大樱桃栽培和生产已成为秦皇岛市的重要农业产业之一.然而,大樱桃生产却面临着设施栽培少、产品质量不高、病虫害多发和自然灾害等诸多问题.为了更好地促进秦皇岛大樱桃产业的发展,针对秦皇岛大樱桃栽培和生产现状中存在的问题提出了相应的建议.

校企合作人才培养是高等院校办学中由学术型向应用型转型发展的重要途径之一.为了探索该模式的具体实践办法,本文以河北科技师范学院设施农业科学与工程专业综合实习为例,结合该校目前校企合作应用现状,对校企合作人才培养模式在综合实习实施中的问题进行了研究与探讨,并提出了相应的对策和建议,为更好地实施提供有利参考.

为了选择适合日光温室延迟栽培的葡萄品系10-7的苗木类型,以2年生葡萄品系10-7的嫁接苗(贝达为砧木)和扦插苗为试验材料,采取田间调查与室内试验测定相结合的方法,对其促花修剪前的植株生长情况,延迟栽培中生长结果习性、果实性状进行了调查和比较分析.结果表明,葡萄品系10-7嫁接苗株高和母枝粗度生长量分别为117.90 cm和4.42 mm,显著多于扦插苗;可溶性固形物质量浓度为202 g/L,折合产量为27 000 kg/hm2,显著高于扦插苗;嫁接苗萌芽率为74.08％,结果系数为1.62,平均果穗质量0.45 kg,极显著高于扦插苗.由此可知,与葡萄品系10-7扦插苗相比,嫁接苗在促花修剪前植株生长势强、萌芽与结实状况良好、果实品质优且产量高,更适合在日光温室延迟栽培条件下栽植.

以“美早”“早大果”和“斯坦拉”甜樱桃为试材,分别于自花、异花授粉后不同时间(27、51、75、99 h)切取花柱,通过荧光压片法观察各授粉组合的花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长情况,以期为研究甜樱桃授粉机理提供依据.结果表明:3个甜樱桃品种的花粉均能在自花或异花柱头上萌发,且于授粉27 h后趋于稳定,不同授粉组合间花粉萌发量只在数量上表现出差异,其结果并不会影响坐果率.在花粉管生长情况上,不同授粉组合表现出显著差异.授粉后51～99 h,亲和花粉管不断向花柱基部延伸,进入子房;而不亲和花粉管在花柱中上部受到抑制,停止生长.同为自花授粉,“斯坦拉”自交的花粉管能够到达花柱基部,表现为自交亲和;而“美早”和“早大果”自交则表现为极强的不亲和性.异花授粉中,“斯坦拉”与“美早”和“早大果”均表现为亲和性较好.综上所述,“斯坦拉”无论是自花还是异花授粉,花粉管均能到达花柱基部,完成受精,是较为理想的授粉树.而“美早”和“早大果”只有在异花授粉时花粉管才能到达花柱基部,而自花授粉的花粉管在花柱中上部已停止生长,故在实际生产中需配置授粉树.

通过阐述河北科技师范学院设施农业科学与工程专业的实际现状及问题,从教师队伍建设、专业课程设置、实践教学建设等方面,结合行业、企业等社会需求,提出了相应的对策建议,为该专业应用型教学改革提供参考.

为了确定赤霉酸处理葡萄果穗最适合的时间及浓度,以达到拉长果穗及疏花疏果的作用,以10-7葡萄优系为实验材料,分别在果穗抽穗初期及开花前2～3d,用4,5,6 mg/L赤霉酸对果穗进行喷施处理.结果表明,抽穗初期进行处理比开花前2～3d处理,果穗拉长效果明显;喷施6 mg/L的高浓度赤霉酸处理比喷施低浓度赤霉酸处理的果穗拉长效果明显,但坐果率较低,穗型不好;喷施4 mg/L赤霉酸处理对果穗也起到了拉长作用,但坐果率相对较高,果穗穗型略紧.在葡萄抽穗初期喷施5 mg/L的赤霉酸,在果穗拉长及疏花疏果方面起到的作用较好,可以使穗型和坐果率都得到保障.

桃的设施栽培目前已在我省东北部及辽宁、山东等地大面积推广.设施桃一般比露地栽培提早1～2个月成熟,经济效益是露地桃的4～8倍. 应注意的问题 不同地区由于冬季低温来临早晚的不同,以及低温程度及冬季风、雪、光照条件的不同,发展设施桃的方法应有所不同.

In order to study the relationship between shoot pinching and flower bud formation, differentiation progress of sweet cherry, the shoot of sweet cherry 'Hongdeng' were pinched at different length (6 similar to 10cm, 11 similar to 15cm, 16 similar to 20cm, 20 similar to 30cm), effects of shoot pinching on flower bud formation and shoot growth stop were evaluated, and the flower bud differentiation progress of pinched shoot and bouquet-like branches were observed microscopically following hand-slicing. Results showed that flower bud formation could be promoted by shoot pinching treatment. Ratios of bloom were highest when pinched at 11-15cm and 16-20cm, reached 89.5% and 87.4% respectively. But the shorter pinched shoot leads to sprouting of lateral buds. Through microscopic observation, flower bud differentiation of pinched shoots were about 10 days later than that of the bouquet-like branches, but both of them could come into pistil differentiation phase in late September.

Greenhouse is considered to be a more promising cultivation method than open-field. A completely random experiment was conducted in greenhouse and open-field to study the effects of cultivations on 'Whangkeumbae' pear fruit quality The results indicated that fruit quality of 'Whangkeumbae' pear grown in greenhouse was apparently better than that grown in open-field. Fruit skin color, peel roughness and dot density were improved greatly; sugar/acid ratio was also higher in pear grown in greenhouse. Moreover, fruit firmness, titratable acidity and stone cell were both lower in pear grown in greenhouse. Nevertheless, pear fruit size and mass were decreased in greenhouse cultivation, and content of soluble solids and Fe were higher in pear grown in open-field. Depending on the fruit quality and the economic benefit, greenhouse cultivation would be superior to open-field cultivation of the 'Whangkeumbae' pear.

Effects of temperature on phenophase, pollen germination and seed sterility, morphological change of ovule and embryo sac of 'Whangkeumbae' pear planted in greenhouse were investigated. Results showed that the developmental process of budding, bloom and fruit of 'Whangkeumbae' pear were accelerated by high temperature (above 20 degrees C) in series in greenhouse. Pollen germination and growth of pollen tube were both well after pollination 96h, while continuinging to be in the condition of high temperature, the developmental process of embryo sac of 'Whangkeumbae' pear would be postponed seriously. There would be 64.6 % embryo sac only developed to single-nucleus or two-nucleus period, and they could not be fertilized. Therefore, this would result in seed sterility of 'Whangkeumbae' pear.

<正>黄金梨是韩国用二十一世纪梨与新高梨杂交育成的新品种,1981年选出,1984年命名,1996年引入中国。平均单果重300g,最大可达500g;果实近圆形,果形端正,果肩平;套袋果,果皮黄白,果点小、均匀,外观极其漂亮;果肉乳白色,肉质脆嫩,果汁多而甜,风味独特,品质极佳;果实8月下旬成熟。黄金梨具有腋花芽结果能力,早期丰产性极强;一般定植当年幼树所抽生的一年生枝均可形成腋花芽。由于黄金梨具有品质优良、

In order to investigate the developmental characteristics and the required temperature of the germ cells of sweet cherry, the morphologic characteristics and the required lowest and highest temperature of the developmental process of ovule, embryo sac and pollen of sweet cherry in the field were observed by microscopic method. Results showed that: the development of ovule, embryo and pollen accomplished along with the gradually rise of temperature in spring; Mother cells of microspore were separated gradually along with the increase of temperature in the period of 21 to 35 days before blooming, and the pollen emerged following the formation of tetrad after the two divisions at the stage of bud breaking (about 21 days before blooming); The division of the mother cell of microspore took place at a condition of lower temperature(-0.1 to 12.8℃). After bud breaking, the ovule development was accelerated and accomplished at about 14 days before blooming. The embryo sac was formed within 7 days before blooming. The ovule of sweet cherry was consisted of single layer of integument, nucellus and embryo sac. The results of this experiment may provide reference to the temperature management of the protected culture of sweet cherry.

在甜樱桃自然休眠阶段,即使给予适宜的温度、湿度与光照,甜樱桃也不能正常萌芽、开花,只有通过一定量的适宜低温,才能解除休眠,低温量不足时,萌芽、开花晚,花期不整齐[1-3].因此,解除自然休眠早晚是决定温室栽培甜樱桃升温时期的重要因素.为使温室栽培甜樱桃尽早通过自然休眠,日光温室扣棚初期,利用温室设施降低温室内的温度,可促使甜樱桃提前解除自然休眠,提早开花,从而使果实提早成熟上市.此项技术在我国甜樱桃保护地生产中已得到广泛的应用.但以往的文献多为日光温室栽培的综合技术研究,较少涉及在自然休眠期温室调控温度对解除甜樱桃自然休眠效果的调查分析.为此,笔者在2002年11月-2005年4月进行了以下试验.

The variation regularity and correlation of the content of mineral nutrient elements(Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg and K) in leaf,flowers and fruits of sweet cherry cultivated in solar green-house were studied.The content of seven mineral nutrient elements decreased from the initial blooming to end florescence,which were higher in the early days of fruit development,lower in the late period and had a regularity of decrease,stable and decrease.There was distinctly positive correlation between the variations of seven kinds of mineral nutrient elements.A distinctly positive correlation existed between leaf and fruits for Cu and Zn.As for Ca and Mn,there was a distinctly negative correlation.But the correlation was not marked for others.The order of seven kinds of mineral nutrient elements' content(average value) in fruits is as follows: CaKMgMnFeZnCu.

本试验以栽培大樱桃的日光温室为材料,调查研究了反保温处理对温室内气温、地温、树温及冷温单位累积值的影响。结果表明:反保温处理前期,白天前屋面覆盖保温材料,防止阳光照射到温室内,温室内气温、树体阳面温度明显低于对照;反保温处理中后期由于温室的保温作用,使温室内的气温、树体温度稳定在最有利于解除果树休眠的温度范围内(2.4?7.2℃)。35天的反保温处理,处理温室冷温单位累积值比对照温室多42.0%,有利于果树提早解除休眠。反保温处理前期,白天温室前屋面因阳光照射温度升高,向温室内传导热量是造成处理温室白天气温上升的主要因素。

The developmental process of ovule, embryo sac and pollen, the pollen sterility and the changes of their cytological morphology of Whangkeumbae pear cultivar (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) were observed and studied. Results showed that: the development of ovule, embryo and pollen were completed in the period from bud burst to the full blossom stage in spring. The primordium of ovule and mother cell of microspore both appeared 28 days before full blossom; and 21 days before full blossom the inner and outer integument of the primordium differentiated, meanwhile tetrad appeared. Most of the tetrad appeared 14 days before full blossom. At full blossom stage the embryo sac shaped up, pollen aborted and anther became empty. The cause that led pollen to be sterile of Whangkeumbae pear cultivar was that there was no nucleus in the cell of tetrad and the early pollen dissociated from the tetrad, and degenerated due to vacuolization of pollen cell and lack of thick exine.

大樱桃又称甜樱桃、洋樱桃,原产于欧洲.我国自1870年前后引入至今已有130多年的历史.大樱桃果实色泽艳丽、营养丰富、食用品质好、果实成熟早,通常被认为是水果中的极品.

The dynamic contents variation of Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg,K in leaf of sweet cherry "Hongdeng" cultivated in solar green-house and their correlation were studied.From flowering to fruit maturation,the contents of Cu and Zn in leaf decreased sharply while the contents of Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg and K increased markedly.After the fruits being harvested,the contents of Fe increased a little after decreasing significantly,but others changed slowly(increased or decreased).There were distinctly positive correlation between Cu and Zn,Ca and Mn,meanwhile a distinctly negative correlation existed between Cu and Mn,Ca and Cu,Zn.The contents of K and Mn correlated negatively or most negatively to Cu,but positively or most positively correlated to Mn,Fe,Ca and Mg.

利用日光温室栽培果树,是近十几年来北方地区兴起的一项高效种植业.通过日光温室的增温、保温效果,可使北方果树提早开花、生长与结果,达到果实提早上市增加经济效益的目的.

晚世纪是丹桂与雪桃杂交优良单株再自交育成的晚熟白桃新品种.该品种果实圆形,果个大,平均单果重300g,红色,风味甜,耐贮运,自花结实,同时具有白肉、粘核、不溶质的加工特性,鲜食、加工兼用.2003年通过秦皇岛市科技局组织的专家鉴定.