In order to promote rural revitalization and improve the quality of ecological animal husbandry in Qinghai Province, the General Station of Animal Husbandry of Qinghai Province formed a research team, and went deep into 206 ecological animal husbandry cooperatives in pastoral areas, through the forms of discussion exchanges and questionnaire distribution, carried out the investigation and research on how to improve the quality of ecological animal husbandry development in Qinghai Province, and put forward some proposals.The financial funds must be quantified to the cooperative members, and how to use the funds shall be proposed in accordance with the guidance of government departments, the proposal of the council, and the voting of the members' meeting.In order to master the implementation of previous projects, the Agricultural and Rural Sectors of the prefectures and counties should start a special inspection of ecological animal husbandry funds and timely rectify the problems that are found in the inspection.

Abstract Backgrounds Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) type I receptor (TGFβRI) and type II receptor (TGFβRII) are the members of the TGFβ superfamily, which are potent regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in many organ systems, and they play key roles in multiple aspects of follicle development. Objectives We aimed to explore the characterization, expression analysis of TGFβRI and TGFβRII genes, and the association with litter size in Tibetan sheep. Methods In this study, we cloned the complete coding sequences of TGFβRI and TGFβRII genes in Tibetan sheep and analyzed their genomic structures. Results The results showed that percentages of sequences homology of the two proteins in Tibetan sheep were the most similar to Ovis aries (100%), followed by Bos mutus (99%). The RT‐qPCR showed that two genes were expressed widely in the different tissues of Tibetan sheep. The TGFβRI expression was the highest in the lung (p < 0.05), followed by the spleen and ovary (p < 0.05). The TGFβRII expression was significantly higher in uterus than that in lung and ovary (p < 0.05). In addition, the χ2 test indicated that all ewes in the population were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and the population was in medium or low polymorphic information content status. We also found four Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs), g.9414A > G, g.28881A > G, g.28809T > C, g.10429G > A in sheep TGFβRI gene and g.63940C > T, g.63976C > T, g.64538C > T, g.64504T > A in TGFβRII gene. Three genotypes, except for g.64504T > A, and three haplotypes were identified in each gene. linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that there was strong linkage disequilibrium in each gene. The association analysis showed that the four SNPs of TGFβRI were associated with litter size (p < 0.05), and g.63940C > T of TGFβRII was confirmed to be associated with litter size (p < 0.05). Conclusions Based on these preliminary results, we can assume that TGFβ receptors (TGFβRI and TGFβRII) may play an important role in sheep reproduction.

为了使用乳品快速分析仪和液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术对放牧与补饲条件下藏羊母羊乳成分和代谢产物进行差异分析,选取胎次一致、体重相近(43.85 kg±7.06 kg)且发育良好的3岁龄藏羊母羊440只,随机分成两组,即自然放牧(controlgroup,CG),放牧+补饲0.25 kg·d-1精料补充料(testgroup,TG).试验期为60d(配种后150～210 d).试验结束时,从两组中各收集5只母羊的乳汁分析营养成分,同时检测其代谢产物.结果显示:(1)与CG组相比,TG组藏羊母羊的产奶量、脂肪、蛋白质、灰分及非脂固形物含量均有所提高,其中产奶量与脂肪含量差异显著(P＜0.05).(2)两组共获得已注释显著性差异代谢物39种,其中24种上调,15种下调;结合KEGG通路分析,发现脂肪细胞脂解调节(regulation of lipolysis in adipocyte),含血清素神经突触(serotonergic synapse),醛固酮合成与分泌(aldosterone synthesis and secretion),FcεRI 信号通路(Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway),不饱和脂肪酸生物合成(biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid),苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成(phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis)是最为显著性关键代谢通路,并筛选出花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid),二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoicacid)和D-果糖-1-磷酸(D-fructose-1-phosphate)作为差异显著相关代谢物.综上,通过冷季补饲提高了泌乳期藏羊母羊乳汁品质,并能改善其代谢产物,这为今后绵羊母乳的研究与开发提供一定理论依据与技术支持.

将新鲜的牦牛乳置于新研发的牦牛乳冷储罐中冷藏,检测不同时间内牦牛乳的温度、酸度、菌落总数变化,并与传统不锈钢桶保藏进行对照.结果表明,冷储罐中保藏的牦牛乳在 60 min内从 22℃冷却至 4℃;冷藏3d后牦牛乳的菌落总数为9.3×105 CFU/mL,酸度为17.9°T,符合现行生乳收购标准;冷藏5d后进行酒精试验和冷藏6d后进行煮沸试验,未出现絮状沉淀.新研发的牦牛乳冷储罐存储性能优于不锈钢桶的存储性能,具有一定的推广价值.

研究旨在为青海省秸秆资源的合理利用提供参考,对当地主要农作物秸秆资源饲料化利用潜力进行系统分析.结果显示:2015-2021年青海省主要农作物可收集秸秆量166.08万～172.30万t,粗蛋白(CP)产出6.15万～6.83万t,代谢能(ME)产出948.73～984.16 GJ.可利用秸秆数量载畜量342.12万～354.93万羊单位,可消化粗蛋白质(DCP)载畜量98.98万～109.87万羊单位,ME载畜量310.18万～321.76万羊单位,间接节粮172.82万～179.32万t,秸秆产肉潜力达8.73万～9.06万t.2020年青海省秸秆节粮数量相当于当年增加小麦种植面积43.55万hm2,秸秆养畜产肉量占当年牛羊肉总产量的26.79％.研究表明,青海省秸秆资源具有饲料化利用潜力,可为青海绿色有机农畜产品输出地建设提供物质资源.

再组织化是合作社突破"小、散、乱、弱"发展困境和实现高质量发展的有效途径.本文在对合作社再组织化路径和增效机制进行理论分析的基础上,选取青海省三家生态畜牧业合作社案例,探究合作社再组织化的路径,并从获取制度收益、降低交易成本、实现价值增值三方面揭示合作社再组织化的增效机制.研究结果表明,合作社基于资源禀赋差异选择"社企联合""社村联合""社社联合"等不同模式,构建和完善现代畜牧业经营体系、生产体系、产业体系,从而实现再组织化;合作社再组织化通过提高规模经济效益、降低经营风险、实现外部性内在化获取制度收益,通过降低交易频率、资产专用性、交易不确定性降低交易成本,通过提出价值主张、推动价值创造、推进价值共享实现价值增值.

为提高青海有机牛羊肉原产地可追溯效率,增强动物疫病防控和畜产品质量安全监管能力,笔者经多年实践与研究,特从RFID技术和B/S架构的平台、数据结构设计、技术与数据存储备份等方面进行论述,提出了建设有机牛羊肉追溯数据平台的初步构思,?谨供同行参考.

本文通过调查青海草地生态畜牧业股份合作制合作社建设情况、取得成效,研究分析了青海牧民生态生产生活现状,并针对草地生态畜牧业股份合作制建设提出几点建议,推动牧区“三生”共赢.

为全面了解非瘟爆发后青海省生猪生产情况,采用问卷调查、实地调研、工作座谈及专题研讨的方式,通过分析掌握青海省生猪存栏、养殖规模比例、养殖品种比例、猪肉市场供给来源比例等情况,为青海省生猪产业的发展及下一步保障猪肉市场供给提供基础数据.

本文结合青海省近几年追溯体系建设现状和省内外建设经验举措,就如何构建青海牦牛藏羊原产地可追溯体系进行若干思考与论述.

Ander the background of ecological civilization construction, how to realize the sustainable development of animalprotection, and realizing the win-win situation of ecology, production and life is an urgent task in front of us. Based on the analysis of the current situation and existing problems of grassland ecological animal husbandry in Qinghai Pastoral Areas, and combined with the ongoing construction work on Test Areas of National Grassland Ecological Animal Husbandry, this paper puts forward the practice and construction experience of Qinghai Pastoral Areas ecological animal husbandry development.

藏羊高效养殖技术是青海在生态畜牧业建设实践中形成的重大综合性配套技术,算清楚该技术的经济效益和生态效益可为该技术的进一步推广和各界决策提供依据.文章从畜牧生产学、经济学和生态学等多重视角,运用简化模型估算了藏羊高效养殖的经济和生态价值,结果表明:(1)高效养殖的母羊平均收益168元/(只.年),较传统放牧高7倍;(2)实行高效养殖时,每只羔羊可产生500元的间接经济效益;(3)每只藏羊通过草地影响的生态系统服务价值在150 000元以上.说明该技术既有直接经济效益,也有间接经济效益,还能影响生态效益,值得大力推广.

通过固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用仪对青海八眉原种、二元长八、三元约长八及杜长大(对照)猪肉的挥发性风味成分进行检测分析.结果表明:八眉原种猪肉中挥发性风味化合物种类繁多、成分复杂,相对含量最高,且各风味成分以醛类物质为主;八眉原种、二元长八、三元约长八猪肉中壬醛(清香气味)、癸醛(甜香和柑橘香)、2,4-癸二烯醛(油脂香)、十二醛(皂香、柑橘香)、十四醛(脂肪香)、十六醛(花和蜡的弱香气)等醛类物质较杜长大猪肉丰富;1-辛醇(油脂香味、橘柑和玫瑰香味)、1-辛烯-3-醇(蘑菇香、青香、蔬菜香)、2-庚醇(淡芳香、脂肪香)等醇类物质分别在八眉原种、二元长八、三元约长八猪肉中有不同程度检出,3组猪肉的醇类物质种类及相对含量也高于杜长大猪肉;同时,十二烷酸(月桂油香)、十四碳酸(微弱的蜡香和乳香)、苯酚类(甜香)等化合物的相互作用叠加使八眉原种猪及其杂交猪肉形成独特风味,与杜长大猪相比肉质细腻、味道鲜美、风味醇香浓郁、肉品质量上乘.

股份制合作社,即在保持合作社基本性质的基础上,引入股份制的相关制度因素,通过资产折股量化,建立起产权明晰、管理民主、法人治理、按股分配、风险分化和规模经营的新型自助组织.股份制合作社将众多养殖个体间的利益用股份制的形式联结起来,以“抱团”谋发展的方式,提升在市场经济中的话语权和抗风险能力.

The study area of this paper is the Qinghai alpine agricultural mountain area. An ecological security early-warning model is used to identify the early warning signs of ecosystem destruction, environmental pollution and resource depletion in districts and counties from 2011 to 2018. A combination of qualitative and quantitative early-warning models is used to predict the existence of hidden or sudden advance warnings. The grey (1, 1) model (GM) is used to predict the evolution trend of ecological security warning situations from 2019 to 2021. On this basis, GIS technology is used to analyze the spatial pattern changes in three periods. The results show that from 2011 to 2018, the ecological environment in Qinghai's alpine agricultural mountainous area gradually improved. In 2018, the ecological security early-warning values of all districts and counties were greater than the 2011 values. However, in 2018, the ecological security early-warning levels of PA, LD and HZh (PA, LD and HZh refer to Ledu District, Ping'an District and Huzhu Tu Autonomous County respectively.) were in the "good" ecological early-warning state, while the ecological security levels of other cities were still in the "moderate" or "mild" ecological warning state. According to the prediction results, the early-warning level of ecological security in Qinghai's alpine agricultural mountainous areas will improve further in 2021, with the "good" states dominating. From a spatial perspective, the ecological environment in the northeast region is better than that in the southern region, and the internal differences in the ecological security early-warning levels tend to narrow. Thus, we propose that areas with different ecological security levels should focus on the management and protection of the ecological environment or carry out ecological restoration or reconstruction. The aim of this paper is to provide a reference for the improvement of the ecological environment in general and the sustainable development of the economy and society as well as the ecological environment of alpine agricultural mountainous areas in particular.

Ander the background of ecological civilization construction, how to realize the sustainable development of animalprotection, and realizing the win-win situation of ecology, production and life is an urgent task in front of us. Based on the analysis of the current situation and existing problems of grassland ecological animal husbandry in Qinghai Pastoral Areas, and combined with the ongoing construction work on Test Areas of National Grassland Ecological Animal Husbandry, this paper puts forward the practice and construction experience of Qinghai Pastoral Areas ecological animal husbandry development.

青海是全国重要的牦牛肉生产基地和精深加工基地,牦牛肉是青海的名片,实现牦牛肉产品可追溯,可助力牦牛肉走向国内外市场,对于全省牦牛产业的健康快速发展具有重要的现实意义.本文结合青海省牦牛养殖、牦牛肉产品生产加工实际,从牦牛肉产品可追溯系统的主体,对当前全省牦牛肉追溯现状及存在的问题予以综述,并提出建议,以期为全省牦牛肉产品可追溯系统的推广和应用提供参考.

本文结合三江源地区有机牦牛产品发展现状,分析总结存在的若干问题,提出今后建设与发展思路.

青海省生态畜牧业建设历经10载,取得了丰硕成果,成为青海农牧业发展的一张亮丽名片,生态畜牧试验区建设初具规模,涌现了一批典型,积累了一些经验,探索了一条路子.这10年,是不断探索、总结、改革、深化、奋进的10年,更是汲取群众创造、凝聚集体智慧、提升转型的10年.

2008年青海省草地生态畜牧业开始摸索"生态、生产、生活"共赢之路,并且在2014年6月由农业农村部将青海确定为"全国草地生态畜牧业试验区".从此,青海省以建设100个生态畜牧业股份制合作社为试点,提出以"创新3大机制"和"凝练8项制度"为目标,闯出一条富有青海特色的草地生态畜牧业发展路子,现已取得了阶段性成效.