中草药作为一种饲料添加剂在畜牧行业中备受青睐,与抗生素相比,其具有无毒无害无残留等诸多优势,然而部分中草药中含有一定量的有毒有害成分和抗营养因子,抑制了其在生猪养殖产业中的应用.研究表明,发酵中草药制剂可以显著降低中草药中有毒有害物质和抗营养因子的含量,同时提高中草药的营养含量和活性组分,并且可以产生新的药效成分,使中草药得到更充分的利用.本文综述了中草药发酵技术、方法、优势,以及在猪生产中的应用,为畜牧业的健康发展提供理论依据.

该研究旨在通过对不同屠宰体重藏香猪屠宰性能、肉质性状及营养组分等指标进行分析,从而确定藏香猪的育肥边际.选择同一饲养环境、管理条件下的去势藏香公猪,按照屠宰体重20.00 kg(12月龄)、30.00 kg(15月龄)、40.00 kg(18月龄)分为3组,每组9头猪.研究表明,随体重增加,藏香猪脂肪沉积逐渐增加(P＜0.05),G3组板油重、背膘厚、平均背膘厚、脂肪率及熟肉率均显著高于G1、G2组(P＜0.05),内脏器官各组间差异不大(P＞0.05);G2组失水率最低(P＜0.05),但滴水损失高于G1组,且与G3组差异不显著(P＞0.05);3组间肌肉蛋白、水分及灰分含量差异均不显著,但G2、G3组肌内脂肪含量显著高于G1组;肌内矿物质元素中钙含量最高,G1、G2、G3组含量分别为41.60、59.94和53.19 mg/kg,组间差异显著(P＜0.05);3组中锌含量分别为31.90,32.61和28.88 mg/kg,G1、G2组与G3组之间均存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),G2组钙及锌含量最高;氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量随体重增加也逐渐增加,G2、G3组苯丙氨酸含量显著高于G1组(P＜0.05),G2、G3组之间差异均不显著(P＞0.05).综上所述,推荐藏香猪最适屠宰体重为30.00 kg.

为了掌握不同屠宰体重藏香猪肌肉中的风味物质,试验选择相同饲养管理条件下12月龄、20.00 kg左右(G1),15月龄、30.00 kg左右(G2)和18月龄、40.00 kg左右(G3)的藏香猪9头,通过脂肪酸及挥发性风味物质(醛类、酸类、醇类、酯类、酮类、烃类等)的测定,对藏香猪肌肉中挥发性香味物质进行分析.结果显示:G1组脂肪酸中棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸及棕榈油酸占比达93.64％,其中多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于G2、G3组(P＜0.05),脂肪酸最接近理想脂肪酸模式;挥发性风味物质中G1组醛类、醇类、酸类、烃类等物质分别占20.58％、19.61％、16.54％、30.65％,醛类、酸类、烃类等物质随屠宰体重增加而减少,G1组显著高于G2、G3组(P＜0.05).因此,12月龄屠宰体重为20.00 kg的藏香猪,肌肉中的脂肪酸模式趋于理想,多不饱和脂肪酸含量及醛类、烃类等香味物质含量最高,肉质鲜香,细嫩多汁.

The body status of livestock affects their physiological function and productive performances. Microsatellites, one of the most used DNA markers, have been found to be associated with pig productive traits. However, their identifications and effects on body measurement traits of the Chinese Qinghai Bamei pig still uncovered. According to our previous sequencing data, in this study, three novel microsatellites were found in this breed. Using time of flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) method, these microsatellites were further identified in a large Bamei pig population. TOF-MS spectra showed that there are three microsatellites loci, named P1, P2 and P3. These microsatellites were linkage equilibrium based on the values of D' and r2 tests. Association results demonstrated that P1 locus was associated with the body length, body height and chest width and the beneficial genotype was 150-/150-bp (p < 0.05); and P2 locus was associated with the body height (p < 0.05), and the 145-/145-bp, 145-/147-bp and 145-/149-bp were claimed as favorable genotypes and 145-bp allele was considered as the favorable allele. These findings suggested that P1 and P2 microsatellites might be considered as the candidate genetic markers to select pigs with superior body sizes, especially in local breed.

Teat number is an important economic trait in the pig breeding industry and is directly related to the livability and growth status of piglets. By applying genetic technology, it may be possible to increase the number of teats and thus enhance production. Previous research has shown that teat number exhibits moderate levels of heritability that could be accelerated by the use of a genetic marker, such as microsatellites. Based on our preliminary sequencing data, the present study describes the use of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) to identify the locations of four new microsatellites in Qinghai Bamei pig (n=256), an indigenous breed of Chinese pig. TOF-MS demonstrated that the L1-(GT)(n) locus had three alleles: 152 bp, 164 bp, and 166 bp. The three other loci, L2-(AC)(n), L3-(TC)(n), and L4-(TGA)(n), all had two alleles. Alignment of our sequencing data with the Sus scrofa reference genome (Sscrofa11.1) revealed that the L1-(GT)(n) microsatellite, which features a GT repeat motif, was located in the retinoic acid induced 2 gene (RAI2) on chromosome X in Sus scrofa (SSCX). Analysis further revealed that the L2-(AC)(n) locus, featuring AC repeats, and the L3-(TC)(n) locus, featuring TC repeats, were located in intergenic regions on SSC14 and SSC5, respectively. TGA repeats within the L4-(TGA)(n) locus were located in the inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase subunit 2 gene (IMMPL2) on SSC18. Further association analysis revealed that the L1-(GT)(n) locus was significantly associated with teat number (p < 0.05) and that the 152-bp allele exhibited the most positive association. Our data indicate that the L1-(GT)(n) microsatellite could represent a potential DNA marker with which to increase the number of teats. Thus could help to improve production in the pig breeding industry.

Abstract Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are an important part of the genome and have become powerful auxiliary DNA markers in animal breeding using marker‐assisted selection (MAS). Based on previous sequencing data of Qinghai Bamei pigs, a total of three novel candidate SSR loci were analysed in this study. Time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS) was used for SSR genotyping, and association analyses between SSRs and the litter size of Qinghai Bamei sows was also performed. The results of genotyping showed that the (ATC)n‐P1, (AC)n‐P2 and (AC)n‐P3 loci had 2, 3 and 18 genotypes, respectively; 2, 3 and 8 alleles were also identified at these loci. Except for the (AC)n‐P2 locus, the polymorphism information content (PIC) values of other loci were greater than 0.25. Association analyses indicated that only the (ATC)n‐P1 locus was significantly associated with the litter size of Qinghai Bamei sows (p = .047). Compared to 189‐/189‐ genotype, individuals with the 189‐/195‐ genotype had the senior litter size, which was 9.04 ± 0.21. Our results enrich the data on SSRs in Qinghai Bamei pigs and indicate that (ATC)n‐P1 is a candidate locus for MAS in the pig industry.

The growth of skeletal muscle involves complex developmental processes that play an important part in the determinization of pork quality. The investigation of skeletal muscle mRNA or miRNA profiles is especially important for finding molecular approaches to improve meat quality in pig breeding. Therefore, we studied the transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) profiles of skeletal muscle with RNA-Seq in three developmental stages of pigs: 65-day embryonic (E65), postnatal 0 days (natal) and 10 months (adult). We found 10,035, 9050 and 4841 differentially expressed (DE) genes for natal vs. E65, adult vs. E65 and adult vs. natal, 55, 101 and 85 DE miRNA for natal vs. E65, adult vs. E65 and adult vs. natal, respectively. In addition, the target genes of DE miRNA that was in a negative correlation with the corresponding miRNA in the same comparison group were selected for enrichment analysis. Gene Ontology terms were mainly classified into developmental processes. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment in the Rap1 signaling pathway, citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation and carbon. Finally, RT-PCR was employed for validating the level of expression of 11 DE miRNA and 14 DEGs. The transcriptome profiles of skeletal muscle from the different developmental stages of the Bamei pigs were obtained. From these data, hundreds of DE miRNA and mRNA, and the miRNA–mRNA regulatory network can provide valuable insights into further understanding of key molecular mechanisms and improving the meat quality in pig breeding.

为全面了解非瘟爆发后青海省生猪生产情况,采用问卷调查、实地调研、工作座谈及专题研讨的方式,通过分析掌握青海省生猪存栏、养殖规模比例、养殖品种比例、猪肉市场供给来源比例等情况,为青海省生猪产业的发展及下一步保障猪肉市场供给提供基础数据.

通过对青海八眉猪原种、长×八、约×长×八以及对照杜×长×大等胴体性能分析,结果显示,八眉猪原种、长×八、约×长×八及杜×长×大等屠宰率和瘦肉率分别为65.35％和43.36％、66.51％和47.10％、67.34％和52.47％、70.30％和73.45％.眼肌面积也呈增长趋势,且八眉原种、长×八、约×长×八的瘦肉率显著低于杜×长×大瘦肉率(P<0.05),八眉原种、长×八、约×长×八的眼肌面积显著低于杜×长×大眼肌面积(P<0.05),八眉原种、长×八、约×长×八脂肪率分别极显著高于杜×长×大脂肪率(P<0.01),虽然杜×长×大肉骨比显著高于八眉猪原种、长×八及约×长×八(P<0.05),但背膘厚和平均背膘厚却低于其他三组,内脏指标各组间略有不同且相互间无显著差异,表明八眉猪与引进猪种杂交后呈现出较好的配合力,杂交优势明显,胴体性能得到了改善,为今后八眉猪选育、繁育和综合开发利用奠定基础.

通过固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用仪对青海八眉原种、二元长八、三元约长八及杜长大(对照)猪肉的挥发性风味成分进行检测分析.结果表明:八眉原种猪肉中挥发性风味化合物种类繁多、成分复杂,相对含量最高,且各风味成分以醛类物质为主;八眉原种、二元长八、三元约长八猪肉中壬醛(清香气味)、癸醛(甜香和柑橘香)、2,4-癸二烯醛(油脂香)、十二醛(皂香、柑橘香)、十四醛(脂肪香)、十六醛(花和蜡的弱香气)等醛类物质较杜长大猪肉丰富;1-辛醇(油脂香味、橘柑和玫瑰香味)、1-辛烯-3-醇(蘑菇香、青香、蔬菜香)、2-庚醇(淡芳香、脂肪香)等醇类物质分别在八眉原种、二元长八、三元约长八猪肉中有不同程度检出,3组猪肉的醇类物质种类及相对含量也高于杜长大猪肉;同时,十二烷酸(月桂油香)、十四碳酸(微弱的蜡香和乳香)、苯酚类(甜香)等化合物的相互作用叠加使八眉原种猪及其杂交猪肉形成独特风味,与杜长大猪相比肉质细腻、味道鲜美、风味醇香浓郁、肉品质量上乘.

为了研究品种不同的种公猪的精液品质之间存在的差异,本试验通过对长白、大白、杜洛克等3个品种的成年种公猪的精液品质进行统计学方法分析和比较.结果显示:长白公猪的精子活率最好(75.03％),然后依次是大白(71.62％)、杜洛克(70.36％),长白与大白及杜洛克之间差异显著(P<0.05),但大白与杜洛克之间差异不显著(P>0.05);长白种公猪的精液量(337.60mL)与大白(380.00mL)之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但均与杜洛克(251.74mL)之间差异显著(P<0.05).三个品种精子活率由高到低依次为长白、大白、杜洛克;平均精液量大小依次为大白、长白、杜洛克,综合评价,长白猪的精液品质最好.

为了研究不同能量水平日粮对生长育肥期八眉三元猪生长性能、屠宰性能和肉质性状的影响,以确定其适宜的日粮能量水平试验设计3个试验组,即低能量组(G1,11.70MJ/kg)、中能量组(G2,12.95 MJ/kg)和高能量组(G3,14.23 MJ/kg),试验期为117 d.结果 显示:随能量水平增加,猪的平均日增重显著上升(P＜0.05),料肉比显著下降(P＜0.05);体斜长及眼肌面积随能量水平增加而减小(P＜0.05),平均背膘厚增加(P＜0.05);能量水平的变化对脏器的生长无明显影响(P＞0.05),但对内脏脂肪的沉积有促进作用;各组肉色、大理石花纹评分、肌苷酸含量、pH45min及熟肉率等指标均无明显差异(P＞0.05);肌肉的系水力随能量水平的增加而增加(P＜0.05).试验结果表明,中能量水平日粮组能够获得与高能量日粮组相近的生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质,是三元猪的最适能量选择.

Feed mildew and mycotoxin seriously affect feed industry and animal husbandry production. In this experiment, De-mold agent were added to boar feed.The semen quality of boars was checked weekly. The result showed G2 rapid effects than G1, After using the two De-mold agents, the amount of sperm volume, the total amount of ejaculated sperm per time, the sperm motility increased, and sperm deformity rate decreased. In summary, these two kinds of De-mold agent can effectively improve the reproductive performance inhibition of boars caused by mycotoxin, thereby improving the semen quality of boars, G2 effect is better than G1.

为研究八眉母猪背膘厚度与繁殖性能的关系,对母猪妊娠3个阶段(30,60,90 d)的背膘厚及母猪的产仔性能进行Pearson关联性分析;并对不同妊娠期和不同背膘厚度下的母猪总产仔数、产活仔数、断奶仔猪数、平均断奶窝重情况进行统计比较.结果 表明:妊娠30 d,背膘厚与产活仔数和断奶仔猪数显著正相关(P＜0.05),妊娠60和90 d背膘厚度与繁殖性能相关性不大.妊娠30 d,高背膘厚组(13.9～14.8 mm),总产仔数、断奶仔猪数及产活仔数显著高于低背膘厚组(11.9～12.8 mm)(P＜0.05);妊娠60 d,低背膘厚组的总产仔数显著高于中等及高背膘厚组(P＜0.05),平均断奶窝重显著高于高背膘厚组(P＜0.05);妊娠90 d,中等背膘厚组(12.9～13.8 mm)断奶仔猪数显著低于低背膘厚组(P＜0.05).综上所述,八眉猪妊娠前期30 d适宜背膘厚度为13.9 ～ 14.8 mm;60和90 d的适宜背膘厚度分别为11.9～12.8 mm和12.9～13.8 mm,能够获得较好的产仔性能,这为八眉猪妊娠期饲养管理和营养调控提供理论依据.

藏猪是我国优良地方猪种,产于我国青藏高原,是典型的高原型猪种,主要分布于西藏的山南、昌都地区及拉萨市,四川的阿坝、甘孜,云南的迪庆,甘肃的甘南藏族自治州及青海等地也有分布.藏猪能耐高寒耐粗料,是宝贵的猪品种资源基因库.其肉质细嫩,味鲜美,体格较小,抗逆性强,在高原地区具有较高的经济价值[1].

枸杞是一种传统的中药,枸杞富含枸杞多糖、多种氨基酸、枸杞胺等多种有机活性物质,可有效增强动物机体的免疫力,本文综述了枸杞及枸杞多糖在养猪生产中的应用.

为探索深部输精技术在高原地区利用可能性及应用效果,我们在海东地区将深部输精与常规输精效果进行对比,选择144头3～4胎杜长大母猪随机分成3组,A1深部输精组,20mL输精量;A2深部输精组,40mL输精量;B组为常规输精组,输精量60mL;选择同场杜洛克公猪进行人工授精.结果显示,与常规输精相比,A2组和A1组,情期受胎率分别提高1.70％和1.13％ (P ＜0.05),窝产仔数分别提高0.89和0.41头(P＜0.05);A1组窝产活仔数提高0.14头,A2组下降0.20头(P＞0.05).结论:母猪子宫深部输精可以减少精液使用量33％～67％,受胎率、产仔数等均有不同程度提高,窝产活子数虽有所下降,但差异不显著,建议扩大试验后推广应用.

为研究日粮中添加枸杞对公猪精液品质的影响,试验选取12头身体状况良好的成年杜洛克公猪,随机分成4组,每组3头重复.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加1.5％,3％,4.5％枸杞果粉,试验期60d.结果表明:试验组进入采精栏开始爬台的时间均显著低于对照组;1.5％枸杞组和4.5％枸杞组公猪精液量显著升高(P＜0.05),而3.0％枸杞组精液量有增加的趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);各试验组公猪精液精子活力和精液密度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);4.5％枸杞组的精子畸形率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),而其他两组无显著变化(P＞0.05);各试验组公猪精液超氧化物歧化酶含量均显著提高(P＜0.05);3.0％枸杞组和4.5％枸杞组公猪精液丙二醛含量显著降低(P＜0.05),而1.5％枸杞组无显著变化(P＞0.05).由此说明,日粮中添加4.5％枸杞能够改善公猪精液品质.

青海八眉猪又称泾川猪、互助猪,是我国著名的地方良种,具有适应性强、繁殖性能好、肉质风味独特、 遗传性能稳定等特点. 八眉猪作为青海省当家母本,与长白、约克夏及杜洛克生产的二元、三元杂优猪适应性强,肉色、肌内脂肪、风味俱佳.本试验对青海省八眉猪二元、 三元杂优猪不同屠宰体重的胴体性能和肉品质进行测定和比较, 旨在更好地了解它们不同生长阶段的生长潜力及营养需要, 确保适当的增重和达到理想的胴体性状和肉质特性,降低生产成本、提高经济效益,确定最佳出栏时间,以期为正确评价和合理利用青海八眉猪优质资源提供科学依据.

通过对八眉二元、三元猪饲喂两种不同保育料,探索对生长性能的影响.结果表明,35天实验期结束后,Ⅱ组的日增重高于Ⅰ组,料肉比低于Ⅰ组,饲料成本与Ⅰ组相比低约1.20元;八眉二元猪组获得相同的趋势,饲料成本显著降低约2.70元.实验为断奶仔猪保育料的使用提供的基础数据.