The increasing frequency of castor bean or ricin-induced intoxication or terror events threatens public safety and national security, making the tracing of castor bean origins critical for law enforcement and counterterrorism efforts. Chemical attribution signatures (CAS) could address this issue by providing inherent and forensic links between ricin-containing samples and their geographical origins; however, practical implementations of this approach remain scarce. Omics data sets offer substantial potential to generate comprehensive biological insights and high-dimensional data for provenance attribution, where transcriptomics and proteomics profiling are better suited to castor beans than traditional genomics and metabolomics, regarding that castor beans exhibit low genetic diversity but high phenotypic polymorphism. In this work, toward castor bean samples from 14 provinces or autonomous regions in China and three international locations, including Ethiopia, Pakistan, and South Sudan, we proposed an integrated local-global data-mining strategy by systematically integrating RNA-seq transcriptomics and data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics, and developed a straightforward feature-screening pipeline to prioritize 59 signature peptides as provenance-related CAS with distinct interregional and international expression patterns. A subsequent machine learning model trained on these CAS achieved 93.7% classification accuracy, identifying robust discriminative patterns among samples from different global regions, as well as fine-scale differences across altitude gradients and north-south divisions in China, in which the attribution index of altitude and latitude is reported for the first time. Finally, after validation by parallel reaction monitoring in nanoLC-HRMS/MS, we confirmed a minimum signature panel of 24 peptides as molecular CAS markers for the origin attribution of castor beans.

BACKGROUND:Castor is an important industrial raw material. Drought-induced oxidative stress leads to slow growth and decreased yields in castor. However, the mechanisms of drought-induced oxidative stress in castor remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, physiological, biochemical, and RNA-seq analyses were conducted on the roots of castor plants under PEG-6000 stress for 3 d and 7 d followed by 4 d of hydration. RESULTS:The photosynthetic rate of castor leaves was inhibited under PEG-6000 stress for 3 and 7 d. Biochemical analysis of castor roots stressed for 3 d and 7 d, and rehydrated for 4 d revealed that the activities of APX and CAT were highest after only 3 d of stress, whereas the activities of POD, GR, and SOD peaked after 7 d of stress. RNA-seq analysis revealed 2926, 1507, and 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the roots of castor plants under PEG-6000 stress for 3 d and 7 d and after 4 d of rehydration, respectively. GO analysis of the DEGs indicated significant enrichment in antioxidant activity. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis of the DEGs revealed significantly enriched metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. WGCNA identified the core genes PP2C39 and GA2ox4 in the navajowhite1 module, which was upregulated under PEG-6000 stress. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for the response to drought-induced oxidative stress in castor. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides valuable antioxidant gene resources, deepening our understanding of antioxidant regulation and paving the way for further molecular breeding of castor plants.

Introduction:Castor bean or ricin-induced intoxication or terror events have threatened public security and social safety. Potential resources or materials include beans, raw extraction products, crude toxins, and purified ricin. The traceability of the origins of castor beans is thus essential for forensic and anti-terror investigations. As a new imaging technique with label-free, rapid, and high throughput features, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been gradually stressed in plant research. However, sample preparation approaches for plant tissues still face severe challenges, especially for some lipid-rich, water-rich, or fragile tissues. Proper tissue washing procedures would be pivotal, but little information is known until now.Methods:For castor beans containing plenty of lipids that were fragile when handled, we developed a comprehensive tissue pretreatment protocol. Eight washing procedures aimed at removing lipids were discussed in detail. We then constructed a robust MALDI-MSI method to enhance the detection sensitivity of RCBs in castor beans.Results and Discussion:A modified six-step washing procedure was chosen as the most critical parameter regarding the MSI visualization of peptides. The method was further applied to visualize and quantify the defense peptides, Ricinus communis biomarkers (RCBs) in castor bean tissue sections from nine different geographic sources from China, Pakistan, and Ethiopia. Multivariate statistical models, including deep learning network, revealed a valuable classification clue concerning nationality and altitude.

花生茎点霉(Phoma arachidicola Marasas Pauer&Boerema)引起的花生网斑病在生产上普遍流行、危害严重,2018-2019年通过2年的田间接种试验对国内65份花生种质资源网斑病抗性进行测评.以采自山东莱西的病原菌菌株Wb2制备105/mL的孢子悬浮液喷洒于花生叶片表面进行接种,对照区喷施50％咯菌腈WP防治花生网斑病菌.结果表明,65份种质中,抗病(resistant,R)资源8份,占鉴定资源总数的12.3％;中度抗病(moderately resis?tant,MR)资源9份,占比13.8％;感病(susceptible,S)资源37份,占比56.9％;高度感病(high susceptible,HS)资源11份,占比16.9％.测定抗病性不同资源产量损失差异,结果表明,花生网斑病菌对花生产量影响显著,产量损失率随抗病性的降低而升高.本研究为花生抗网斑病育种提供抗源材料,并为病害产量损失评估提供理论依据.

本文作者从生理相适性和经济效益两方面论述了红香酥梨下鲁山皇菊栽培的可行性;从培育壮苗、移栽、田间管理、病虫害绿色防治等方面介绍了红香酥梨下鲁山皇菊生态栽培管理技术.

Castor (Ricinus communis L.), known as castor oil plant or castor bean, is a non-edible oilseed crop. In the present study, the genetic diversity among 54 samples (3 wild and 51 cultivated) collected worldwide was evaluated using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 9 ISSR primers produced 83 high-resolution bands with 61 (74.53%) as polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands per primer and the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 54.55% (UBC-836) to 100% (UBC-808) and from 0.74 to 0.96, respectively. A total of 11 out of 20 RAPD primers amplified unique polymorphic products with an average percentage of polymorphic bands of 60.98% (56 polymorphic bands out of a total of 90 bands obtained). The percentage of polymorphic bands per primer ranged from 25% (OPA-02 and B7) to 90.91% (B21) with the genetic similarity coefficient ranging from 0.73 to 0.98. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram using two molecular markers divided 54 castor genotypes into three groups. Furthermore, based on morphological data, all 54 castor varieties were grouped into three main clusters. The genetic diversity analysis based on two molecular makers showed that most varieties from China were closely related to each other with three varieties (GUANGDONGwild, ZHEJIANGWild, and HANNANWild) belonging to a wild group separated from most of the cultivated castor samples from China, India, France, and Jordan. These results suggested that the cultivated castor contains a narrow genetic base. Accordingly, we recommend that wild castor genetic resources be introduced for breeding novel castor varieties. Furthermore, the Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Nigeria accessions were clustered into the same group. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and UPGMA cluster analysis were consistent with each other. The findings of this study are important for future breeding studies of castor.

本文作者结合花生机械化生产试验和生产调研情况,分析了沂源县花生生产机械化中存在的技术问题和改进方向,并针对沂源县花生生产实际,提出现阶段应采取以分段式收获为主的机械化生产方式和沂源县花生机械化生产技术路线.

药用木瓜果实药食兼用,以药用为主.在鲁中多用于盆栽、园林等绿化用途,具有城市绿化和园林造景功能.本文作者介绍了药用木瓜的习性和在鲁中地区的栽培技术.

本文作者介绍了甜菊的重要生物学特点,阐述了甜菊育苗和栽培研究情况,提出通过高纯合率、高结实率和高发芽率甜菊种子的培育,配合种子丸粒化包衣技术,为实现甜菊生产机械化和扦插育苗向种子育苗转变奠定基础.

蓖麻饼含有丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养成分,经过沤制的蓖麻饼肥适宜于各种作物.温室蔬菜用蓖麻饼作有机肥除增产效果显著外,可有效防治线虫等地下害虫.试验证明,每亩使用2t蓖麻饼粉(20目)防治番茄根结线虫可达到100％的防治效果,是安全无污染的有效措施.经过脱毒的蓖麻饼粕可用作畜禽蛋白饲料,在其添加量低于15％时,不影响畜禽的生产能力,若通过研究新的脱毒工艺和改性方法,改善适口性可以提高饼粕的利用率.

本文作者介绍了蓖麻枯萎病的主要症状和发病规律,从蓖麻枯萎病防治实践出发,探讨了蓖麻枯萎病防治策略.

甜叶菊为我国新型糖料作物,具有甜度高、热量低、非合成等优势,市场需求量持续上升.本文作者从选地整地、播种育苗、覆膜移栽、田间管理、病虫害防治与适期收获等方面介绍了甜叶菊高产优质栽培技术,为我国甜叶菊的增产提质提供技术支撑.

对枸杞育种和栽培研究各环节进行了全面介绍,在此基础上提出要加强枸杞性状遗传规律研究,为育种早期选择提供依据;加强多领域合作,围绕培育专用品种、丰产技术和机械化栽培开展综合研究.

针对巴彦淖尔市河套盐碱地“玉米-向日葵”单一种植结构存在的市场风险,2016-2017年南开大学蓖麻工程中心和淄博市农业科学研究院,在巴彦淖尔河套栽培区开展了“蓖麻-向日葵”轮作高效栽培技术试验,试验结果表明,“蓖麻-向日葵”轮作能够增加农民经济效益,抵御市场风险.本文作者详细介绍了“蓖麻-向日葵”轮作高产栽培技术要点,以便能为农民提供技术参考.

本文作者分析了我国蓖麻育种、栽培、加工及综合利用等方面的发展状况,总结了我国蓖麻学科近三年来取得的主要成就.详细探讨了今后几年蓖麻学科的主要发展趋势,从基础理论研究、育种、栽培及深加工等方面提出了我国蓖麻学科近期内需要开展的重大课题,同时提出了一些新思路和新方法.展望了蓖麻学科的发展方向,提出了我国蓖麻产业的发展趋势与对策.

病房里住着两个具有同样病情的五岁的小女孩,女孩母亲的脸上同样布满了愁云. 一会儿护士来抽血,女孩芸芸看见穿白大褂的护士,早吓得哇哇大哭,一旁的妈妈斥责着:“别哭,不许哭!”等护士拿过她的小胳膊时,宝宝闹得更凶了,一旁的妈妈还是斥责.宝宝哭得很厉害,我和另一个病号帮着按住她,等抽完血,我的衣服上已经被溅上了一片碘酒,宝宝也一直哭了大半个小时.

研究了不同浓度的Na2C03溶液对淄蓖麻5号、淄蓖麻7号、淄蓖麻9号三个杂交蓖麻品种种子发芽的影响.结果表明,低浓度盐碱处理对蓖麻种子萌发影响较小或有促进作用,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数产生了不同程度的提高,发芽高峰提前出现;高浓度盐碱处理下,随着胁迫程度的增加,蓖麻种子发芽率、胚根长度、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均显著下降,种子萌发趋势表现为初始发芽日期以及发芽高峰出现日期推迟,日发芽峰值显著降低;三个杂交蓖麻品种中,淄蓖麻5号种子的耐盐碱能力最强,淄蓖麻9号次之,淄蓖麻7号对盐浓度的增加最为敏感.

施用土壤重量的1％～3％(W/W)的蓖麻饼粉不仅可以有效的杀灭根结线虫,而且对番茄生长安全,且能够有效的提高土壤有机质含量,培肥土壤,是防治番茄根结线虫的有效措施.

试验主要研究蓖麻粕对南方根结线虫的控制作用,为寻找新型植物源杀线虫活性物质提供基础.试验采用不同蓖麻粕剂量防治保护地番茄根结线虫病,观察线虫和番茄幼苗对蓖麻粕的反应.试验结果表明,亩施1 300kg、3 900 kg蓖麻粕均能有效防治番茄根结线虫病,该剂量对番茄安全,建议根据根结线虫病发生严重程度和经济条件选用适当的用量.同时应当对蓖麻粕的杀线虫活性成分粗提、杀线虫谱和作用机制等方面进行深入研究,为规模化、商品化利用植物源杀线虫活性物质防治根结线虫提供理论基础.

实验测定了16份蓖麻种质资源,蓖麻籽中蓖麻碱含量为1.337～2.572 mg/g,根据不同种质资源蓖麻碱的含量,将样本分为低含量、中低含量、中等含量、中高含量和高含量五种种质资源,可分别用于定向选育高、低蓖麻碱含量的蓖麻品种,有利于延长蓖麻产业链,同时也会有巨大的社会效益和经济效益.