[目的]确定黑河流域不同地区浅层地下水的防污性能状况,对不同区位的地下水污染设防情况给出建议.[方法]采用DRAS-TIC模型,选择地下水位埋深、包气带综合岩性、含水层岩性、地下水净补给量、水力传导系数和地形梯度6个评价因子,构建区域浅层地下水防污性能评价指标体系,进行黑河流域平原区浅层地下水系统防污性能评价.[结果]浅层地下水防污性能差和较差区占平原区面积的52.2％,主要分布在山前倾斜平原和沿河道地带;防污性能好和较好区占平原区面积的17.4％,主要分布在各盆地的中部区域;防污性能中等区占平原区面积的30.4％,分布在评价区的剩余地区.[结论]黑河流域的整体防污性能较差,尤其南部山前平原和河道带.

The purpose of this study is to explore the biological karst developing mechanism at the coexistence condition of the sulfate and carbonate rock.The study focuses on the geochemical processes in water-rock-bacteria system by tracing the stable sulfur isotope(34S) fractionation through laboratory experiment combined with the isotope data of the pyrite filling in Ordovician weathering crust in the Ordos basin.The results suggest that the H2S produced by bacterial sulfate reduction(BSR) is characterized by a significant isotope fractionation of 34S,which was controlled by temperature and the SO42-concentration from the dissolution of sulfate rocks in the system.Bacterial sulfate reduction in the experimental system provides an evidence for biological karst on sulfate rocks,and gives a good interpretation for the feature of karst development below the Ordovician weathering crust,Ordos basin.In addition,the presence of pyrite and compacted released water karst confirms that bacterial sulfate reduction took place within the weathering crust during the burial stage.The results provide a new perspective for the analysis of the formation of oil-gas reservoir and the exploration of petroleum gas geology resources.

With regard to the aquifers of different depths,this paper is aimed at revealing their water abundance and studying the recoverability and availability of groundwater resources and the transformation and utilization possibility of the shallow groundwater with poor quality.Relying on the Hengshui groundwater test field of Ministry of Land and Resources,layered pumping test and the sampling of water chemistry isotopes were conducted on the basis of the detailed investigation of groundwater development and utilization status and monitoring the groundwater annual regime around the test field-affected zone.According to the analyses of the processes of a large number of water levels dynamic data from pumping test,local flow field characteristics and hydrochemical isotopes,conclusions are achieved as follows:agriculture is the main controlling factor affecting the groundwater;from the bottom to the top in multi-aquifers,the artesian pressure has the weakening trend while the recharge intensity has the increasing trend,and permeabilities,in addition to in the shallow aquifer,are all good;the seepage intensity and directions vary a lot from aquifer to aquifer,etc.The advices are given as follows:the shallow saline groundwater should be developed and utilized by pumping saline-water and supplying fresh-water in the right time and appropriate irrigation;the aquifers of 170 m and 300 m,which are rich aquiferous layers,can be the main exploitation aquifers for industry and agriculture;the deep groundwater is utilized primarily as the domestic water;water with different qualities should be used for relevant aspects,etc.Then the sustainable development and utilization of the groundwater can be realized.

After the large exploitation and utilization for the past several decades,the groundwater utilization in North China Plain not only showed regional and serious local overexploitation,but also exposed the problem of serious decrease of groundwater recharge source.Because of the powerful impoundment of confluence mountain reservoir,the recharge function of main river body,lost in the middle-west of North China Plain with coarse particles,which was easy groundwater recharge area;because of the shallow burial depth and water salinization,the rainfall-runoff could not be effective to the recharge of groundwater in the middle-east of North China Plain with fine particles,which was the main runoff area.The traditional practice showed that the hydraulic engineering construction was emphasized in mountain area while impounding and utilizing the runoff in the west low plain area was neglected;renovating and utilizing saline water was valued in high altitude area but ignored in low altitude area;the surface reservoir construction was strengthened while the ground water reservoir was overlooked.Facing the grim situation of intense water supply in North China Plain,it was necessary to adjust the development strategy of water resource.The idea was as follows: improving the utilization of precipitation should be the most important,and then the overall layout of development and utilization of water resource should be adjusted and improved;groundwater supply and store should be important,collecting the rain flood and transforming and utilizing the shallow water also should be paid attention to,giving full play to the function of surface and groundwater.The actions included the project of groundwater reservoir recharged by multi-level stone check dam in the piedmont,the project of storing fresh water in the middle-east and the coastal region and the project of utilizing the shallow water with large scale in the eastern.If the above actions could be carried out,the utilization rate of rainfall could increased from 20.65% to more than 26%,so the shortage of water supply in North China Plain could be solved.

Desertification,as one of the most serious environment problems in the world,is threatening the quality of human habitat and the stability of society.In this study,based on investigation and assessment of the environmental geological aspects of desertification, especially on the investigation of environmentally vulnerable areas affected by desertification,the authors built up a geo-environmental indicator system for desertification assessment,and determined a group of factors for investigation and monitoring.The results have brought technological support to the scientific assessment of geo-environment change and the improvement of the geo-environment monitoring and early warning system.

The research on application of shallow saline groundwater is of great importance and the saline groundwater is a reasonable resource for exploitation and sustainable economic development in Tianjin coastal area. Reasonable exploitation and utilization of the shallow saline groundwater has practical significance for water quality improvement of the shallow groundwater and effective protection of water resources and attenuation of depression cone. Shallow salty soil is rich in water resources.The full use of water resources is made for the comprehensive benefit and development of national economics.

Development and utilization of shallow groundwater from low permeability aquifer in low altitude plain of the eastern North China is the key issue to excavate resources potential of water and soil and increase resource utilization of light-heat biological environment.Based on the lessons from home and overseas study and investigation and construction in situ,different types of demonstration projects were successfully implemented in Tianjin,Cangzhou,Hengshui and Jiyang,such as radial well of pumping salt water and replacing fresh water,recycling well of river water-rain floods-phreatic water,enhancing pumpage well by siphone-conectivity wayand has achieved good results under the condition of low-cost.It has not only solved the problem of irrigation water shortage in fresh water,brackish water,even salt water distribution areas,but also made large-scale utilization of shallow salt water become possibility,and provide a feasible way for reasonable development and utilization of soil and water resources.

The present work is designed to simulate the dissolution of sulphate rock under various conditions of different bacterial cell numbers, temperatures and reaction times both in water-rock and water-rock-bacteria systems by laboratory experiment. The results show that chemical dissolution of sulphate rock is dominated in water-rock system, while bacterial sulphate reduction process and the dissolution of sulphate rock driven by bacterial sulphate reduction are dominated in water-rock-bacteria system. The dissolution of sulphate rock driven by bacterial sulphate reduction resultes in the formation of sulphate karst, which enhances the permeability of carbonate rock coexisted with sulphate rock. The research is an insight into biokarst, which provides a new perspective for the field of petroleum geology.

A home-made cage-shaped lysimeter was used to carry out an experimental study on condensed water in an in-situ testing field in the Ordos Basin aimed at water-salt migration in the zone of aeration of soil.Based on the observation data of condensed water experiment,the water vapor migration process in the zone of aeration and water condensation process in the Ordos Basin are discussed.The results show that the temperature difference between the atmosphere,ground surface and zone of aeration is the driving force of forming condensed water;the daily vapor migration can be divided into 4 stages:water vapor is migrated from the atmosphere to the zone of aeration, vapor is migrated from the zone of aeration to the atmosphere,vapor is condensed over the ground surface,and vapor is diffused from the ground surface to the atmosphere and the zone of aeration;there is condensed water around a soil layer of 0～10 cm in depth in the Ordos Basin,but the accumulation of condensed water occurs mainly at soil depths of 2 cm and 7～9 cm,especially at the soil depth of 7～9 cm;the effect of vegetation on atmospheric condensed water is not so significant in the wind-blown sand area in the Ordos Basin.Moreover,the formation mechanism of condensed water is preliminarily researched.

Based on investigation and geological setting,heap garbage and its current pollution in the groundwater source area in Shijiazhuang are briefly analyzed in this paper.The results indicate that groundwater in this area has obviously been polluted by the heap garbage.In view of the contaminative situation,four zones have been put forward for separated prevention according to the geological environment:(1) the piedmont;(2) the riverbed,the floodplain and the ancient floodplain of the Hutuo River;(3) the north of the Hutuo River floodplain;and(4) the south of the Hutuo River floodplain.Different countermeasures for the polluted regions are also proposed,which provide a scientific basis for the green ecologic system and beautiful home development in Shijiazhuang.

The water quality of shallow aquifers that have direct relationship to human heath and ecological safety has been seriously threatened by widespread dumping of industrial solid waste, urban and rural garbage. A garbage dump field with hydrogeological, environ-geological characteristics typical of the Beijing plain was selected for investigation. A hydrogeological model was constructed and the equations used to describe pollutant transport in one-dimensional (1D) steady, uniform groundwater flow to investigate the transport/diffusion processes. In addition to the coefficients for calculation, diffusion coefficient and other coefficients of the aquifer were obtained by conducting in situ diffusion experiments and sample tests. Velocity and scope of pollutant transport/diffusion process were calculated. Accordingly, the real pollution situation in the aquifer was evaluated through in situ drilling and sample testing. Transport/diffusion processes of pollutants within the aquifer abide by the solute equation applicable to 1D steady flow. The transport and diffusion dominate in the direction of groundwater flowing at a speed of about 120 m per year. Comparably, the lateral diffusive width is much smaller. Pollution degree decreases by the law of Y=1.08 exp(33.533/X), where Y is the distance from the garbage dump field and X is the overall pollution index.

Microbial colonies serve as a converter in the cyclic process of materials. Micro-ecological features are rather complicated in the environment of rubbish stack, and its micro-ecological effects embody the degradation and transformation of harmful materials accumulated in various backgrounds. It can play the role of ecological environmental protection, but on the other hand may sometimes cause pollution of ecological environment due to maladjustment of material cycle in some local ecological systems. Based on geological investigation projects, this paper studied micro-ecological distribution features of bacteria gross, Escherichia coli, Bact.nitro bacter, Denitrifying bacteria, Th.denitrificans Pesulfovibrio, Th.thioparus, Iron Bacteria etc. in a representative rubbish site in Beijing. Combined with the goal of pollution investigation and pollution treatment, this paper emphasizes content distribution and effect features of bacterial colonies in relevant rubbish sites so as to provide scientific basis for related researches or engineering treatment.

Based on the hydrogeological survey in the downstream of the Yellow River,this paper reevaluates the shallow groundwater resource amount and its potential by the new data and comparative methods.It also analyzes the reason of shallow groundwater resource change in recent years and the regulation and storage capacity of groundwater reservoir in this area which is lack of groundwater potential.It is concluded that the groundwater recharge of this region has changed in the late 20 years due to the zero-flow period of the Yellow River and climate change,and the groundwater is in imbalance.Compared with the one in 1980s,the exploitation of shallow groundwater has reduced by nearly 10~9 m~3/a and its potential has decreased by about 3×10~9 m~3/a.Some advices about reasonable utilization of groundwater resource to ensure the sustainable development of economy are proposed as well.

生活垃圾对环境的污染,主要表现为垃圾渗滤液对地面水、地下水、土壤等的污染 .其污染评价涉及污染物指标、污染物标准值的确定和计算模式的建立等内容.本文在总结现行环境指数评价法的基础上,探讨性地提出一套将基于生活垃圾填埋场环境监测技术标准 (CJJ/T3037-95)中涉及地面水、地下水、土壤等的相关监测项和垃圾中的其他常见重要污染物,一并确定出的污染评价指标,再根据相关有毒物急性毒性分级,结合阈限值和部分浸出毒性鉴别标准值等分为 5类污染指标.并在污染物的标准值确定后,进行对应于5类污染物的不同数学模式计算 ,得到5个分类污染指数,再比较判别这5个分类污染指数,选出最大者作为总污染指数的组合型评价垃圾污染的方法.经实例应用分析,该方法对各种污染物数据分布情况的适宜性优于现行其他常用方法.

The authors investigated the environmental-geological conditions of a certain refuse landfill site in Beijing and the ability of strata to prevent refuse pollution and monitored groundwater pollution by refuse for one consecutive hydrologic year.On that basis,the authors used the single-factor assessment method and multi-factor assessment method(comprehensive pollution index and Nemeron pollution index)to assess the data of groundwater pollution by this refuse landfill site.The results show that groundwater has been seriously polluted:the comprehensive pollution index may attain59;the individual pollution components such as NO 2- ,NH 4+ and COD are commonly dozens of times higher than the reference val-ues and the cancerogenous substance NO 2- is340times higher;in terms of groundwater quality,the number of some pollutants(NO 2- ,NH 4+ ,and COD)in groundwater is dozens of times and even more than one hundred times than the quality standard of ClassⅢwater,making groundwater impotable.This suggests that the ability of the geological environment to protect groundwater resources is directly related to the rational use of land and resources and urban management and that the improper selection of the site of urban refuse disposal will result in the pollution of urban groundwater resources and influence the sustain able development of cities.

Through an analysis of the main components of household waste,the evaluation factors were selected.The degree of pollution to groundwater and soil around the landfill was assessed with the single factor method and the multi factor method.It is held that some measures should be taken so as to prevent groundwater and soil from being polluted,i.e.,the piling of household waste at random should be strictly prohibited, the environmental effect evaluation should be carried out before the selection of landfill sites,and the landfill site should be located where the groundwater is well protected.