Astaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid with superior antioxidant properties compared with other carotenoids, is increasingly demanded in feed, food, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to engineer apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) callus and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin) leaf for sustainable production of natural (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin. A plant expression vector, pRI101-Flag-BHY-BKT-PSY1-CrtI (BBPC), was constructed to deliver astaxanthin biosynthetic genes PSY1, CrtI, BHY and BKT genes into 'Orin' apple callus and N. benthamiana leaf. Transgenic apple calli synthesized 40.4 mu g/g dry weight (DW) astaxanthin, representing 53.5 % of total carotenoids. Transiently transformed N. benthamiana leaves produced 732.8 mu g/g DW astaxanthin,accounting for about 18.2 % of total carotenoids. Furthermore, supplementing tomato juice (20 mL/L) and carrot juice (30 mg/L) increased astaxanthin levels in calli by 1.7-fold. Moreover, astaxanthin-rich tissues exhibited 2-4 fold higher antioxidant activity (P < 0.05) than controls. Acute toxicity assays in mice revealed no adverse effects. These findings demonstrate the potential of engineered apple callus and N. benthamiana leaf as scalable sources of natural (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin for industrial applications.

High temperature reduces anthocyanin accumulation in various horticultural plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the high-temperature-induced reduction of anthocyanin in grape (Vitis vinifera) remain poorly understood. In this study, VvMYB44-1 was identified as a transcriptional repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries, and its gene expression was strongly induced by high-temperature treatment. Overexpression of VvMYB44-1 inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in both grape berries and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by repressing the transcription of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (VvDFR) and UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (VvUFGT). Furthermore, the interaction between VvMYB44-1 and VvWDR2 competitively inhibited the formation of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) activation complex and weakened the transcriptional activity of the complex, thereby decreasing anthocyanin accumulation. Additionally, VvMYB44-1 facilitated cytokinin (CK) accumulation by upregulating the expression of the CK synthesis gene lonely guy 8 (VvLOG8) and inhibiting the CK degradation gene CK oxidase 4(VvCKX4), thus contributing to CK-mediated anthocyanin inhibition in grape berries. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of VvMYB44-1 on anthocyanin biosynthesis and its downstream target genes was weakened with the deletion of the ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, indicating that the EAR motif is indispensable for the inhibitory effect of VvMYB44-1 on anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapes. These results provide insights into the regulatory network of VvMYB44-1 in high-temperature-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapes. Transcription factor VvMYB44-1 negatively regulates high-temperature-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapevine.

Grapevine is one of the most economically important fruit crops cultivated worldwide. However, grapevine is highly susceptible to virus infections and exposed to the most diverse forms of viral diseases compared to other fruit crops, and virus-induced incompatibility affects plant growth to different degrees ranging from decline to death. The influence of virus-induced incompatibility could be mitigated to an acceptable level by using appropriate rootstocks. However, the viral tolerance of various grapevine rootstocks with diverse genetic backgrounds remains unclear, along with the identification of the specific viral tolerance factors. In this study, the viral tolerance of 21 grapevine rootstocks was evaluated in a green grafting system. Cabernet Franc varieties infected with a single virus [grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1)], a co-infection of two viruses (GLRaV-1 plus grapevine virus A—GVA), and no infection were used as the scions, respectively. The vegetative growth and photosynthetic function of the grafts were analyzed 4 months after grafting. The results indicated that some rootstocks could alleviate the influence of the virus infection, with vegetative growth and photosynthetic function sustained at a normal level, whereas other rootstocks were susceptible to the virus infection, resulting in a decline in the growth and photosynthetic function of the grafts. Our research provides evidence for the existence and diversity of viral tolerance among grapevine rootstocks, offering important information for appropriate rootstock selection in the establishment of new vineyards and in the breeding of grapevine rootstocks with enhanced viral tolerance.

Apples and pears are the main temperate fruit tree species, and metabolic disorders may occur during their development and post-harvest storage periods, leading to physiological diseases. In this study, we detected the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme and related metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism in the pulp of pear with hard-end or cork spot and in the pulp of apple with bitter pit. These the three physiological disorders differed in phenylpropanoid metabolism and had similar PAL activity, but their polyphenol, flavonoid, and lignin contents changes were completely. For fruits with the three types of physiological metabolic disorders, the auxin content in the tissues with metabolic disorder symptoms were higher than that in the healthy tissues. In summary, the three physiological disorders showed the similar changes in the activities of key enzymes (i.e., PAL) involved in phenylpropane metabolism, but their metabolites significantly differed.

Nudix hydrolases are widely distributed across all classes of organisms and provide the potential capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of organic pyrophosphates. Although Nudix hydrolases are involved in plant detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, the biological functions of Nudix hydrolases remain largely unclear in grapevine. In the present study, a total of 25 putative grapevine Nudix hydrolases (VvNUDXs) were identified by bioinformatics analysis and classified into eight subfamilies based to their preferred substrates. Both tandem and segmental duplications were responsible for the evolution and expansion of the NUDX gene family in grapevine. To investigate the regulatory roles of VvNUDX genes during growth and development, as well as in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in grapevine, the expression patterns were revealed in publicly available microarray data. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of the VvNUDX genes indicated that they might play important roles in multiple developmental processes. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses showed that ten VvNUDX genes were specifically expressed in grapevine berries, suggesting potential roles in grapevine berry development. Expression and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that VvNUDX1 and VvNUDX3 might be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in grapevine. Furthermore, most VvNUDX genes active toward the ADP-ribose/NADH showed different patterns in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses, such as salinity and drought, as well as different types of biotic treatments, such as Erysiphe necator, Bois Noir phytoplasma and leaf-roll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3). These results indicated that VvNUDX genes were associated with plant detoxification processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, and regulate the disease immunity and resistance pathways. The information obtained here may provide good opportunities to explore the physiological functions of VvNUDX genes in berry development and stress response networks in grapevine.

以日光温室3年生'SO4'砧'藤稔'葡萄为试材,设置3个更新修剪时间(采后10、20和30 d),比较对植株生长和果实产量、品质的影响.结果 表明:更新修剪均能促进当年冬芽萌发和新梢生长,但更新修剪过晚,导致重新发芽后新梢生长时间过短,枝条不充实;明显提早物候期,采后10和20 d更新修剪处理果实成熟期分别比对照早20和13 d;显著增加葡萄产量,采后10、20和30 d更新修剪处理葡萄株产分别达到3610.3、3372.8和2874.5 g,显著高于对照的975.2 g;显著提高果实可溶性固形物与花色苷含量,降低可滴定酸含量,促进果实成熟与品质提升,且采后10和20 d更新修剪处理效果较好,采后30d处理效果最差.

通过研究夏季平茬时间对日光温室'藤稔'葡萄生长发育的影响,为平茬时间的精准选择提供理论依据.结果表明,不同平茬时间对萌芽早晚、新梢生长状况、冬芽质量以及翌年的物候期和果实品质产生影响.采后6 d和采后16 d平茬葡萄的物候期较早,结果枝率、花色苷和可溶性固形物较高;采后26 d平茬葡萄的物候期晚、果粒小且品质较差.综合研究发现,采后6～16 d为最佳平茬时间,在该时间段平茬翌年葡萄的物候期早且果实品质较好.

黄河三角洲位于山东省东北部,是世界上暖温带最年轻的湿地生态系统.由于成陆前受海水长期浸渍,地下水位较高,且有较高的矿化度,土壤年蒸发量大,因而形成了大面积的盐碱地.土壤盐渍化严重阻碍当地传统农业经济的发展,为加强盐碱地综合利用和探索适于盐碱地的果树栽培模式,本文结合国家行业标准及盐碱地葡萄栽培技术特点,从园地选择、大棚设计、苗木栽植、土壤改良、花果管理、温湿度调控及病虫害防治等设施葡萄栽培一系列关键技术出发,提出了黄河三角洲大棚葡萄标准化栽培技术规程,旨在为当地葡萄产业升级和可持续健康发展提供理论参考.

Background Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L . ), which has important nutritional values and health benefits, is one of the most economically important fruit crops cultivated worldwide. Several studies showed a large number of microRNAs (VvmiRNAs) involved in the modulation of grape growth and development, and many VvmiRNA families have multiple members. However, the way by which various members from the same miRNA family work is unclear, particularly in grapes. Results In this study, an important conserved VvmiR172 family (VvmiR172s) and their targets were set as a good example for elucidating the interaction degree, mechanism, and spatio-temporal traits of diverse members from the same miRNA family. miR-RACE and Stem-loop RT-PCR were used to identify the spatio-temporal expressions of various members of VvmiR172s; together with RLM-RACE, PPM-RACE, Western blot, transgenic technologies, their interaction degree, and regulation mechanism were further validated. The expression of VvmiR172c was significantly higher than that of VvmiR172a, b, and d and showed a positive correlation with the abundance of VvAP2 cleavage products. These findings indicated that VvmiR172c might be one of the main action factors of the VvmiR172 family in flower development. The ability of VvmiR172c to cleave target genes differed due to divergence in complementary degree with VvAP2 and expression levels of various members. In VvmiR172 transgenic lines, we observed that 35S::VvmiR172c resulted in the earliest and abundant flowering, indicating the strong function of VvmiR172c. In contrast, the non-significant phenotypic changes were detected in the VvAP2 transgenic lines. The qRT-PCR and Western bolt results demonstrated that VvmiR172c plays a major role in targeting VvAP2 . Conclusions VvmiR172 up-regulated the expression of NtFT and decreased the expression of NtFLC . The up/down regulation of VvmiR172c was the most pronounced. The functions of four VvmiR172 members in grape differed, and miR172c had the strongest regulation on AP2 .

胶东地区是我国少有的冬季免埋土葡萄种植区.利用当地的气候特点和技术优势,通过对酿酒葡萄'小芒森'的引种试验和技术优化,探索出了一套适合胶东乳山地区优质'小芒森'葡萄栽培技术规程.本文根据台依湖酒庄'小芒森'葡萄实际生产情况,对建园标准、树体管理、土肥水管理、病虫害防治、果实采收等环节进行了详细介绍,以期为乳山和胶东地区葡萄栽培者提供技术参考.

葡萄新品种的选育和开发是促进产业发展、加快产业结构优化升级的重要保障.本文介绍了江北葡萄研究所近30年来选育的'玉波一号''玉波二号'等6个葡萄新品种的果实性状、香气类型、成熟期、抗性等育种特征以及栽培特点;并结合前人育种经验和作者育种实践总结了葡萄快速、高效育种技术创新体系,以期为优质鲜食葡萄选育以及建立完善的快速育种技术体系提供参考.

Background The plant-specific TCP transcription factors play different functions in multiple processes of plant growth and development. TCP family genes have been identified in several plant species, but no comprehensive analysis of the TCP family in grapevine has been undertaken to date, especially their roles in fruit development. Results A total of 18 non-redundant grapevine TCP (VvTCP) genes distributing on 11 chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic and structural analysis showed that VvTCP genes were divided into two main classes - class I and class II. The Class II genes were further classified into two subclasses, the CIN subclass and the CYC/TB1 subclass. Segmental duplication was a predominant duplication event which caused the expansion of VvTCP genes. The cis-acting elements analysis and tissue-specific expression patterns of VvTCP genes demonstrated that these VvTCP genes might play important roles in plant growth and development. Expression patterns of VvTCP genes during fruit development and ripening were analyzed by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. Among them, eleven VvTCP genes were down-regulated during different fruit developmental stages, while only one VvTCP genes were up-regulated, suggesting that most VvTCP genes were probably related to early development in grapevine fruit. Futhermore, the expression of most VvTCP genes can be inhibited by drought and waterlogging stresses. Conclusions Our study establishes the first genome-wide analysis of the grapevine TCP gene family and provides valuable information for understanding the classification and functions of the TCP genes in grapevine.

我国各地葡萄栽培环境条件多种多样,而葡萄砧木品种众多,性状各异.有针对性的选择葡萄砧木及适宜的嫁接苗可以改善环境条件的制约,达到优质丰产的效果.本文从常用葡萄砧木的特性展开探讨,分析各砧木的主要性状,调查'巨峰'与'红地球'在9个葡萄常见砧木上的嫁接成活率、成苗率和生长量.结果表明,巨峰/110R嫁接组合、红地球/3309嫁接组合在嫁接成活率、成苗率以及生长量综合表现最佳,而红地球/5BB嫁接组合成苗率为0％,即'红地球'不适宜与'5BB'嫁接,'110R'适宜作为'巨峰'和'红地球'两个品种的砧木.

葡萄砧木品种类型多样,抗性各异,在生产中起着重要的作用,对接穗品种的生长发育和浆果品质产生重要影响;葡萄砧木的嫁接效应也与砧木类型、接穗品种、立地条件、土壤和肥水管理措施有关.本文根据近年来国内外葡萄砧木的研究成果,介绍了葡萄砧木的主要种类品种,并对葡萄砧木的抗性研究方法和砧木选择性应用做了简要的综述;进一步概述了葡萄砧木对接穗生长发育、产量和果实品质的影响;各地需根据土壤和气候等特点因地制宜地进行葡萄砧木品种区域化研究与应用,以促进我国葡萄产业的健康和可持续性发展.

随着世界葡萄产业的发展,葡萄嫁接苗与嫁接栽培的应用越来越普遍,葡萄砧木品种的选育与研究也得到了重视.为更好地了解国内外葡萄砧木种质创新与利用情况,本文通过对国际葡萄品种目录(VIVC)数据库内所登记的砧木种质情况进行分析,并介绍当前国内外主要葡萄砧木类型及主要品种的相关信息,包括以河岸葡萄(Vitis riparia)、沙地葡萄(Vitis rupestris)、冬葡萄(Vitis berlandieri)等野生葡萄自交选育的砧木品种以及当前应用广泛的以河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄、冬葡萄×河岸葡萄和冬葡萄×沙地葡萄杂交选育的优良砧木品种.旨在为我国更好的开展葡萄砧木种质资源研究与创新,以及为葡萄产业体系发展服务.

Anthocyanin which has been found many kinds of health care effects is one of the most important pigments for the fruit,In order to explore the relationship between anthocyanin's degradation and pectate lyase in ripening of peach,we used the reportorial pectate lyase gene sequence of peach to design special primers and clone the pectate lyase gene (PpPL) who has an open reading frame of 1 242 bp and encode 413 amino acids,We studied the expression of PpPL in the different maturity and tissues of the peach by qRT-PCR,The results showed that the PpPL gene in 'Wutao' showed an increasing trend with the fruit growing and anthocyanin degradation and a significant increase when fruit started soft,There was a difference in gene PpPL expression among different tissues,The relative expression at the same maturity in fruit pulp＜leaf＜fruit peel＜ stems,so we theorize that PpPL may be involved in the degradation of anthocyanins.

随着网络技术的发展,教学手段和教学方法日益丰富.在传统的教学基础上,网络技术为教学过程搭建了新的平台,网络教学平台的建设和有效利用直接影响教学效果.应用网络平台进行遗传学教学,不仅提高教学效率,而且也便于学生自主和延展性学习.经多年实践与探索表明,网络教学是遗传学教学有效的辅助手段之一,具有传统教学无法比拟的优势,它实现了"教与学"信息的电子化和网络化,强化了教学资源的共享,促进了师生互动.该文就遗传学网络教学平台的设计原则、内容框架和应用维护等进行了探讨,为遗传学理论教学的创新模式探索提供了新的思路.

This research used‘Yanfu 8’that was red bud mutation variety from‘Fuji’as the experimental mate-rial, cloned UV-B receptor gene named MdUV R 8 by RT-PCR from fruit peel. The results showed that the full-len-gth of UV R8 gene open reading frame (ORF) was 1 359 bp in size and encoded 452 amino acids residues (Mw=48.487 kD, pI=5.56). Conservative protein domain analysis showed that apple UVR8 protein contains seven RCC1 domain structure, moreover, protein secondary structure prediction revealed that it contains 10 alpha helixes, 16 be-ta folds and 41 beta turns. Amino acids homology comparison analysis indicated that sequence had 69.54%~88.94%similarity with those of other reported plants. Nucleotide cluster analysis showed that UV R8 from Pyrus bretsch-neideri was clustered together with apple's UV R8 firstly, and followed by which from Prunus mume. This research laid a foundation for further research of the molecular mechanism of photoreceptor response to light in apple.

以葡萄品种“巨峰”为试材，研究黄河三角洲不同果园土壤盐分、pH值和养分等状况及其对葡萄生长发育的影响。结果表明，该地土壤含盐量与电导率有显著相关性。平地和台田果园不同深度土层的土壤含盐量和养分存在差异，表层土壤（0～20 cm）对盐分具有积聚作用，并呈现季节性变化。与平地果园相比，台田果园各层土壤容重相对较低，脱水后其最大值出现时间较迟，且增加幅度不同；土壤紧实度显著低于平地果园，但在水平方向连续性不强；pH值和氮磷钾等养分状况优于平地果园。在对葡萄树体生长发育和果实品质的影响方面，平地果园葡萄明显表现生长势偏弱，果实发育不良。

Blossom suppressor gene FLC (FLOW ERING LOCUS C) is a key gene in the vernalization, which is one of the key genes controlling the blossom time. A cDNA sequence of MADS-box from columnar apple trees was cloned by RT-PCR, named as MdFLC. The MdFLC contains an 603 bp open reading flame (ORF) encoding a deduced protein of 201 amino acids, with the estimated molecular weight and isoelectric point (pI) of the putative protein are 47.68 kD and 5.18, respectively. The secondary structure of predicted MdFLC protein consists of the structures with 9 alpha helixes, 2 beta sheets and 12 beta turns, which would be a conserved MADS-box domain. The phylogenetic tree showed that MdFLC was very closer to pear FLC protein, but the most far to the pea in genetic relationship. Semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative Real-Time PCR revealed that MdFLC mainly expressed in flower buds and different parts of flowers (petals, stamens, calyxes, receptacles) in Fuji apple and columnar apple slections (95-31, 95-41, 95-45, 95-107, 95-152) , but the expression level of MdFLC was higher in Fuji than in those of columnar apple. These results suggest that MdFLC gene be involved in flower bud differentiation and the process of blossom in columnar apple.