Objective To observe the mRNA and protein expression of thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in each trimester of pregnant and lactating Wistar rats.Methods Ninety-six SPFNAF Wistar rats (84 female and 12 male),weighting 220-260 g were involved.All female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups according to their body mass via the random number table method:control group,early pregnancy group (7 d),midpregnancy group (14 d),late pregnancy group (21 d),early lactation group (7 d),midlactation group (14 d) and late lactation group (21 d),12 rats in each group.The rats were fed with conventional feed and drank deionized water freely.Female rats of the last 6 groups were mated with male rats.Thyroids were collected on the 7 d,14 d and 21 d of their pregnancy and lactation,respectively.The mRNA expression levels of Tg and TPO were detected by quantitative real-time PCR,and the protein expression levels of Tg and TPO were detected by Western blotting.Results The expression levels of Tg mRNA in thyroid tissue in the control group,early,middle and late pregnancy and early,middle and late lactation (1.05 ± 0.01,3.20 ± 0.23,1.88 ± 0.12,2.69 ± 0.20,1.53 ± 0.19,2.37 ± 0.31,2.23 ± 0.12) were significantly different between groups (F =42.864,P ＜ 0.05),and those of pregnancy and lactation groups were higher than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The expression levels of Tg protein were 0.15 ± 0.01,0.38 ± 0.01,0.32 ± 0.02,0.37 ± 0.01,0.21 ± 0.01,0.35 ± 0.01,0.44 ± 0.01,respectively.The differences between groups were statistically significant (F =232.250,P ＜ 0.05).And those of pregnancy and lactation groups were higher than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The expression levels of TPO mRNA in thyroid tissue in the control group,early,middle and late pregnancy and early,middle and late lactation (0.57 ± 0.01,0.74 ± 0.03,0.78 ± 0.13,1.08 ± 0.10,0.98 ± 0.10,1.00 ± 0.07,0.76 ± 0.05) were significantly different between groups (F =15.448,P ＜ 0.05).And those of pregnancy and lactation groups were higher than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of TPO protein were 0.23 ± 0.01,0.41 ± 0.01,0.72 ± 0.02,0.78 ± 0.01,0.49 ± 0.01,0.52 ± 0.01,0.45 ± 0.02,respectively.The differences between groups were statistically significant (F =563.692,P ＜ 0.05).And those of pregnancy and lactation groups were higher than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The mRNA and protein expression levels of TPO and Tg have increased in pregnant and lactating rats.This performance may be raleted to thyroid hormone deficiency and mild hypothyroidism.

Objective To observe and compare the different orthotopic models of papillary thyroid cancer ( PTC) cell lines of RET/PTC1 rearrangement and BRAFV600E mutation in nude mice. Methods Human PTC cell lines TPC-1, BHP5-16 and BHP2-7 were used. The genotypes of RET/PTC1 rearrangement and BRAFV600E mutation were determined by realtime-PCR and DNA sequencing analysis. The cells(2×105) were injected into the thyroid gland of nude mice. The nude mice were executed at 4th, 12th week, and then their thyroid tumors were removed and weighed. The levels of thyroid hormone were detected using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results Both TPC-1 and BHP2-7 cells were identified as RET/PTC1 rearrangement by real time-PCR, and the expression of RET/PTC1 rearrangement in BHP2-7 cell was higher than that of TPC-1 cell. BRAFV600E mutation was found in BHP5-16 cell by DNA sequencing analysis, but was not found in TPC-1 and BHP2-7 cells. There were different characteristics in three orthotopic nude model groups. Tumorigenic rates of TPC-1 and BHP5-16 groups were 100%, but the growth of tumor was more rapid in BHP5-16 group than that in TPC-1 group, with more weight tumor. The changes of thyroid hormone levels in BHP5-16 group and TPC-1 group were the same, which were normal at 4th week and sharply decreased at 12 th week(P<0. 05). However, the tumorigenic rate of BHP2-7 group was only 6. 25%. Compared with normal control group, there was no statistical difference in the levels of thyroid hormone in BHP2-7group(P>0. 05). Conclusions It showed difference in the orthotopic models of PTC cell lines of RET/PTC1 rearrangement and BRAFV600E mutation in nude mice. BRAFV600E mutation has obvious impacts on increasing tumorigenic rate and promotion of tumor growth in the orthotopic model. It should not be ignored that advanced thyroid tumor will lead to the destruction of thyroid function.

Objective To observe the effects of different iodine intake on the thyroid tumor growth and thyroid function in the orthotopic nude mice model of human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cell line TPC-1.Methods Human PTC cell line TPC-1 (2 × 105) was injected into the left thyroid gland of nude mice.After the operation,the nude mice were randomly divided into three groups:low iodine group (LI),normal iodine group (NI),and high iodine group(HI,50 folds of normal iodine) based on the iodine levels contained in their diet.4 and 12 weeks later,the nude mice were executed,then their thyroid tumors were removed and weighted.The levels of urinary iodine were measured with As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion method.The thyroid hormone level was detected using chemiluminescent immunoassay.The morphology and structure of thyroid tumor tissue was observed by microscope.Results The iodine intervention feeding was successful according to urinary iodine level of LI,NI,and HI groups,paralleled to their iodine intakes.However,the difference of the weight of thyroid tumor in three groups had no statistical significance(P＞0.05).At 4 weeks,compared with control group,the levels of thyroid hormones were normal in NI group,while lower T4 and normal T3 were found in LI group.However,T4 was higher and T3 was lower in HI group (P＜0.05).At 12 weeks,the levels of thyroid hormones all were decreased due to the enlargement of thyroid gland tumor in NI,LI and HI groups.T4 and T3 in LI group were the lowest among three groups,even T4 was below detection limit.T4 was normal and T3 was lower in HI group as compared to control group.Conclusion Iodine intake may not significantly affect tumor growth in the orthotopic nude mice model of human PTC cell line TPC-1,but it has a significant effect on the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

[目的]探讨不同碘营养摄入对哺乳期子代大鼠小脑浦肯野细胞蛋白-2的影响.[方法]按体质量将4～6周龄健康Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为4组:重度缺碘组、轻度缺碘组、正常碘组和碘过量组.每组大鼠食用低碘鼠粮,饮用含不同IK浓度的自来水,雄鼠按正常组条件饲养,8周后交配,取哺乳期14和28 d的仔鼠作为研究对象.砷铈催化分光光度法检测仔鼠的尿碘水平,竞争结合放射免疫分析方法检测甲状腺激素水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测浦肯野细胞蛋白-2 mRNA的表达水平,蛋白免疫印迹杂交和免疫组织化学方法检测其蛋白表达水平.[结果]2d龄的子鼠,在重度碘缺乏时,表现为低尿碘和甲状腺功能减退,血TT4水平明显低于正常组,浦肯野细胞蛋白-2的mRNA和蛋白表达也明显低于正常组(P＜0.05)；轻度碘缺乏和碘过量时,TT4水平接近于正常组,浦肯野细胞蛋白-2的mRNA和蛋白表达与正常组相比,有轻度落后趋势,但无显著差异.[结论]哺乳期母鼠严重碘缺乏时,严重影响仔鼠小脑浦肯野细胞蛋白-2的表达,轻度碘缺乏和碘过量影响程度较低,提示哺乳期妇女碘营养状况不可忽视.

目的 了解新疆南疆地区碘缺乏病防治现状,掌握病情变化,评估防治效果.方法 选择新疆南疆缺碘较为严重的和田地区洛浦县和克州地区阿克陶县的农村,选择8～ 10岁学龄儿童和育龄期妇女作为调查对象.采取现况调查与追溯历史资料调查相结合的方法,将专家分成克汀病临床诊断组、学校碘缺乏病调查组和入户碘缺乏病调查组,分别开展工作.对当地县疾控中心和乡医院经病例搜索出的疑似克汀病儿童(≤10岁)进行诊断.每个乡选择1所小学,调查100名8～ 10岁儿童,用B超法测定其甲状腺体积,测查智商,采集尿样检测尿碘含量.每个乡调查30名20 ～ 50岁育龄妇女,用触诊法检查甲状腺大小,采集尿样测定尿碘含量,用半定量法检测其家中盐样,并送实验室定量测定盐碘含量.每个乡采集水样测定水碘含量.结果 ①在洛浦县、阿克陶县未发现新发克汀病儿童;②洛浦县和阿克陶县8～ 10岁儿童尿碘中位数分别是201.6、174.2μg/L;B超法检查儿童甲状腺肿大率分别为0.5％(1/200)和3.5％(7/200);③洛浦县和阿克陶县8～ 10岁儿童平均智商分别是91.9和87.7;④洛浦县和阿克陶县20～50岁育龄期妇女尿碘中位数分别为163.9、192.3μg/L;⑤洛浦县和阿克陶县居民户碘盐覆盖率分别为96.7％和95.1％,居民合格碘盐食用率分别为91.7％(55/60)和85.2％(52/61),盐碘均数分别为25.9、24.8 mg/kg;⑥洛浦县和阿克陶县居民户饮用水含碘量最大值分别为3.27、3.60 μg/L.结论 新疆南疆地区8～ 10岁儿童和育龄妇女碘缺乏病病情已得到有效控制,碘缺乏病防治效果显著.

Objective To introduce a newly revised method for determination of urinary iodine with low usage amount of arsenic trioxide and by As(Ⅲ)-Ce4+ spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion.Methods The newly revised method include:improved detection steps of 0.0-300.0 μ4g/L range urinary iodine,and increased detection steps of 300.0-1200.0 μg/L range urinary iodine,usage amount of arsenious acid solution was only a quarter of usage amount of the current standard method.The new modification for the national standard method was introduced and the method was evaluated on standard curve linearity and linear range,sample detection limit,precision and accuracy.Results The linear correlation coefficients d the 0.0-300 μg/L range and 300.0-1200.0 μg/L range calibration curve[C =a + b × lgA,C:iodine concentration,A:measuring absorbance] were -0.9995--1.0000,-0.9994--1.0000,respectively.The detection limit for iodine was 2.0 μg/L(0.25 ml of urine was tested).The relative standard deviations were 0.9％ (0.6/70.3)-3.3％(1.2/35.6) when measuring 12 urine samples with iodine conc entration of 35.6-265.5 μg/L,and 0.4％ (2.0/517.3)-2.2％ (7.2/330.1) when measuring 12 urine samples with iodine concentration of 330.0-1112.0 μg/L.The average recovery was 99.4％ with a range of 93.8％ (93.8/100)-103.9％(103.9/100) when measuring 15 urine samples with iodine concentration of 33.7-203.0 μg/L,and was 98.2％ with a range of 91.2％(501.8/550)-102.9％(411.7/400) when measuring 15 urine samples with iodine concentration of 330.0-783.0 μg/L.At different test temperature,the test results of five urinary iodine national standard materials with iodine concentration of 73.0,88.0,175.0,206.0,212.0 μg/L were all within the given value range and the relative deviation range was-2.8％(-5.9/212)-3.9％(6.9/175),and the test results of two urinary iodine national standard materials with iodine concentration of 556.0 and 883.0 μg/L were all within the given value range and the relative deviation range was-0.7％ (-7.0/883)-1.5％(8.1/556).Conclusions This newly modified method greatly reduces the amount of arsenic in liquid waste,reduces pollution,saving reagents,can directly access to urine samples with high iodine for digestion and determination,and this method is easier to be performed with better precision and accuracy,which is suitable to almost all routine laboratory test for measuring urinary iodine.

Objective To observe the effects of different concentration of iodine on the prolifera-tion and apoptosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma B2-7 cell.Methods Papillary thyroid carcinoma B2-7 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into control group and different concentration kalium iodide intervene groups,concentration of iodine were 0,10-7,10-5,10-3 mol/L,respectively,the intervening time were 24,72 and 120 h.The cell proliferation was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay.The cell apoptosis was analyzed by AnnexinV-FITC/PI flow cytometry assay and expression of apoptosis suppressor Bcl-2 was detected by quantitive RT-PCR.Results MTT assay showed the absorbance value of 10-7 mol/L group at 72 h was higher (P ＜ 0.05),and there were no statistical differences at 24,120 h compared with control group,as well as 10-5 mol/L group at intervention time 24,72 and 120 h (P ＞0.05).While absorbance values of 10-3 mol/L group at three intervention time were lower than those of control group (P ＜ 0.05).The ratio of apoptosis cells among intervention groups had no statistical difference at 24 h compared with control group (all P＞0.05).At 72 h,the ratio of apoptosis cells in 10-3 mol/L group increased (P ＜0.05),while in 10-7,10-5mol/L groups,the differences had no statistical significance (P ＞0.05).At 120 h,the ratio of apoptosis cells in each intervention groups were all higher than those in control group (P ＜0.05).There were no statistical differences in the expression of Bcl-2 among intervention groups at 24 h compared with control group (P ＞ 0.05).However,its expression in 10-3 mol/L group was lower than that of control group at 72 h (P ＜ 0.05),and had no statistical differences in 10-5,10-7 mol/L groups (all P ＞0.05).At 120 h,the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated in 10-3 mol/L group and up-regulated in 10-7 mol/L group.Conclusion High iodine could inhibit proliferation of papillary thyroid carcinoma B2-7 cell and promote its apoptosis in vitro.

目的 观察碘缺乏、铁缺乏以及碘铁联合缺乏对大鼠甲状腺功能及定量形态学的影响,为缺铁地区防治碘缺乏病提供新的思路和方法.方法 SPF/VAF级初断乳SD雄性大鼠48只,按体重随机分为对照组、碘缺乏组、铁缺乏组和碘铁联合缺乏组,每组各12只.通过饲料控制各组大鼠碘、铁摄入量,自由饮用去离子水.喂养8周后测定尿碘浓度;称取大鼠体重及甲状腺重量,计算甲状腺脏器系数;生化法检测全血血红蛋白;化学发光免疫分析法测定血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平.甲状腺经HE染色后光镜下观察,应用MIAS-2000型图像分析系统测量甲状腺滤泡平均直径、平均表面积、平均体积、体积密度、表面积密度、比表面积、数密度、球形因子等体视学指标.结果 碘缺乏组、碘铁联合缺乏组大鼠尿碘中位数低于对照组、铁缺乏组(P＜0.01).与对照组相比,碘缺乏组和碘铁联合缺乏组大鼠甲状腺重量和脏器系数均增大,铁缺乏组体重下降、甲状腺脏器系数增大(P＜0.05).铁缺乏组、碘铁联合缺乏组全血血红蛋白低于对照组、碘缺乏组(P＜0.05),铁缺乏组低于碘铁联合缺乏组(P＜0.05).碘缺乏组FT3高于对照组、铁缺乏组、碘铁联合缺乏组(P＜0.05),碘铁联合缺乏组FT3低于碘缺乏组、高于铁缺乏组(P＜0.05);FT4水平在对照组、铁缺乏组、碘缺乏组、碘铁联合缺乏组依次降低(P＜0.05);碘缺乏组、碘铁联合缺乏组TSH高于对照组、铁缺乏组(P＜0.05).碘缺乏组、碘铁联合缺乏组甲状腺充血肿大、滤泡上皮细胞增生,铁缺乏组甲状腺略显苍白、滤泡上皮细胞无明显改变;碘缺乏组、碘铁联合缺乏组甲状腺滤泡平均直径、平均表面积、平均体积低于对照组,而表面积密度、比表面积、数密度高于对照组(P＜0.05),铁缺乏组甲状腺滤泡体积密度大于碘缺乏组(P＜0.05).结论 碘缺乏和铁缺乏均可降低甲状腺功能,前者作用较强,两者联合作用可增强效应;碘缺乏可引起小滤泡增生性甲状腺肿、胶质减少甚至缺如,铁缺乏对甲状腺形态学影响不明显.

To explore the relationship between thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function in school children aged 8-10 years,adults,pregnant women,and lactating women in China,in order to provide reference for the prevention and monitoring of thyroid disease.Healthy 8-10 years old school children (693 cases),adults (698 cases),pregnant women(325 cases),and lactating women(332 cases) from six iodine sufficient areas were enrolled.Serum TSH,FT4,and FT3 were determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay,while antithyroid antibody by radioimmunoassay.The positive rate of thyroid autoantibodies in females was significantly higher than that in the male (5.6％ vs 2.0％ in school children,and 22.8％ vs 3.2％ in adults) ; while positive rate of autoantibodies in pregnant and lactating women (8.9％,8.7％) were significantly lower than that in the other healthy adult women (22.8％).The incidence of abnormal thyroid function in antibody-positive people was higher than that in negative ones in all groups,and abnormal thyroid function showed mainly as subclinical hypothyroidism.In addition,lactating women with negative autoantibodies presented a higher incidence of abnormal thyroid function,mainly as low FT4.The abnormal thyroid function is related with the positive thyroid autoantibodies,indicating that it is essential to follow-up these people with positive antibodies in order to facilitate prevention,early diagnosis,and treatment of thyroid disease.Reference data for thyroid hormones in lactating women should be establisbed as soon as possible.

Objective To set up the reference range for thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) of 8-10 years old school children in certain regions of China to provide reference criteria for diagnosis,treatment,and monitoring of thyroid diseases and related research.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in primary school children aged 8-10 years from six iodine sufficient areas.664 normal school children were selected for establishing reference ranges of thyroid hormones and TSH after crucial screening through questionnaire and laboratory investigation.The serum hormone levels were determined by using chemiluminescent immunoassay (Bayer's reagents),and the reference range of each hormone was displayed as its 95％ central interval.Results The reference ranges of TSH,FT4,FT3,TT4,and TT3 were 1.03-8.42 mIU/L,13.44-20.59 pmol/L,4.75-6.96pmol/L,75.29-152.66 nmol/L,and 1.76-3.35 nmol/L,respectively.There was no significant difference in hormone levels between boys and girls.The eight years old group had slightly higher TT4 level compared with the other age groups.The rural children had higher TSH and TT3 levels and lower FT4 level than the urban children.Conclusion The thyroid hormone and TSH levels are substantially different between school children and adults.Therefore,it is necessary to establish the reference range of thyroid function indices for normal school children in order to diagnose,treat,and monitor thyroid diseases.

>近年来,甲状腺结节及甲状腺癌的发病率均明显增加,引起全社会包括医学界、政府有关部门及平民百姓的高度关注。但是,甲状腺结节及甲状腺癌高发是否与我国施行的食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病有直接关系,有社会质疑补碘过量会诱发甲状腺结节及癌的发生,这些问题应该引起重视和深思,并有必要了解世界其他国家甚至发达国家甲状腺结节和癌的流行趋势及其原因,为审视我国存在的问题、及时采取正确的防治措施提供参考依据。在检索了美国及

Objective To detect the expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in the kidney of Wistar rats,and explore the changes and distribution of them.Methods Female Wistar rats were divided into mild iodine deficiency group (MIDG group),severe iodine deficiency group(SIDG group) and normal iodine group as control (CL group) with radom number table method,and fed adaptively for one week before the experiment with ten rats in each group (everyday total iodine intaking were 5.00,1.24,10.00 μg/d,respectively).Observed the expression of UCP2 and B MP2 in isolated kidney of the experimental rats through immunohistochemistry.And the results were analyzed with related statistic methods.Results Compared with CL group,the level of free T3,total T3,total T4 in MIDG group declined (t =2.54,1.81,4.41,P ＜ 0.05),while the level of free T4 did not decrease obviously,and the difference had no statistical significance.And the level of free T3,free T4,total T3,total T4 in SIDG group declined evidently (t =6.68,20.25,5.38,21.56,P ＜ 0.01).Compared with MIDG group,the level ofblood hormone in SIDG group declined more obviously (t =3.19,15.45,6.93,13.48,P ＜ 0.05).Immunohistochemistry showed that UCP2 and BMP2 expressed mainly in the cortical distal renal tubular and less in glomeruli.Compared with CL group,the expression of UCP2 and BMP2 in SIDG group and MIDG group were both decreased significantly (t =5.72,8.79,8.74,18.63,P ＜ 0.01).Compared MIDG group,the expression in SIDG group declined more obviously (t =7.43,11.77,P ＜ 0.01).Meanwhile,the relevant analysis revealed that the tendencies of decline of UCP2 and BMP2 were consistent with the level of free T4 (r =0.81,0.82).Conclusion The deficiency of iodine can cause hypothyroidism which can lead to the decline of UCP2 and BMP2 in kidney of rats.

Objective To explore the effect of iodine and iron comitant deficiency on thyroid function of rat,and to provide new clues and ideas for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders in iron deficiency areas.Methods Using 2 × 2 factorial analysis method,sixty male healthy SPF/VAF level weaning SD rats were randomly divided into normal group (N),iodine deficiency group (ID),iron deficiency group (FD) and iodine and iron comitant deficiency group(IFD) by body mass,and 15 rats in each group.Diet was controlled to meet the iodine and iron intake requirement in each group.Rats of all groups drank deionized water.After 6 weeks feeding,body mass and thyroid gland mass were measured,and the relative mass of thyroid gland was calculated.Rat urine samples were collected,(NH4)2S2O8 digesting,As3+-Ce4+ catalyzing spectrophotometry was used to verify urine iodine.Blood was taken from femoral artery,and serum was obtained by centrifugation.The following tests were carried out:biochemical assay of hemoglobin,serum iron,and total iron binding capacity; chemiluminescence detection of total triiodothyronine (TT3),total thyroxine (TT4),free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH).Results Compared with N group [(341.0 ± 24.2)g],rats in FD and IFD groups [(307.0 ± 17.6),(294.5 ± 29.5)g] had less body mass(all P ＜ 0.01) ; and compared with N group[(17.6 ± 3.7)mg,(5.2 ± 1.1)mg/100 g body mass] those in ID and IFD groups had larger absolute[(31.8 ± 3.8),(22.9 ± 3.4)mg] and relative thyroid mass[(9.4 ± 1.6),(7.8 ± 1.1)mg/100 g body mass,all P ＜ 0.01].Medians of urinary iodine in ID and IFD groups(31.5,22.5 μg/L) were lower than that in FD and N groups(167.6,163.8 μg/L,all P ＜0.01).Rats in IFD and FD groups had lower hemoglobin[(69.2 ± 7.4),(62.2 ± 8.1)g/L] and serum iron[(4.9 ±1.4),(5.2 ± 0.8)μmol/L] and higher total iron binding capacity[(176.3 ± 4.4),(186.4 ± 13.7)μmol/L]than N group[(161.1 ± 9.4)g/L,(27.3 ± 6.5)μmol/L,(99.1 ± 9.0)μmol/L,all P ＜ 0.01].In FD,ID and IFD groups,their serum hormones TT4[(47.42 ± 6.58),(35.27 ± 6.97),(30.07 ± 4.75)nmol/L] and FT4[(27.60 ±2.32),(21.67 ± 2.79),(19.45 ± 1.97)pmol/L] were lower than N group[(68.97 ± 9.95)nmol/L,(34.01 ±3.28)pmol/L,all P ＜ 0.01)],but compared with N group[(1.23 ± 0.13)nmol/L,(5.89 ± 0.62)pmol/L],TT3 and FT3 decreased in IFD[(0.95 ± 0.13)nmol/L,(5.18 ± 0.54)pmol/L] and FD groups[(0.90 ± 0.14)nmol/L,(4.81 ±0.41)pmol/L,all P ＜ 0.01],while increased in ID group [(1.46 ± 0.14)nmol/L,(7.28 ± 0.79) pmol/L,all P ＜0.01].Compared with N group [(1.97 ± 0.83)mU/L],TSH of the rats in ID [(6.39 ± 4.41)mU/L] and IFD [(3.12 ± 1.52)mU/L] groups rose obviously,especially in ID group (P ＜ 0.01 or 0.05).Factorial analysis showed iodine and iron have reciprocal actions to TT3,TT4,FT3,FT4 and TSH(P ＜ 0.01 or 0.05).Conclusions Both iron deficiency and iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism,and they present reciprocal action.The combined supplement of iodine and iron will possibly improve the prevention effect to iodine deficiency disorders in the iron deficiency area.

Objective To investigate the effects of maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy caused by iodine deficiency of different degrees on doublecortin ( DCX ) and synaptophysin ( p38 ) expressions in fetal brain.Methods Wistar female rats were randomly divided into four groups:adequate iodine ( AI),mild iodine deficiency ( MiID ),moderate iodine deficiency ( MoID ),and severe iodine deficiency ( SID ),according to the total daily iodine supply( fed on an iodine deficient diet with different dosages of KI added in drinking water).Three months later the rats were mated.Serum TSH and thyroid hormones were determined in maternal rats on gestational day 20 using chemiluminescent immunoassay.The iodine contents in urine and histological changes of thyroid gland were observed in pregnant rats.The mRNA and protein levels of DCX and synaptophysin ( p38 ) were analyzed in fetal brain by using real time quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting respectively.Results ( 1 ) Iodine contents in urine of pregnant rats were reduced with the decrease of their iodine supply.Compared with group AI,serum TSH was significantly increased [ ( 2.95 ± 1.70 vs 1.31 ± 0.55 ) mU/L,P ＜ 0.05 ],and both TT4 and FT4 were significantly decreased [ ( 14.3±4.1 vs 28.4±19.3 ) nmol/L,P＜0.05 ] and [ ( 10.8±3.6 vs 20.2±8.0) pmol/L,P＜0.01 ] in pregnant rats of SID group.Whereas,a slight rise in TSH,and a mild decline in both TT4and FT4 were found in MoID and MiID groups.However,there were no significant changes in TT3 and FT3 levels among these four groups.( 2 )Histological characteristics of thyroid gland in pregnant rats showed a typical goiter with small follicular hyperplasia and lack of colloid in SID group,moderate follicular hyperplasia with decreased colloid in MoID group; but mild cellular hyperplasia without decrease in follicular size and colloid in MiID group.( 3 ) The mRNA levels of DCX were increased in fetal brains of three iodine deficiency groups compared with AI group,but a statistical significance was found in MoID group.The protein levels of DCX in all experiment groups were significantly increased.Both mRNA and protein expressions of synaptophysin ( p38 ) were significantly down-regulated in three iodine deficiency groups.Conclusions Maternal thyroid dysfunction caused by iodine deficiency,even by mild or moderate iodine deficiency,may lead to retardation of fetal neuronal and synaptic growth.

Objective To establish a new method with low usage amount of arsenic trioxide for measuring 300 - 1200 μg/L high concentration iodine in urine by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion, which would be convenient for monitoring urinary iodine in excessive iodine regions and to reduce environmental arsenic pollution. Methods Calibrators and urine samples(0.20 ml each) were digested according to the current standard detection method of urinary iodine(WS/T 107-2006). At the same time, improving the current standard method, the amount of arsenious acid solution was reduced from 0.100 moL/L H3AsO3 (containing NaCl 25 g/L) 2.5 ml to 0.025 mol/L H3AsO3(containing NaCl 40 g/L) 2.5 ml; amount of ceric ammonium sulfate solution was reduced from 0.076 mol/L 0.30 ml to 0.025 mol/L 0.50 ml; and photometric wavelength was changed from 420 nm to 380 nm. The new method was evaluated by standard curve linearity and linear range, sample detection precision, accuracy, and the results of urinary iodine were compared with those determined bycurrent standard method, and this new method was also tested of suitable combination of reaction temperature and reaction time of cerium arsenic in the temperature range of 20 - 30 ℃. Results The calibration relation of C =a + blgA (C: iodine concentration, A : measuring absorhance) in the new method existed when As3+- Ce4+ catalytic reaction was kept at a certain stable temperature range between 20 - 30 ℃ and in certain fixed reacting time. The linear range of the calibration curve was 300 - 1200 μg/L and the linear correlative coefficient was- 0.9999. The relative standard deviations(RSD) were 1.0％(3.2/330.3), 0.4％(2.0/517.3), 0.5％(3.9/712.6) and 0.9％(9.4/1042.3) when measuring urine samples with iodine concentration of 330.3, 517.3,712.6, and 1042.3 μg/L, respectively. The total average recovery was 98.3％ with a range of 93.4％ (186.8/200.0) - 101.5％ (202.9/200.0) when measuring 4 urine samples containing different concentration of high iodine, and average recovery was 99.1％ (148.6/150.0), 97.5％ (195.0/200.0), 98.8％ (395.3/400.0), and 98.2％ (392.7/400.0),respectively. The test results of four urinary iodine standard materials were all within the given value range and the relative deviations(RD) were all ＜ 2.0％ at different test temperature, respectively. No significant difference was found between the results of the 16 urine samples containing high concentration of iodine determined by the new method and the current standard method (|t| =0.727, P ＞ 0.05). The table of suitable combination of As3+-Ce4+ reaction temperature and reaction time for this method was obtained(such as 20 ℃ and 33 min, 25 ℃ and 25 min,30 ℃ and 19 min, etc). Conclusions This method greatly reduces the amount of arsenic in waste, reduces pollution, saves reagents, and this method is easier to be performed with better precision and accuracy, which is suitable for measuring high concentration of iodine in urine.

Objective To analyze the median urinary iodine(MUI)level in normal pregnant women based on World HeMth Organization(WHO) recommended criterion,and to provide the MUI reference values for monitoring and evaluating iodine nutrition during pregnancy and related studies.Methods Total 604 normal pregnant and 192 non-pregnant women(as a comparison)were selected from a cross-sectional survey.These women were all healthy,iodine sufficient,with normal thyroid function,and negative anti-thyroid antibodies.The iodine content in drinking water,edible salt,and urine was determined by standard methods,and serum TSH,FT4,FT3,thyroid peroxidaseantibody(TPOAb),and thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb)were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay.Resuits (1)The iodine in drinking water was 3.0μg/L indicating such small amount of iodine could be neglected for daily iodine intake.(2)All women consumed iodized salt with the median iodine in salt of 31.7 mg/kg.The daily iodine intake of at least 240 μg could be roughly estimated if an average of 10 g salt was taken per person per day and further subtracted by 20%iodine lost during cooking,which could meet the iodine needs during pregnancy.(3)The MUI of 173.1μg/L was calculated from 604 pregnant women having 174.5,167.0,and 180.7 μg/L during the first,second,and third trimesters,respectively,reaching the optimal level of 150-249 μg/L recommended by WHO for pregnant women.However,our data showed relatively lower levels,not reaching 200μg/L.The MUI of 240.2μg/L was calculated from 192 non-pregnant women,reaching the level of"above requirement"(200-299μg/L) recommended by WHO for adults.(4)All women were euthyroid and antibody-negative,but the TSH level in pregnant women was lower than that in non-pregnant women,in particular during the first trimester,while FT4 and FT3 were considerably decreased compared with the non-pregnant(with an exception of FT4 in the first trimester),and both gradually declined with the gestational age.Conclusions The optimal MUI level of 150-249 μg/,L recommended by WHO can be applied to pregnant Chinese women,but our data provided a relatively low range of 150-200μ/L throughout pregnancy.The higher MUI of 240.2μg/L in non-pregnant women indicated that iodized salt with different contents should be supplied on market to meet the requirement of different groups of population.

Clinical EndocrinologyVolume 75, Issue 4 p. 572-573 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Author’s response* Yu-Qin Yan, Yu-Qin Yan Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, ChinaE-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Yu-Qin Yan, Yu-Qin Yan Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, ChinaE-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 07 April 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04071.x † This letter is the author’s response to TSH levels in human pregnancy by Nirmal S. Panesar, which was published in Volume 75 Issue 3 of Clinical Endocrinology on page 406. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Yan, Y.Q., Dong, Z.L., Dong, L. et al. (2011) Trimester- and method-specific reference intervals for thyroid tests in pregnant Chinese women: methodology, euthyoid definition and iodine status can influence the setting of reference intervals. Clinical Endocrinology, 74, 262–269. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03910.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2 Panesar, N.S., Li, C.Y. & Rogers, M.S. (2001) Reference intervals for thyroid hormones in pregnant Chinese women. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 38, 329–332. 10.1258/0004563011900830 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3 Bayer HealthCare (2000) ACS:180 Assay Manual. Google Scholar 4 Bayer HealthCare (2004) ADVIA Centaur Assay Manual. Google Scholar 5 Marwaha, R.K., Chopra, S., Gopalakrishnan, S. et al. (2008) Establishment of reference range for thyroid hormones in normal pregnant Indian women. An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115, 602–606. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01673.x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6 Boucai, L., Hollowell, J.G. & Surks, M.I. (2011) An approach for development of age-, gender-, and ethnicity-specific thyrotropin reference limits. Thyroid, 21, 5–11. 10.1089/thy.2010.0092 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume75, Issue4October 2011Pages 572-573 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Objective To investigate the effects of iodine and iron deficiency on lipid metabolism in rats by controlling the iodine and iron intakes,making iodine deficiency and/or iron deficiency model.Methods Male Sprauge-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal control group (N group,iodine content was 362.0 μg/kg and iron content was 93.3 mg/kg in the diet),iodine deficiency group(ID group,iodine content was 61.4 μg/kg and iron content was 93.3 mg/kg in the diet),iron deficiency group( FD group,iodine content was 362.0 μg/kg and iron content was 9.6 mg/kg in the diet),iodine and iron deficiency group( IFD group,iodine content was 61.4 μg/kg and iron content was 9.6 mg/kg in the diet),15 in each group.After six weeks,urinary iodine level was determined.Then the rats were killed by exsanguination and the blood was sampled to separate serum.The blood samples were analyzed for triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high density lipoprotein (HDL),low density lipoprotein (LDL),hemoglobin,serum iron levels and total iron binding capacity with biochemical assay.Also,the levels of serum T3 and T4 were examined with chemiluminescence.Results In IFD group and FD group,the level of hemoglobin [ (69.2 ± 7.4) g/L,(62.2 ± 8.1 ) g/L vs.( 161.1 ± 9.4) g/L,P ＜0.01 ]and serum iron[ (4.9 ± 1.4) μmol/L,(5.2 ±0.8) μmol/L vs.(27.3 ±6.5) μmol/L,P ＜0.01 ] were decrearsed,while the levels of total iron binding capacity [ ( 176.3 ±4.4) μmoL/L,( 186.4 ± 13.7) μmol/L vs.(99.1 ±9.0)μmol/L,P ＜0.01 ]were increased,which were defined as moderate to severe anemia.The levels of T4 in FD group [ ( 47.42 ± 6.58 ) nmol/L ],ID group [ ( 35.27 ± 6.97 ) nmol/L ],and IFD group [ (30.07 ±4.75)nmol/L]were distinctively decreassed compared with N group(P ＜0.01 ),while the levels of T3 were decreased in IFD group [ (0.95 ±0.13)nmol/L] and FD group[ (0.90 ±0.14)nmoL/L],and increased in ID group [ ( 1.46 ± 0.14) nmol/L ] compared with N group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The levels of TC [ ( 1.77 ± 0.30) mmol/L,(1.54 ±0.23)mmol/L],HDL[ (0.83 ±0.18) mmoL/L,(0.59 ±0.10)mmol/L] and LDL[ (0.67 ±0.24) nmol/L,(0.64 ±0.25)mmol/L] were decreased in IFD group and FD group compared with N group (P ＜0.01 ).In ID group,the level of LDL [(0.79 ±0.17) mmol/L] was decreásed compared with N group (P ＜0.05).Conclusions Either iodine or iron deficiency can influence lipid metabolism.They can interact with each other,and play important roles in the metabolism of serum lipids.

Objective Take alkaline ashing method as golden standard to explore the accuracy of chloric acid digestion method in determination of human milk iodine. Methods Sixty one breast milk samples collected in Hexi district of Tianjin was measured by the method for determination of iodine in foodstuff by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (referred to as the alkaline ashing method) published in 2008 and the method for determination of iodine in urine by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry(referred to as acid digestion) published in 1999, respectively. were highly correlated(r = 0.960, t = 26.3, P < 0.01), and the regression equation was (Y) = - 28.1 + 0.808X, in which X was independent variable, that is the results of alkaline ashing method; (Y) was dependent variable, that is the estimated data of chloric acid digestion method. The average difference of the results measured by the two methods was 68.3 μg/L, and the results from chloric acid digestion was 38.9% which lower than that of alkaline samples were diluted by 3,4 and 5-fold and then digested by chloric acid, the liquid clarification rates were 80.3% ashing and chloric acid digestion method were, respectively, 165.4, 110.0 μg/L. Conclusions Compared with alkaline ashing method, the results determined by chloric acid digestion method are significantly lower. It is suggested that there are systemic errors in chloric acid digestion method, which means that alkaline ashing method can not be replaced by the chloric acid digestion method.