持水量,添加5%、10%、20%之后基质持水量分别增加了32%、49. 5%、53. 2%;在应对干旱缺水情况方面,5%和10%表现较好,20%因北美冬青幼苗根系呼吸受到抑制,表现出缺氧现象.综上,建议在生产中使用5%～10%的抗旱保水剂可有效减低浇水频率,提高育苗成活率.