Tea breeding increasingly requires a continuous evidence chain from germplasm identity to molecular variation and progeny performance, but cultivar passports, genome resources, transcriptome profiles, metabolite data and breeding records are often managed separately. Here, we present Ningbo TeaBase (NB-TeaBase), an open, cultivar-centered database for robust-bud tea (Camellia sinensis) breeding. The platform uses named cultivars as the organizing unit and integrates germplasm passport information for eight elite cultivars with 23 chromosome-level genomes, whole-genome resequencing variants, RNA-seq expression profiles, untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolite features, annotations and downloadable records. Shared cultivar, gene, variant, pathway and metabolite identifiers allow users to characterize a cultivar across genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic layers and to connect these profiles with breeding records. A parental-prediction module incorporates genome-wide markers and phenotypes from 122 progeny assigned to seven observed parental combinations; it reports genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for candidate crosses and observed-family general and specific combining-ability summaries for seven traits. By combining germplasm documentation, multi-omics evidence and progeny-informed cross ranking, NB-TeaBase supports cultivar evaluation, parent selection, cross prioritization and breeding strategy formulation. Current prediction outputs remain exploratory because the phenotypic training data cover only seven parental combinations and require broader validation.

Camellia japonica is a widely cultivated woody ornamental plant. However, current studies mostly focus on the onset of flowering, neglecting the overall flowering time distribution patterns of the blooming process. In this study, we used uniform 5-year-old potted cuttings of C. japonica ‘Jinjiang Mudan’ to evaluate six candidate distribution models, including normal, log-normal, skew-normal, gamma, Weibull, and exponential, to model flowering time distribution. These candidates were compared to obtain an optimal distribution model using three-fold cross-validation, six evaluation indicators, and three goodness-of-fit tests in the control. The optimal distribution model was used to compare and analyze the different effects of the control, shading, and exogenous hormone treatments. The results showed that the skew-normal distribution model emerged as the most suitable distribution model among the six candidates and captured the flowering time distribution characteristics effectively in all treatments. Shading treatments were found to delay and extend the flowering period, with moderate treatments (50% and 70% shading) demonstrating better performance, extending the flowering period by approximately 40%. In terms of exogenous hormone treatments, BG (a mixture of the 6-BA and GA3) concentrations could prolong and delay the flowering period. Lower concentrations (100 and 250 mg L−1) of 6-BA and GA3 were effective in extending the flowering period, with BA250 exhibiting the most pronounced effect, delaying flowering onset by approximately 12% and extending the flowering period by approximately 17%. Considering that this study is based on single-location and single-season trials, these findings provide a valuable methodological resource for quantifying and predicting flowering time distribution in C. japonica, other ornamentals, and crops.

Ilex verticillata (winterberry) is a valuable ornamental shrub increasingly threatened by leaf blight, a disease that compromises its aesthetic and economic value. While fungal pathogens like Alternaria alternata are known to cause leaf blight in horticultural crops, their role in I. verticillata and the host’s defense mechanisms have not been fully characterized. Our study investigated the pathogen-host interaction by identifying the causal agent and examining the physiological and molecular defense mechanisms of I. verticillata. Through morphological and multi-locus molecular analyses (ITS, TEF1-α, G3PDH, RPB2), A. alternata was confirmed as the primary pathogen, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Pathogenicity assays revealed distinct disease progression stages, from necrotic lesions to tissue degradation. Transcriptomic profiling uncovered dynamic host responses, with early upregulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and transcripts encoding antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), followed by downregulation of metabolic pathway genes. Phytohormone analysis highlighted intricate crosstalk, with salicylic acid (SA) peaking during mid-infection and jasmonic acid (JA) rebounding later, reflecting a coordinated defense strategy. Additionally, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of membrane lipid peroxidation, surged early, indicating membrane damage, while sustained induction of antioxidant enzymes suggested adaptive responses. The key finding was distinct phytohormone crosstalk, characterized by a mid-infection SA peak followed by a late JA rebound, alongside an early oxidative burst marked by MDA accumulation and sustained antioxidant enzyme activity. These findings provide a framework for understanding I. verticillata’s defense mechanisms and offer insights for developing targeted disease management strategies, such as resistant cultivar breeding or hormone-mediated interventions.

This study presents the complete chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum daphnoides (154,121 bp, GC 39.2%), a newly recorded species in China, revealing a typical quadripartite structure: a large single-copy region (93,688 bp, GC 37.9%), a small single-copy region (18,929 bp, GC 33.9%), and two inverted repeats (20,752 bp each, GC 44.3%). The genome harbors 126 genes (82 protein-coding, 36 tRNA, 8 rRNA). Phylogenetic analysis groups C. daphnoides with C. tamala, differing from prior studies. These findings clarify its systematic position within Cinnamomum and support its potential for coastal greening applications.

Ilex vomitoria Ait. is a star substitute for “tea” in recent years. At present, research on I. vomitoria mainly focuses on its breeding and cultivation, and there are few reports on the seasonal changes of important components such as leaf nutrients. This study focuses on the leaves of the topmost annual branches of I. vomitoria. Leaves were harvested at different stages, and the nutrient elements, antioxidant substances, antioxidant capacity, and aroma components in the leaves were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the content of mineral elements, soluble sugars, vitamin C, amino acids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, caffeine, and catechins, as well as the DPPH free radical scavenging ability, ABTS cation free radical scavenging ability, and FRAP iron ion reduction ability in the leaves of I. vomitoria showed significant differences with seasonal changes. The mineral element content in spring leaves is relatively high. Flavonoids and polyphenols are the main antioxidant substances in the leaves of I. vomitoria, indicating that the antioxidant capacity of spring leaves is the strongest. The content of aroma components in the leaves of I. vomitoria in spring is the highest, with alcohols ranging from 54.93% to 66.08%, followed by ketones from 17.63% to 48.07%, and aldehydes from 21.27% to 38.51%. Overall, spring leaves are more suitable for harvesting, development, and utilization.

In order to clarify the chloroplast genomes and structural features of ten Ilex species and provide insights into the phylogeny and genome evolution of the genus Ilex, we conducted a comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes using bioinformatics methods. The chloroplast genomes of ten Ilex species were obtained, and their structural features and variations were compared. The results indicated that all chloroplast genomes in the genus Ilex exhibit a double-stranded circular structure, with sizes ranging from 157,356 to 158,018 bp, showing minimal differences in size. The chloroplast genomes of the ten Ilex species have a relatively conservative gene count, with a total of 134 to 135 genes, including 88 or 89 protein-coding genes, and a conserved number of 8 rRNA genes. Each chloroplast genome contains 3 to 123 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) sites, predominantly composed of mononucleotide and trinucleotide repeats, with no detection of pentanucleotide or hexanucleotide repeats. The variation in dispersed repeat sequences among Ilex species is minimal, with a total repeat sequence number ranging from 1 to 14, concentrated in the length range of 30 to 42 base pairs. The expansion and contraction of chloroplast genome boundaries among Ilex species are relatively stable, with only minor variations observed in individual species. Variations in non-coding regions are more pronounced than those in coding regions, with the variability in the Large Single Copy region (LSC) being the highest, while the variability in the Inverted Repeat region A (IRa) is the lowest. The divergence time among Ilex species was estimated using the MCMC-tree module, revealing the evolutionary relationships among these species, their common ancestors, and their differentiation throughout the evolutionary process. The research findings provide a valuable reference for the systematic study and molecular marker development of Ilex plants.

为了解代茶冬青(Ilexvomitoria)叶片主要营养物质的含量,开展代茶冬青的多元化利用,本研究以代茶冬青春季嫩叶、夏季成熟叶和秋季老叶为材料,对不同季节新鲜叶片采用冷冻干燥法,测定和分析评价了叶片中的矿质元素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、粗脂肪、维生素C和氨基酸含量,以期为开发利用代茶冬青提供科学依据.研究结果表明:代茶冬青叶片含有丰富的矿质营养元素.春季叶片中矿质元素含量最高,其中N、P、Fe、Mn含量显著高于夏季和秋季(P＜0.05).春季叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、粗脂肪最高,同样显著高于夏季和秋季.代茶冬青叶片总氨基酸含量最高的是春季,为1 645.139μg/g,其次是夏季,为1 425.104 μg/g,最低的是秋季,为554.806 μg/g.叶片中必需氨基酸含量最高的是春季,为571.620μg/g,其次是夏季,为394.809 μg/g,最低的是秋季,为225.185 μg/g.方差分析表明,不同季节代茶冬青叶片氨基酸含量差异显著.同时,利用主成分分析提取2个主成分,依据各主成分得分值与方差贡献率建立综合评价模型,得到3个季节代茶冬青叶片氨基酸含量的综合得分,由高到低依次为夏季、春季、秋季.综上所述,代茶冬青春季嫩叶中含有较为丰富的矿质元素和可溶性糖等有机营养物质,是采摘加工利用的适宜时期.

黄山松Pinus taiwanensis是中国特有造林树种,具有重要的生态和经济价值.为了给黄山松林的可持续经营提供理论参考,文章以浙江四明山黄山松针阔混交林为研究对象,利用基于 4 株最近相邻木关系的混交度、大小比数、角尺度和密集度4 个空间结构参数,分析了该林分的空间结构参数多元分布特征.结果表明:从零元分布看,林分总体上处于中度与强度混交之间的中庸的聚集分布的中等密集状态;从一元分布看,一半以上林木为随机分布,处于各生长状态或各密集程度的林木比例相近;从二元分布看,极强度混交—优势状态林木最为常见,且林木多数处于很稀疏状态的分布格局.大小比数等级与密集度等级呈一一对应关系,即林木处于优势—很稀疏、亚优势—稀疏、中庸—中等密集、劣态—比较密集、绝对劣态状态—很密集的一一对应关系,其中以优势-很稀疏的林木比例最高;从三元分布看,空间结构参数的不同组合下,林木均以随机分布状态最多,以极强度混交—优势状态—随机分布林木、极强度混交—优势状态—很稀疏分布林木、极强度混交—随机分布—很稀疏分布林木、优势状态—随机分布—很稀疏分布林木的最为常见;从四元分布看,极强度混交的优势状态的随机分布的很稀疏分布林木最常见.

以'贝尔奇卡金Belgica Aurea'、'金皇帝Gold King'、'牢苏尼阿纳Lawsoniana'3个哈克勒雷冬青Ilex×altaclerensis品种13 a生嫁接植株成熟叶片为试材,采用LI-6400光合仪测定其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)等光合参数日变化,测定叶片相关生理指标,并进行相关性分析.结果表明:3个哈克勒雷冬青品种的Pn受生理及环境因子不同程度的影响,影响Pn的主要生理因子是Gs,环境因子为大气温度.3个品种的Pn日变化均呈双峰曲线,"午休"现象,原因主要是非气孔因素;Pn、Tr、叶绿素含量和比叶重均表现为'牢苏尼阿纳'>'贝尔奇卡金'>'金皇帝'.综上所述,'牢苏尼阿纳'光合生产能力最高,能够快速生长;'贝尔奇卡金'次之,且受环境影响最小;'金皇帝'综合光合性能最弱.

黄山松Pinus taiwanensis是中国特有造林树种之一,建立适宜的黄山松针阔混交林的树高—胸径模型,可为该林分的林木生长预测、森林经营管理、森林资源清查提供理论参考.文章以四明山黄山松针阔混交林为研究对象,选用30 个常用的树高—胸径经验模型作为备选模型,利用Ra2、AIC和BIC筛选确定5 个基础模型.基础模型中,引入枝下高(HZ)和冠幅(CW)建立 15 个修正模型,利用Ra2、RMSE、MAE、RMAE和AIC等5 个模型评价指标确定适宜的树高—胸径模型.结果表明,相同基础模型下的3 个修正模型拟合效果,以同时引入HZ和CW的模型最好;同时引入HZ和CW的不同基础模型拟合效果,以M21 模型最好;M21.HZCW是拟合效果最好的修正模型,为适宜的四明山黄山松针阔混交林的树高—胸径模型,Ra2 从0.684 1(基础模型)提高至0.750 9(修正模型).

本试验选用了4种安全的降解剂结合吡虫啉使用来防治蚜虫,通过对日本晚樱花瓣的吡虫啉残留量进行检测,发现超浓多元有机酸、 强力解百毒粉剂、 超C解毒抗应激粉剂、 二氧化钛对吡虫啉均有一定的降解效果.其中二氧化钛的降解效果较佳,使吡虫啉降解半衰期缩短1.77 d,但其添加到吡虫啉里后,对于蚜虫的防治效果较差;超C解毒抗应激粉剂可使吡虫啉降解半衰期缩短1.25 d,且其添加后对蚜虫的防治效果也较好,可达到91.02％.因此,通过本试验可知,在吡虫啉中加入超C解毒抗应激粉剂可以有效降解吡虫啉残留量,并且不影响其对蚜虫的防治效果.

为减少土壤氮肥流失,提高肥料利用率,本研究通过比较尿素中添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT、 硝化抑制剂DMPP和土壤养分活化剂CSN等肥料增效剂对锦绣杜鹃生长情况及土壤指标的影响,筛选效果显著的肥料增效剂.结果表明,DMPP处理组对于维持土壤高铵态氮和低硝态氮具有显著作用,施加DMPP组和DMPP+NBPT组锦绣杜鹃的株高生长优于其他处理组.因此,DMPP可作为新型肥料增效剂广泛应用于苗木栽培,可有效提升肥料利用率,同时可减少肥料流失带来的环境污染问题.

2019年4—11月,以美国山核桃品种'波尼'Carya illinoensis'Pawnee'1年生幼苗为试验材料,通过浇灌方式探讨0(CK)、0.3％、0.4％,0.5％,0.6％和0.7％(质量百分数)NaCl处理对美国山核桃幼苗的发育物候期及存活率的影响;2019年6—9月,分别选择0(CK)、0.3％和0.6％(质量百分数)NaCl对美国山核桃的10年生苗进行盐胁迫处理,探讨对其果实形态特征和果仁营养成分的影响.结果表明,当NaCl浓度达到0.7％时,美国山核桃幼苗的存活率仅为49.5％,宜选用低于0.7％的NaCl作为其可耐受浓度.对10年生苗的盐胁迫处理结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,果实纵径、单果质量、种壳厚度、果仁蛋白质和还原糖含量均呈上升趋势,而脂肪和可溶性糖含量呈现出缓慢下降的趋势;除单果质量外,不同处理对果实品质的影响差异不显著(P?0.05);NaCl处理改变了果仁中棕榈酸、α-亚麻酸和顺-11-二十碳烯酸3种脂肪酸的相对含量,但不同处理对脂肪酸组成的影响差异不显著(P?0.05).以上研究结果可为美国山核桃在滨海盐碱地上的绿化及生态应用提供理论依据.

The Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL)-lipase family is a large subfamily of lipolytic enzymes that plays an important role in plant growth and defense against environmental stress. However, little is known about their function in pecans (Carya illinoensis K. Koch). In this study, 87 CilGDSLs were identified and divided into 2 groups and 12 subgroups using phylogenetic analysis; members of the same sub-branch had conserved gene structure and motif composition. The majority of the genes had four introns and were composed of an α-helix and a β-strand. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that these genes were localized in the extracellular matrix, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, and endoplasmic reticulum, and were validated by transient expression in tobacco mesophyll cells. Furthermore, the analysis of the promoter cis-elements for the CilGDSLs revealed the presence of plant anaerobic induction regulatory, abscisic acid response, light response elements, jasmonic acid (JA) response elements, etc. The qRT-PCR analysis results in “Pawnee” with salt treatment showed that the CilGDSL42.93 (leaf) and CilGDSL39.88 (root) were highly expressed in different tissues. After salt stress treatment, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis revealed the presence of a total of ten GDSL proteins. Moreover, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that one set of co-expressed genes (module), primarily CilGDSL41.11, CilGDSL39.49, CilGDSL34.85, and CilGDSL41.01, was significantly associated with salt stress in leaf. In short, some of them were shown to be involved in plant defense against salt stress in this study.

The pecan is a salt-alkali-tolerant plant, and its fruit and wood have high economic value. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for salt stress tolerance in the pecan grown under hydroponic conditions to simulate salt stress. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate ( P n) was reduced in response to salt stress, while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentrations ( C i) increased. The response of the pecan to salt stress was measured using iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative or absolute quantitation) and LC/MS (liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry) non-targeted metabolomics technology. A total of 198 differentially expressed proteins (65 down-regulated and 133 up-regulated) and 538 differentially expressed metabolites (283 down-regulated and 255 up-regulated) were identified after exposure to salt stress for 48 h. These genes were associated with 21 core pathways, shown by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation and enrichment, including the metabolic pathways involved in nucleotide sugar and amino sugar metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and phenylpropane biosynthesis. In addition, analysis of interactions between the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites showed that two key nodes of the salt stress regulatory network, L-fucose and succinate, were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, suggesting that these metabolites may be significant for adaptations to salt stress. Finally, several key proteins were further verified by parallel reaction monitoring. In conclusion, this study used physiological, proteomic, and metabolomic methods to provide an important preliminary foundation for improving the salt tolerance of pecans.

以一年生薄壳山核桃'Pawnee'的容器苗为试材,采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液0％(CK)、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％对其进行盐胁迫处理,确定耐受浓度.再以薄壳山核桃'Pawnee'幼苗为试材,采用不同NaCl浓度水平(0％、0.3％、0.6％和0.9％)胁迫处理,研究了盐胁迫对其物候期、叶片抗氧化酶活性和Na+/K+的影响,以期为薄壳山核桃栽培提供参考依据.结果表明:在0.3％NaCl处理后薄壳山核桃落叶时间比对照提早了26 d,且存活率与对照一致,均为97.1％;而盐浓度达到0.7％NaCl处理后植株的存活率为49.5％;NaCl浓度水平的升高显著增加'Pawnee'幼苗叶片中Na+/K+和脯氨酸(Pro)含量;另外,丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在处理前期的10 d或30 d,随NaCl浓度水平增大而增加;但在盐处理后期,尤其在高NaCl浓度水平(0.6％和0.9％)下,其活性随着胁迫处理时间的增加呈下降趋势.

以薄壳山核桃品种Pawnee幼苗为试材,探讨不同浓度NaCl(0、0.3％、0.6％和0.9％)处理对其叶绿素含量、光合作用、荧光参数及叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明,短期内低浓度水平(0.3％NaCl)处理可能使植株叶绿素的含量有所增加,但长期盐胁迫均会导致所有处理组中叶绿素含量的降低;NaCl胁迫显著削弱其光合作用,而0.3％NaCl处理下的净光合速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度、气孔导度的变化趋势基本相同,气孔因素可能是抑制其光合作用的主要因素.此外,不同浓度的NaCl处理均对叶绿体和类囊体等结构造成一定程度的损坏,且随着NaCl浓度和处理时间的增加而越发明显.

为降低宁波地区主要花木品种'染井吉野'樱花及红枫培育过程中的化肥用量,通过使用微生物菌剂作为肥料增效剂降低复合肥的用量,分别在2个品种1年生地栽苗中开展试验.结果表明:微生物菌剂有助于复合肥的减量使用.在'染井吉野'樱花试验中,试验期内肥料使用减量30％以内对于苗木的地径生长无影响;在红枫试验中,前2年复合肥减量30％以内对幼苗地径生长无影响,第3年后减量20％以上时则影响苗木的地径生长量.

Plants grown in stony soils have better developed root systems and higher crop yields. The roles of physical and chemical effects of stony soils on plant growth have been published, but the roles of soil microbiota have not been investigated. In this study, Tetrastigma hemsleyanum plants were cultivated for 2 years in stony soils and the same soils after removing rock fragments (non-stony soils). The composition of bacterial community and the tuber transcriptome were analyzed, using multiple bioinformatics methods. Compared with non-stony soils, stony soils supported a significantly different bacterial community, which was associated with larger tuber size of T. hemsleyanum . Stony soils had greater bacterial diversity, co-occurrence network complexity, and greater abundance of bacterial taxa belonging to Actinobacteria, Rokubacteria, Rhizobiales, Desulfarculaceae, and Chthoniobacteraceae than the corresponding microbiota in non-stony soils. The differential soil bacterial communities between stony and non-stony soils may be mainly driven by soil physicochemical properties, such as available S, organic matter, and pH. The discriminatory bacterial taxa of soils shaped the bacterial communities of rhizosphere soil, and tuber surface soil (TS), which was strongly correlated with tuber size parameters. In addition, the potential functions of the discriminatory bacterial taxa in TS corresponded closely with gene pathways of the host, like phytohormone biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and biotic stress resistance, which are crucial for the initiation and development of tubers. These results not only help us to better understand the role of stony soils in improving plant growth but also provide a reference for increasing tuber yield through the use of microbial inocula.

以贝尔奇卡金、金皇帝、牢苏尼阿纳3种哈克勒雷冬青与阳光狭冠冬青为试验材料,用不同浓度NAA、IAA和IBA处理插穗进行扦插试验.结果表明,3种哈克勒雷冬青表现为愈伤组织生根,并伴有少量皮部生根,经植物生长调节剂处理后成活率达到50％左右;而阳光狭冠冬青则表现为皮部生根,同时伴有愈伤组织生根,生根率可达80％左右.贝尔奇卡金与金皇帝生根的最佳处理为200 mg·L-1 IAA浸泡0.5 h;牢苏尼阿纳的最佳处理为500 mg·L-1 IBA浸泡0.5 h;阳光狭冠的最佳处理为500 mg·L-1 IAA浸泡0.5 h.